Assignment Evaluation sheet

Student Name: Alag

______________________________
Osman

Date: _____________________________________
12/12

Homework 3 Paper 2
Homework13
4
Assignment No.: _____________________________
Homework ·

Performance: Use of data in graph / table questions: (If found)

□ Excellent Skill Good Average Needs
□ Very good improvement
□ Average Extracting
data from
□ Needs improvement graph/table
Comparative
PROGRESS: data figures
□ Improving Data
□ Same manipulation
□ Worse than last (calculations)

Hint to improve performance:

□ Understand what the question wants
□ Study topic: ____________________
□ Use better sequencing of points
□ Use more keywords
□ Take a look at marking scheme
□ Make sure your words are accurate

Other Notes:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Dr. Nihal Gabr NGBiologyTeam

 Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Enzymes

55

Keratinases are used to degrade the large quantities of waste feathers from chickens and turkeys
that are processed in the food industry. The products of feather degradation can be used in animal
feed.

Scientists investigated whether three different keratinases, K12, A22 and P3, were suitable as
industrial enzymes. These enzymes were extracted from three different soil bacteria.

The effects of temperature and pH on the activity of each keratinase were investigated.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2.

Key
K12 =

r
A22 =
P3 =

ab
100

80

60
relative activity
/%
40

20

0
20
lG 30 40 50 60 70 80
iha
36 temperature / °C
57

Fig. 2.1

100
.N

80

60
relative activity
/%
40
Dr

20

0
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
pH

Fig. 2.2

Dr. Nihal Gabr 274

Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Enzymes

(d) To degrade feather waste from industry, it is an advantage to use keratinases that show at
least 60% relative activity in conditions where temperature and pH can vary widely.

Table 2.1 shows, for each keratinase, the working range of temperature and pH where at
least 60% relative activity is obtained.

Use Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 to complete Table 2.1 and use the completed table to:

• name the keratinase that has the widest working range of temperature
• name the keratinase that has the widest working range of pH.

Table 2.1

r
temperature range with at pH range with at
keratinase
least 60% relative activity / °C least 60% relative activity

ab
K12 41–63 6.9 - 8.4

A22 36-57 6.0–9.0

P3 29–56 5.3–7.5

•
lG
Keratinase with a relative activity of at least 60% that has:
P3
the widest working range of temperature ...................................

the widest working range of pH

A22
...................................
iha
[4]

(e) Some detergents contain proteases to remove stains from clothes. These enzymes have a
high relative activity in alkaline conditions.

The scientists reported that K12 and A22 could be suitable for use in the detergent industry.
.N

With reference to Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using
K12 and A22 in the detergent industry.
K12 has relatively high activity at alkaline pH as its pH range with at least 60%
...................................................................................................................................................
activity was from 6.9 to 8.4, and its optimum pH with highest activity was at pH 8.0,
...................................................................................................................................................
but both decrease in activity at higher pH ranges so they wouldnt be suitable in
Dr

...................................................................................................................................................
extreme alkaline conditons.
...................................................................................................................................................
They both work at a wide range of temperatures as K12 works at 22C and
...................................................................................................................................................
A22 works at a range of 21C.
...................................................................................................................................................
+ low actvity at stated temperatures for K12 and A22
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

Dr. Nihal Gabr 275

 Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Enzymes

56

2 Glucose is used in the synthesis of amylose. Glucose is first converted to glucose 1-phosphate
(G 1-P).

Starch phosphorylase is an intracellular enzyme that can catalyse the synthesis of amylose from
G 1-P, which is the substrate for the reaction:

(glucose 1-phosphate)n amylose + (phosphate ions)n

n = a large number

Students used a colorimeter to investigate the progress of the reaction.

The students made a reaction mixture containing 0.01 mol dm–3 G 1-P in a buffer solution at pH 6.0.

r
A very small quantity of amylose was added to initiate the reaction.

ab
A solution of starch phosphorylase was added to the reaction mixture and samples were taken at
1-minute intervals. Each sample was added to a dilute iodine solution, stirred and then poured into
a cuvette. The absorbance of each solution was recorded.

The results of the investigation are shown in Fig. 2.1.

2.00

1.80

1.60
lG
1.40
iha
1.20

absorbance 1.00

0.80
.N

0.60

0.40

0.20
Dr

0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time after addition of starch phosphorylase / min

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Explain why the absorbance increases, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
More amylose is produced so the iodine turns blue black from orange
...........................................................................................................................................
brown
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Dr. Nihal Gabr 276

 Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Enzymes

(ii) The students took their final sample at 12 minutes.

Predict the results for absorbance if the students had continued to take samples for a
further 10 minutes. Explain your answer.
the absorbance will decrease less steeply and then remain
prediction ...........................................................................................................................
constant
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
this is because the glucose 1 phosphate will become the
explanation ........................................................................................................................
limiting factor and will run out when the absorbance reaches

r
...........................................................................................................................................
a plateaeu
...........................................................................................................................................

ab
[2]

(iii) State an advantage of using a colorimeter in determining the progress of the reaction.
The results will not be based on subjective judgement of colour change.
...........................................................................................................................................

lG
+ Colorimeter gives quantitative readings
...........................................................................................................................................
+ Can use results from colorimeter to plot a graph
...........................................................................................................................................
+ can use calibration curve to determine concentrations of starch
+ can take continuous readings
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
iha
(b) The reaction catalysed by starch phosphorylase occurs at the ends of amylose molecules.

Describe the sequence of events that occurs when starch phosphorylase catalyses the
addition of a molecule of glucose to the end of an amylose molecule.
The substrate which is the glucose 1 phosphate binds to the active site of the
...................................................................................................................................................
enzyme as it has a complementary shape to the starch phosphorylase, and the
.N

...................................................................................................................................................
end of the amylose molecule also binds to the active site of the enzyme,
...................................................................................................................................................
where the enzyme undergoes a conformational change when the substrate binds,
...................................................................................................................................................
where it folds and molds around the substrate so it can become fully
...................................................................................................................................................
Dr

complementary, (induced fit), forming an enzyme substrate complex. The

...................................................................................................................................................
hydrogen bonds formed by the catalytic amino acids with the substrate puts
...................................................................................................................................................
strain and stess on the substarte lowering the activation energy
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]
+ glycosidic bond forms + condensation
reaction (sorry im new so i didnt take this yet) [Total: 8]

Dr. Nihal Gabr 277

 Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Cell membrane and transport

41

1 Scientists measured the concentration of sodium ions and potassium ions in the red blood cells
and in the blood plasma of a group of people. The results are shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
mean concentration mean concentration
of sodium ions of potassium ions
/ mmol dm–3 / mmol dm–3
red blood cells 10 100
blood plasma 100 4

r
(a) (i) Use the information in Table 1.1 to identify and describe the process by which potassium
ions enter red blood cells from the blood plasma.
Potassium ions enter the red blood cells by active transport using

ab
...........................................................................................................................................
energy from ATP from respiration, by going through a carrier protein in
...........................................................................................................................................
the cell surface membrane where the potassium binds with the
...........................................................................................................................................
carrier protein causing it to undergo a conformational change and

lG
...........................................................................................................................................
release the potassium ion on the other side of the membrane.
...........................................................................................................................................
+ specific binding site + AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Sodium ions and oxygen molecules enter red blood cells.
iha
State one similarity and one difference between the processes used by sodium ions and
oxygen molecules to enter red blood cells.
Both are passive processes which move down the concentration
similarity ............................................................................................................................
gradient
...........................................................................................................................................
.N

+ no atp required (correction)

...........................................................................................................................................
sodium ions enter through a channel protein by facilitated diffusion
difference ...........................................................................................................................
while oxygen molecules diffuse through the phospholipid
...........................................................................................................................................
bilayer of the cell surface membrane
Dr

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

Dr. Nihal Gabr 343

Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Cell membrane and transport

42

(iii) The addition of the fatty acid chain allows ghrelin to function as a cell signalling molecule.

Suggest how the addition of this fatty acid chain allows a ghrelin molecule to act as a cell
signalling molecule.
The fatty acid chain interacts with the hydrophobic region of ghrelin.
...........................................................................................................................................
It allows ghrelin to bind to the receptor on the target cell, so it allows
...........................................................................................................................................
ghrelin to have a complemetray shape to the receptor to allow it

r
...........................................................................................................................................
to bind

ab
...........................................................................................................................................
+ forms 3d shape + helps embeds in hydrphobic portion of cell membrane
...........................................................................................................................................
+ fatty acid chain allowed incorporation into transport molecule in plasma
...........................................................................................................................................
to reach target cell + binding triggering reactions in the cell

lG
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
iha
.N
Dr

Dr. Nihal Gabr 344

Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Cell membrane and transport

43

(b) The walls of alveoli contain some specialised epithelial cells called type II epithelial cells.
These cells secrete surfactant. Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli collapsing during
breathing.

Surfactant contains phospholipid, cholesterol and protein.

The components of surfactant are synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and
smooth endoplasmic reticulum and then passed to the Golgi body.

The surfactant that is produced is stored in secretory organelles called lamellar bodies.

The surfactant in the lamellar bodies is released onto the surface of the alveolar epithelium

r
by exocytosis, as shown in Fig. 5.2.

ab
release of
surfactant from
the epithelial cell
type II by exocytosis
epithelial
cell

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
lG lamellar body

transport
vesicle
iha
rough
endoplasmic Golgi body
reticulum

nucleus
.N

Fig. 5.2

(i) Each lamellar body is surrounded by a single membrane.

Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of phospholipid molecules in the membrane

surrounding the lamellar body.
Dr

[2]

Dr. Nihal Gabr 345

Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Cell membrane and transport

(ii) Scientists studying the production and secretion of lung surfactant have discovered that
a reduction in cholesterol in the cell surface membrane of type II epithelial cells reduces
the secretion of surfactant.

Suggest why secretion of surfactant is affected by a reduction in cholesterol in the cell

surface membranes of type II epithelial cells.
Cholesterol helps to maintain the fluidity of the membrane and
...........................................................................................................................................
the stability of the membrane so a decrease in cholesterol in the
...........................................................................................................................................
membrane can decrease fluidity at colder temperatures
...........................................................................................................................................
+ membrane less able to fuse with lamellar body

r
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

ab
(iii) Lung surfactant is engulfed by macrophages that are in close contact with the type II
epithelial cells. not taken yet

Suggest why macrophages engulf surfactant.

lG
prevents too much surfactant from building up in the lungs, + digest surfactant
...........................................................................................................................................
to reuse molecules in surfactant, engluf pathogens trapped in surfactant,
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
+ macrophages use protein in surfactant
iha
.N
Dr

Dr. Nihal Gabr 346

Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Cell membrane and transport

44

(d) Mitochondrial DNA codes for some polypeptides of proteins used within the mitochondrion.
Some of the proteins allow movement of ions into and out of the mitochondria.

Outline the ways in which ions can move into mitochondria.

Ions can enter by facilitated diffusion through channel proteins in the membrane
...................................................................................................................................................
of the mitochondria, down their concentration gradient.
...................................................................................................................................................
Ions can enter by active transport against their concentration gradient through
...................................................................................................................................................

r
carrier proteins in the cell membrane.
...................................................................................................................................................
+ protein carrier changes shape + specificity of carrier

ab
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

lG
iha
.N
Dr

Dr. Nihal Gabr 347

 Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Cell membrane and transport

45

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram representing part of the phospholipid bilayer of a cell surface membrane.

A OH OH OH

cholesterol

fatty acid tails

r
ab
phosphate heads

lG OH OH

Fig. 1.1
iha
(i) Identify the part of a phospholipid molecule, labelled A in Fig. 1.1, that forms bonds with
the phosphate heads and with the fatty acid tails.
Glycerol
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
.N
Dr

Dr. Nihal Gabr 348

Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Cell membrane and transport

(ii) Cholesterol is an important lipid component of many cell surface membranes. Fig. 1.2
shows the structure of a cholesterol molecule.

non-polar part of
cholesterol molecule

r
ab
polar hydroxyl
group OH

Fig. 1.2

Using the information in Fig. 1.2, explain the orientation (positioning) of cholesterol

lG
molecules in the phospholipid bilayer, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
The non-polar part interacts with the fatty acid tails as both are hydrophobic
...........................................................................................................................................
and the polar hydroxyl group interacts with the phospholipid heads
...........................................................................................................................................
as both are hydrophilic
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
iha
(iii) State one role of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayers.
Regulates the fluidity of the membrane
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
.N

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Explain why sodium ions cannot cross phospholipid bilayers by simple diffusion.
The sodium ions are repelled by the hydrophobic core due to the fatty
...........................................................................................................................................
acid tails
...........................................................................................................................................
Dr

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Dr. Nihal Gabr 349

 Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Cell membrane and transport

(ii) Ions and some molecules move across cell surface membranes by facilitated diffusion
and active transport.

Compare facilitated diffusion and active transport by stating one way in which they are
similar and two ways in which facilitated diffusion is different from active transport.

Both go through a cell surface membrane

similarity ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
Facilitated diffusion involves a channel protein while
difference 1 ........................................................................................................................
active transport goes through a carrier protein
...........................................................................................................................................
+ AND CARRIER PROTEINS

r
...........................................................................................................................................

ab
Facilitated diffusion goes down the concentration gradient
difference 2 ........................................................................................................................
while active transport, the molecules go against the
...........................................................................................................................................
concentration gradient
...........................................................................................................................................

lG
(c) Prostaglandins are small lipids produced in many tissues of the body. One role of prostaglandins
is to cause inflammation at the site of an injury or infection. Inflammation is the normal first
response of the immune system to injury or infection.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme that catalyses one of the steps in the reaction pathway
[3]
iha
for the formation of prostaglandins from phospholipids. The reaction pathway occurs in the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) of cells. Part of the reaction pathway is shown in Fig. 1.3.

phospholipid
.N

arachidonic acid

COX
Dr

prostaglandin

Fig. 1.3

(i) Suggest an advantage for this reaction pathway occurring in the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum of a cell rather than in the cytoplasm.
The SER can provide the substrate needed (phospholipids)
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Dr. Nihal Gabr 350

Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Cell membrane and transport

(ii) Sometimes inflammation can have side-effects, such as pain. Aspirin is a drug that can
be used to reduce these side-effects.

Aspirin reduces the catalytic activity of the COX enzyme by modifying the R-group of one
of the amino acids.

Suggest how modifying the R-group of an amino acid in the COX enzyme can reduce
the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
By modifying the R group of the amino acid, the 3D shape, the
...........................................................................................................................................
tertiary structure of the enzyme is changed so it loses its globular
...........................................................................................................................................
structure, so the enzyme's active site changes shape and so its no

r
...........................................................................................................................................
longer complementary to the substrate so it cant bind together to
...........................................................................................................................................

ab
form an enzyme substrate complex, which reduced the
...........................................................................................................................................
efficiency of the enzyme
...........................................................................................................................................
+ effect on ionic bonding/ hydrogen bonding with other R groups
+ activation energy not being reduced

(iii) lG
.....................................................................................................................................

Prostaglandins are examples of cell-signalling molecules.

Outline the process of cell signalling that leads to a response by the cells involved in
inflammation.
The prostaglandings are secreted and then bind to the receptor on
[3]
iha
...........................................................................................................................................
the target cell. This activates the G protein which then activates a
...........................................................................................................................................
second messenger which then triggers a cascade of enzyme catalysed
...........................................................................................................................................
reactions in the cell which leads to triggering a cellular response
...........................................................................................................................................
.N

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 13]
Dr

Dr. Nihal Gabr 351