Life Sciences-Plant Tissues
1)Meristematic Tissues-capable of cell division.
-responsible for the growth of the plant
-cell development
-form permanent tissues
2 Types of Meristematic: Apical and Lateral
Apical: tissue that grows the tips of the plant like the branches
Lateral:tissue that thickens the lower parts of the plant like the stem and roots.
-Thin-walled, immature cells divide often
-Thick cytoplasm
-Small or no vacuole
2) Permanent Tissues- no cell division.
2 types: Simple and complex
Simple: has one cell type.
Parenchyma
Location: stems, roots and leaves
Function: Stores nutrients, water and minerals in a plant.
-Thinned cell walls
-Intercellular space
Collenchyma
Location: petioles, leaf veins, stems
Function: Provides flexibility and support to the plant
-Thicked-wall
-no intercellular space
Chlorenchyma: Made up of Parenchyma and Collenchyma
Location:Leaves and green stem
Function: Contains chloroplast for photosynthesis.
-Parenchyma contains chloroplast in cells
-Column-shaped in leaf mesophyll
Sclerenchyma:
Location:seed coats, mature stem
Function: Provide strength and support to the plant so it can stand upright.
-long slender fibres
-short and irregular stone cells/sclereids
Epidermis
Location:outer layer of the plant
Function: outer layer that protects the plant, and prevents water loss
- cuticle: Important waxy layer of leaves
-cuticles protect the plant
-cuticles prevent water loss
Complex Tissues:one or more different cell types
Xylem:
Location: leaves, roots, stem
Function:Transport water and minerals from roots to leaves through stem.
- Cell walls contain lignin
- Tracheids and fibers have pointed tips with holes
Non living cells: Tracheids, Xylem Vessels and Fibre, Sclerenchyma and Parenchyma
Phloem
Location:Roots, stem, leaves
Function: Transport nutrients and sugars from roots to leaves, or leaves to roots,
through stem.
-sieve tubes have no nuclei; kept alive by companion cell
- Where sieve tubes meet, walls form a sieve plate, and thereafter a continuous pipeline
Living cells: Companion cell; Sieve tube
Non-living: Parenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Tube-like cells
Sieve tube:Transports nutrients and sugars from roots to leaves, or from leaves to roots
through stem. Found in Phloem
Companion Cell:Supports the sieve tube during transportation by providing metabolic
support
Tracheid: Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves, through stem. Found in
Xylem
Xylem Vessel: Supports tracheid during transportation by providing metabolic support.
Sclerenchyma fibre:
In Xylem: Supports the tracheids and xylem vessels during transportation of water and
minerals, to resist internal pressure
In Phloem: Supports sieve tubes and companion cells during transportation of nutrients
and sugars, to resist internal pressure.
Life Science-Plant Organs
Organs- group of tissue that work together to complete a specific function
Monocotyledon Leaf- veins are vertical, and have no petiole.
Dicotyledon leaf- Parallel veins; has petiole
Monocotyledon plant-Only 1 seed leaf germinates first
Dicotyledon Plant-2 seed leaves germinates first
3 tissues bundles of a dicot leaf:
1) Epidermis-outer region
2) Mesophyll-middle layer (leaf body)
3) Vascular Bundle- transports substances/veins
Constrict= close
Dilate=open
FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- GASEOUS EXCHANGE
- TRANSPIRATION
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A LEAF (CROSS SECTION)
- CUTICLE- WAXY, SHINY LAYER ABOVE UPPER EPIDERMIS THAT LIMITS WATER
LOSS AND ALLOWS SUNLIGHT TO PASS THROUGH
- UPPER EPIDERMIS- PROTECTS INNER STRUCTURES FROM THE TOP
- PALISADE MESOPHYLL- HAS CHLOROPLASTS (WHICH HAVE CHLOROPHYLL, A
GREEN PIGMENT FOR ABSORBING SUNLIGHT) FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- SPONGY MESOPHYLL- FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE
- LOWER EPIDERMIS- PROTECTS INNER STRUCTURES FROM THE BOTTOM
- STOMATA- OPENINGS FOR RELEASING WATER AND FOR GASEOUS
EXCHANGE
(RECEIVING CARBON DIOXIDE AND RELEASING OXYGEN)
- GUARD CELL- CELLS THAT CONSTRICT (CLOSES) AND DILATES (OPENS) TO
CONTROL THE STOMATA
- INTERCELLULAR SPACES- PASSAGE FOR GASES TO PASS THROUGH
- AIRSPACES- PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR EFFICIENT GASEOUS EXCHANGE
- VASCULAR BUNDLE IS MADE OF XYLEM (TRANSPORTS WATER AND MINERALS
FROM ROOTS THROUGH STEM TO LEAVES) AND PHLOEM (TRANSPORTS
NUTRIENTS AND SUGARS FROM ROOTS THROUGH STEM TO LEAVES, AND
LEAVES TO STEM THROUGH ROOTS)
MOVEMENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE LEAF
1. Guard cells dilate (open) and the stomata opens
2. carbon dioxide enters the stomata and passes through intercellular spaces
through diffusion
3. Carbon dioxide enters spongy mesophyll for gaseous exchange
4. Carbon dioxide that is not is left leaves spongy mesophyll and enters palisade
mesophyll for photosynthesis
5. The process of photosynthesis releases oxygen from palisade mesophyll as a
result
MOVEMENT OF OXYGEN IN THE LEAF
1. Oxygen leaves palisade mesophyll as a product of photosynthesis through diffusion
2. Oxygen enters spongy mesophyll as a product of gaseous exchange
3. Oxygen leave spongy mesophyll and gets into intercellular spaces
4. Guard cells dilate and the stomata opens
5. Oxygen moves through intercellular spaces and exits the stomata
