Chapter 5 – Life Processes (Jeevan Ki Prakriyaayein)
Hum kaise decide karte hain ki kya zinda hai aur kya nahi? Agar hum ek dog ko daudte hue dekhen, ya
cow ko jughali karte hue, ya kisi aadmi ko road par zor se chillate hue dekhen, toh humein turant samajh
aata hai ki yeh sab living beings hain.
Lekin agar wahi dog, cow ya aadmi so rahe ho toh? Tab bhi humein lagta hai ki wo zinda hain — lekin
hum kaise jaante hain? Kyunki hum unhe breathing (saans lete hue) dekhte hain, isiliye lagta hai wo
zinda hain.
Plants ka kya? Kaise pata chale ki plant zinda hai? Kuch log kahenge ki plants green hote hain, isliye.
Par jin plants ki leaves green nahi hoti?
Kuch log kahenge ki plants grow karte hain, toh humein pata chalta hai ki wo zinda hain.
Toh hum usually kisi na kisi movement ko zinda hone ka sign maante hain — chahe wo growth ho ya koi
aur movement.
Par ek plant jo visibly grow nahi ho raha ho, wo bhi zinda ho sakta hai.
Aur kuch animals bina visible movement ke bhi saans le sakte hain.
Isiliye sirf visible movement ko life ka proof maan lena sahi nahi hai.
Bahut choti choti movements — jaise molecules ki movement — aankhon se dikhayi nahi deti.
Kya ye molecular movements life ke liye zaroori hoti hain?
Agar hum yeh sawal ek professional biologist se poochein, toh wo kahenge “Haan”.
Actually, viruses mein koi molecular movement nahi hoti (jab tak wo kisi cell ko infect na karein), isiliye
ye bhi confusion hoti hai ki viruses zinda hote hain ya nahi.
Molecular movements life ke liye kyu zaroori hain?
Humne pehle dekha hai ki living organisms ek well-organized structure hote hain — unme tissues hote
hain, tissues mein cells, aur cells mein aur bhi choti choti cheezein.
Environment ke effects ki wajah se ye organized structure time ke saath breakdown hone lagta hai.
Agar order breakdown ho gaya, toh organism zinda nahi rahega.
Isliye living beings ko apni body ka repair aur maintenance karte rehna padta hai.
Aur kyunki body ka structure molecules se bana hota hai, toh molecules ko move karna padta hai.
Ab question uthta hai — ye maintenance kaam hota kaise hai? Chaliye samajhte hain.
5.1 What Are Life Processes? (Life Processes Kya Hain?)
Living beings ki body mein jo maintenance ka kaam hota hai, wo tab bhi hota hai jab hum kuch khaas
nahi kar rahe hote — jaise ki class mein baithna ya so jaana.
Ye jo body ke maintenance ke liye kaam hota hai, unhi ka total group hum life processes kehte hain.
In sab processes ke liye energy chahiye hoti hai — aur ye energy humein body ke bahar se milti hai.
Is energy ka main source food hota hai.
Toh ek process hona chahiye jisme body ke bahar se food andar le jaya jaaye — jise hum nutrition kehte
hain.
Aur agar organism grow karna chahta hai, toh uske liye extra raw material bhi bahar se chahiye hota hai.
Zameen par jeevan carbon-based molecules pe depend karta hai, toh zyadatar food sources bhi carbon-
based hote hain.
In carbon-based sources ko breakdown karke ya build karke body mein ek common energy form mein
convert kiya jata hai, jo molecular movements aur growth ke liye kaam aaye.
Iske liye body mein kai chemical reactions hoti hain.
Sabse common reaction hoti hai — oxidation-reduction reaction.
Zyada organisms ke liye ye reactions oxygen se hoti hain, jo wo bahar se lete hain.
Is process ko hum respiration kehte hain — jisme oxygen li jaati hai aur food ko todke energy banayi jaati
hai.
Agar organism single-celled hai, toh uske liye food lena, gases exchange karna aur waste remove karna
simple hota hai — kyunki uski surface directly environment ke contact mein hoti hai.
Par jab organism multicellular ho jaata hai, tab body ke sab cells directly environment ke contact mein
nahi hote.
Toh sirf diffusion kaafi nahi hoti sab cells ke liye.
Isliye multicellular organisms mein specialized tissues develop ho jaate hain jo alag alag kaam karte hain.
Jaise nutrition, oxygen lena, waste remove karna — ye sab alag alag tissues karte hain.
Lekin phir problem hoti hai — food aur oxygen body ke ek part mein li jaati hai, par use toh har cell ko
chahiye.
Isliye zarurat hoti hai ek transportation system ki — jo food aur oxygen ko har jagah le jaaye.
Jab body mein chemical reactions hoti hain, tab kuch waste products bhi bante hain — jo cells ke liye
bekaar ya harmful hote hain.
Unhe body se bahar nikalna padta hai — is process ko hum excretion kehte hain.
Multicellular organisms mein excretion bhi ek special tissue karta hai, toh transportation system ka kaam
hota hai waste ko cells se le jaake excretory tissue tak pahunchana.
Ab chaliye in alag alag important processes ko detail mein samajhte hain — jo jeevan ke liye essential
hain.
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5.2 NUTRITION (Poshan)
Jab hum walk karte hain ya bicycle chalate hain, tab hum energy use kar rahe hote hain. Lekin jab hum
koi activity nahi bhi kar rahe hote, tab bhi body ke andar ek order maintain karne ke liye energy chahiye
hoti hai.
Body ko grow karne, develop hone, proteins aur dusre zaroori substances banane ke liye bhi bahar se
kuch materials chahiye hote hain. Ye sab humein milta hai jo hum food khate hain usse.
Living beings apna food kaise lete hain?
Energy aur materials ki need sab organisms mein common hoti hai, lekin unhe pura karne ke tareeke
alag-alag hote hain.
Kuch organisms simple food material use karte hain jo inorganic sources se milta hai — jaise carbon
dioxide aur water. Aise organisms ko autotrophs kehte hain, jaise green plants aur kuch bacteria.
Dusre organisms complex substances use karte hain, jo pehle break down karne padte hain simple
substances mein taaki body ke maintenance aur growth mein use ho sake. Is process ke liye organisms
enzymes ka use karte hain — jo ek tarah ke bio-catalysts hote hain.
Is tarah, heterotrophs ka survival”directly ya indirectly autotrophs par depend karta hai. Heterotrophs
mein animals aur fungi aate hain.
5.2.1 Autotrophic Nutrition
Autotrophic organisms ki carbon aur energy ki requirement photosynthesis ke through poori hoti hai.
Photosynthesis ek aisi process hai jisme autotrophs bahar se substances lete hain (jaise CO₂ aur H₂O) aur
unhe energy ke stored form mein convert karte hain.
Carbon dioxide aur water ko sunlight aur chlorophyll ki presence mein carbohydrates mein badal diya
jaata hai.
Carbohydrates se plant ko energy milti hai. Jo carbohydrates turant use nahi hote, wo starch ke form
mein store ho jaate hain — jise plant jab chahe tab use kar sakta hai.
Insaan ke case mein bhi kuch energy glycogen ke form mein store hoti hai.
Photosynthesis ke dauraan yeh teen main steps hote hain:
1. Chlorophyll dwara light energy ka absorption.
2. Light energy ka chemical energy mein conversion aur water molecules ka split hona (hydrogen
aur oxygen mein).
3. Carbon dioxide ka reduction hokar carbohydrates ka formation.
Note: Ye steps ek ke baad ek turant nahi bhi ho sakte. Jaise desert plants raat mein carbon dioxide le lete
hain aur ek intermediate banate hain, jise din mein chlorophyll ki absorbed energy se process karte hain.
Activity 5.1: Starch test with variegated leaf
Steps:
Ek potted plant lo jisme variegated leaves ho (jaise money plant ya croton).
Plant ko 3 din tak andhere mein rakho taaki sari starch use ho jaaye.
Fir 6 ghante ke liye use sunlight mein rakho.
Ek leaf todho, uske green areas ko mark karo aur paper pe trace karo.
Leaf ko boiling water mein dip karo kuch minute ke liye.
Fir usse alcohol wale beaker mein daalo.
Us beaker ko ek water bath mein rakhkar alcohol ko boil karo.
Leaf ka colour observe karo — kya badla?
Ab leaf ko iodine solution mein daalo.
Leaf ko nikaal kar rinse karo aur uska colour observe karo.
Conclusion: Green areas mein starch present hoti hai — iska matlab wahi area photosynthesis kar raha
tha.
Chlorophyll ki zarurat:
Agar microscope se leaf ka cross-section dekho (Fig. 5.1), toh green dots dikhenge — ye hote hain
chloroplasts, jisme chlorophyll hota hai.
Ek activity ki madad se ye proof kiya jaa sakta hai ki chlorophyll photosynthesis ke liye essential hai.
Carbon Dioxide kaise milta hai plant ko?
Class 9 mein humne stomata ke baare mein padha tha — ye chhoti pores hote hain leaves ke surface par.
Yahin se gaseous exchange hota hai photosynthesis ke liye.
Lekin stems, roots aur leaves ke surface par bhi kuch exchange hota hai.
Stomata se water bhi lose ho sakta hai, isliye jab CO₂ ki zarurat nahi hoti, plant pores band kar deta hai.
Ye open/close hone ka kaam guard cells karte hain — jab guard cells mein water aata hai toh stomata
open hote hain, aur jab water kam hota hai toh close ho jaate hain.
Experiment Idea:
Kya hum ek experiment design kar sakte hain jisse prove ho jaaye ki sunlight photosynthesis ke liye
essential hai?
Photosynthesis ke alawa aur kya chahiye plant ko?
Autotrophs ko sirf energy nahi, balki body banane ke liye aur bhi raw materials chahiye:
Water: Soil se roots ke through milta hai.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, magnesium: Soil se absorb hote hain.
Nitrogen: Protein aur important compounds banane ke liye zaroori hota hai.
Ye inorganic form mein (nitrates/nitrites) ya
Organic compounds ke through milta hai (jo bacteria atmosphere se banate hain).
Heterotrophic Nutrition (परपोषी पोषण)
Har organism apne environment ke according adapt karta hai. Isliye nutrition ka form bhi alag hota hai –
yeh depend karta hai food material ke type aur usko kaise obtain kiya jata hai.
Example ke liye, agar food source stationary hai (jaise ghaas), ya phir mobile (jaise deer), toh cow aur
lion ke beech mein nutritive apparatus mein difference hoga.
Alag-alag organisms alag strategies use karte hain food ko lene aur use karne ke liye.
Kuch organisms jaise fungi (bread moulds, yeast, mushrooms) food material ko body ke bahar
breakdown karte hain, phir usko absorb karte hain.
Kuch organisms pura food lete hain aur body ke andar breakdown karte hain.
Kuch organisms bina host ko maara, usse nutrition lete hain – inhe parasites kehte hain. Jaise cuscuta
(amar-bel), ticks, lice, leeches, tapeworms.
5.2.3 Organisms Food Kaise Lete Hain?
Jab food aur usse lene ka tareeka alag hota hai, toh digestive system bhi har organism mein alag hota
hai.
Single-celled organisms jaise Amoeba food pura surface se le sakta hai.
Amoeba apne cell surface se finger-like extension nikaalta hai, jise pseudopodia kehte hain. Ye food ke
around aa kar ek food vacuole banata hai. Is vacuole ke andar food breakdown hota hai, aur simple
substances cytoplasm mein diffuse ho jaate hain. Undigested part bahar throw kar diya jaata hai.
Paramecium jiska definite shape hota hai, food ek fixed spot se leta hai. Cilia ki movement se food us
jagah tak le jaaya jaata hai.
5.2.4 Human Nutrition (Manavon mein Poshan)
Human digestive system ek long tube jaise hota hai – mouth se anus tak. Har region ka apna ek specific
function hota hai.
Jab hum food khaate hain, toh sabse pehle uska texture uniform banaya jaata hai – teeth se crush karke.
Mouth mein saliva (salivary glands se) food ko wet karta hai taaki easily digest ho sake.
Saliva mein ek enzyme hota hai – salivary amylase – jo starch (complex sugar) ko simple sugar mein todta
hai.
Tongue food ko mix karta hai saliva ke saath.
Phir food oesophagus se stomach tak jaata hai – peristalsis naam ke rhythmic muscular movement se.
Stomach ek large expandable organ hai jahan food mix hota hai digestive juices ke saath.
Gastric glands teen cheezein release karte hain:
1. Hydrochloric acid – acidic environment banata hai
2. Pepsin – protein digestion
3. Mucus – stomach lining ko acid se protect karta hai
Stomach se food small intestine mein chhota-chhota karke bheja jaata hai sphincter muscle ke control
se.
Small Intestine
Yeh digestive system ka sabse lamba part hota hai.
Herbivores (ghaas khaane wale) mein yeh lamba hota hai because cellulose digestion slow process hai.
Carnivores (maans khaane wale) mein yeh chhota hota hai.
Yahan:
Liver se bile juice aata hai – yeh fats ko chhoti globules mein todta hai (jaise soap dirt ko todta hai)
Pancreas se juice aata hai jisme trypsin (proteins ke liye) aur lipase (fats ke liye) hote hain
Small intestine ke wall se intestinal juice aata hai jo carbohydrates ko glucose, proteins ko amino acids,
aur fats ko fatty acids + glycerol mein convert karta hai.
Villi (chhoti chhoti finger-like projections) surface area badaati hain taaki nutrients easily absorb ho
sakein. Blood vessels ye absorbed food le jaati hain cells tak.
Large intestine mein bacha hua water absorb hota hai, aur baaki waste body se anus ke through nikaal
diya jaata hai (anal sphincter ke control se).
More to Know – Dental Caries (Daant Sadna)
Tooth decay ka reason hota hai:
Bacteria sugars par acid produce karte hain
Acid enamel aur dentine ko soft bana deta hai
Bacteria + food = dental plaque banate hain
Plaque saliva ko surface tak pahuchne nahi deta, jisse acid neutralize nahi hota
Solution? – Brush your teeth after meals taaki plaque na ban paaye!
Respiration – Pyruvate Breakdown (श्वसन और पाइरूवेट का विघटन)
Jab pyruvate ke paas oxygen hota hai, toh uska breakdown mitochondria mein hota hai.
Is process mein 3-carbon pyruvate ka breakdown hoke 3 molecules of carbon dioxide aur water banta
hai.
Kyuki yeh oxygen ke presence mein hota hai, is process ko aerobic respiration kehte hain.
Aerobic respiration mein zyada energy release hoti hai compared to anaerobic respiration.
Lactic Acid aur Muscle Cramps
Kabhi-kabhi jab muscles mein oxygen ki kami hoti hai (jaise intense exercise ke time), toh pyruvate ka
breakdown ek alternate pathway se hota hai – aur banta hai lactic acid (3-carbon molecule).
Lactic acid ka build-up hi muscle cramps ka reason hota hai.
ATP – Energy Currency of Cell
Cellular respiration se jo energy milti hai, use karke ek special molecule banaya jaata hai jiska naam hai
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
Yeh ATP har cellular activity ko energy provide karta hai – jaise ek battery machines ko chalati hai.
ATP banata hai jab: ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) + inorganic phosphate = ATP
Ismein energy store hoti hai.
Jab cell ko energy chahiye hoti hai, ATP ka last phosphate bond break hota hai (using water), aur approx
30.5 kJ/mol energy release hoti hai.
ATP use hota hai:
Muscles ke contraction ke liye
Protein synthesis ke liye
Nerves ke signal bhejne ke liye
Aur kai biological activities mein
Plants Mein Respiration aur Gas Exchange
Plants stomata ke through gases exchange karte hain.
Unke leaf ke andar intercellular spaces hoti hain jo ensure karti hain ki har cell air ke contact mein ho.
Raat ko: CO₂ release hota hai (kyuki photosynthesis nahi hoti)
Din mein: Respiration se bana CO₂ photosynthesis mein use ho jaata hai. Oxygen release hoti hai.
Animals Mein Respiration aur Breathing
Animals ne alag-alag respiratory organs develop kiye hain oxygen lene aur CO₂ nikaalne ke liye.
Terrestrial animals: Air se oxygen lete hain
Aquatic animals: Water mein dissolved oxygen use karte hain
(Jaise fish – water mouth se leke gills se oxygen absorb karti hai)
Water mein oxygen ki quantity kam hoti hai, isliye aquatic organisms jaldi-jaldi breathe karte hain.
Terrestrial Animals – Human Respiration
Terrestrial animals (jaise humans) ka respiration air se hota hai.
Inke respiratory organs specially design kiye gaye hain:
Surface area zyada hota hai taaki oxygen efficiently absorb ho
Surface bahut delicate hota hai, isliye body ke andar hota hai
Iske liye proper air passage aur breathing mechanism hota hai jo air ko andar-bahar move karta hai
Humans mein yeh organs include karte hain: nose, trachea, lungs, etc.
Human Respiratory System (मानव श्वसन तंत्र)
Air ka flow body mein kaise hota hai?
Air nostrils ke through body mein jaata hai.
Yahan fine hairs aur mucus hota hai jo dust aur germs ko filter karta hai.
Air phir throat (windpipe) se hote hue lungs mein jaata hai.
Cartilage rings throat mein present hoti hain jo air-passage ko collapse hone se bachati hain.
Inside the Lungs (फेफड़ों के अंदर)
Lungs ke andar air-passage chhoti-chhoti tubes mein divide ho jata hai jo end mein alveoli (balloon-like
structures) mein khatam hota hai.
Alveoli ke walls mein blood vessels ka ek wide network hota hai jahan gas exchange hota hai:
Blood CO₂ laata hai alveoli mein
Alveoli se O₂ blood mein chala jata hai
Breathing Cycle (सांस लेने की प्रक्रिया)
Jab hum inhale karte hain:
Ribs lift hoti hain
Diaphragm flat hota hai
Chest cavity badi hoti hai, aur air lungs mein chali jaati hai
Lungs mein hamesha thoda residual air bacha rehta hai taaki oxygen absorption aur CO₂ release continue
ho sake.
Respiratory Pigments & Haemoglobin (रक्त वर्णक – हीमोग्लोबिन)
Badi body mein diffusion kaafi nahi hota, isliye special pigment chahiye hota hai oxygen transport ke liye.
Humans mein haemoglobin hota hai jo red blood cells mein hota hai, aur oxygen ko tightly bind karta
hai.
CO₂ water mein soluble hota hai, isliye mostly blood mein dissolved form mein transport hota hai.
Blood: Transport System of Body (रक्त – शरीर का परिवहन तंत्र)
Blood = fluid connective tissue
Plasma: food, CO₂, waste transport karta hai
RBCs: oxygen carry karta hai
Platelets: blood clotting
Salts & hormones bhi blood ke through transport hote hain
Is poori system ko heart pump karta hai.
Structure of Heart (ह्रदय की संरचना)
Heart = muscular pump, size ≈ fist
Oxygen-rich aur CO₂-rich blood ko alag rakhne ke liye heart mein chambers hote hain:
Left atrium: lungs se O₂-rich blood leta hai
Left ventricle: body tak O₂-rich blood bhejta hai
Right atrium: body se CO₂-rich blood leta hai
Right ventricle: lungs bhejta hai CO₂ release ke liye
Valves ensure karte hain ki blood ulta flow na kare.
Double Circulation (डबल सर्कुलेशन)
Humans mein blood heart se do baar pass karta hai ek cycle mein:
Lungs ke liye
Phir body ke liye
Isse oxygen supply efficient hoti hai.
Useful for birds, mammals (high energy needs)
Amphibians & reptiles mein 3-chambered heart hota hai
Fishes mein 2-chambered heart hota hai (single circulation)
Blood Vessels (रक्त वाहिकाएं)
Arteries: heart se blood body mein le jaati hain – thick walls
Veins: body se blood heart mein laati hain – thin walls + valves
Capillaries: smallest vessels – one-cell thick – jahan actual exchange hota hai
Platelets & Blood Clotting (प्लेटलेट्स और थक्का जमना)
Injury hone par agar blood leak ho, toh platelets blood ko clot karke leakage rokti hain.
Isse pressure loss aur infection dono se bachav hota hai.
Lymph – Extra Fluid Transport (लसिका – ऊतक द्रव)
Capillaries ke walls se plasma + protein intercellular space mein leak karta hai = lymph
Lymph = colourless fluid (low protein)
Yeh intestine se fat absorb karta hai aur extra fluid blood mein wapas le jaata hai
Transportation in Plants (पौधों में परिवहन)
Plants:
CO₂ leaves se lete hain
Minerals soil se roots ke through
Large plants mein diffusion slow hota hai, isliye transport system zaroori hota hai
Do types ke tubes:
1. Xylem – water + minerals roots se leaves tak
2. Phloem – food (photosynthesis products) leaves se baaki parts tak
Xylem – Water ka Transport System (पानी का परिवहन)
Xylem = vessels + tracheids ka network hota hai jo roots → stem → leaves tak connected hota hai.
Jab roots soil se ions absorb karte hain, tab root aur soil ke beech concentration difference create hota
hai.
Water soil se root mein enter karta hai to balance this difference.
Isse ek column of water form hota hai jo upar ki taraf push hota hai.
But ek dikkat hai:
Root pressure se water high trees tak nahi pahunch sakta.
Plants use transpiration pull for this.
Transpiration (वाष्पोत्सर्जन)
Jab leaves ke stomata se water vapor nikalta hai, to leaves mein suction force banti hai.
Yeh suction xylem se water pull karti hai, even from roots.
Transpiration ke fayde:
1. Water + minerals ko upar le jata hai
2. Plant ka temperature regulate karta hai
3. Day time mein transpiration pull strongest hoti hai
4. Night mein root pressure zyada kaam karta hai
Phloem – Food ka Transport (भोजन का परिवहन)
Leaves mein jab photosynthesis hota hai, tab glucose/sucrose banta hai.
Is food ko baaki plant parts tak le jaana padta hai = Translocation
Translocation:
Occurs in Phloem (sieve tubes + companion cells)
Food upward + downward dono directions mein ja sakta hai
Target = roots, fruits, seeds, buds (jo grow kar rahe hote hain)
How Phloem Works (कैसे काम करता है?)
Sucrose ko phloem mein energy (ATP) ki help se daala jaata hai.
Isse osmotic pressure badhta hai, aur water phloem mein chala jaata hai.
Water pressure se food low pressure areas (like growing buds) tak move hota hai.
Is tarah plant ke need ke according food supply hota hai.
Example:
Spring season mein, root/stem mein stored sugar buds tak jaata hai jahan growth ho rahi hoti hai.
EXCRETION – Sharir ki Safai System (शरीर की सफाई प्रक्रिया)
What is Excretion?
Jab body metabolism (chemical reactions) karti hai, to toxic/waste substances bante hain.
Inko body se bahar nikalna zaroori hota hai.
Excretion = Harmful metabolic wastes (like urea, uric acid) ko body se remove karna.
5.5.1 Excretion in Humans (मानवों में उत्सर्जन)
Main Organs:
1. Kidneys (2) – Blood ko filter karte hain
2. Ureters (2) – Kidneys se urine ko bladder tak le jaate hain
3. Urinary Bladder – Urine store hota hai
4. Urethra – Urine bahar nikalta hai
Kaise banta hai Urine?
Blood mein se nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid) ko filter kiya jaata hai.
Yeh filtration nephrons mein hoti hai (har kidney mein lakhon nephrons hote hain).
Nephron = Bowman’s capsule + blood capillaries
Filtrate mein se important cheezein (jaise glucose, amino acids, water) wapas absorb hoti hain.
Baaki waste + extra water = Urine
Urine ka Raasta:
Kidney → Ureter → Urinary Bladder → Urethra (bahar)
Bladder muscular hota hai, isliye hum urine ko rok bhi sakte hain (nervous control ke under).
5.5.2 Excretion in Plants (पौधों में उत्सर्जन)
Plants ka system humans se alag hota hai.
Waste kaise nikaalte hain?
1. Oxygen (photosynthesis ka waste) ko stomata se bahar nikaalte hain.
2. Excess water = Transpiration ke through release hota hai.
3. Wastes store karte hain:
Leaves mein (jo baad mein gir jaate hain)
Vacuoles mein (cell ke andar)
Gums & resins (old xylem mein)
4. Kuch wastes soil mein bhi release kar dete hain.
Summary in One Line:
Humans – Excretion via Kidney System (urine ke form mein)
Plants – Use transpiration, storage, leaf fall, & soil release for excretion.
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