BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

TITLE : OPEN ENDED LABORATORY ( FORCE IN STATICALLY DETERMINATE TRUSS) ___________________________________________________________________________ 1.0 OBJECTIVE To examine joint deflection of Statically Determinate Cantilever Truss

2.0

LEARNING OUTCOMES 2.1 2.2 Application of theoretical engineering knowledge through practical application. To enhance technical competency in structure engineering through laboratory application. 2.3 2.4 Communicate effectively in group. To identify problem, solving and finding out appropriate solution through laboratory application.

3.0

THEORY

In general great stiffness in proportion to their mass. When the deflection of a truss is significant, it is usually the result of one two causes. For most trusses deflection is essentially due to the lengthening and shortening of the members caused by the interior forces of tension and compression.

In relativey simple procedure for the detrmining the deflected shape of a truss due to the length change of the members is to plot the deformation graphically. His consists simply of constructing the individual triangles of the truss with the sides equal to the deformed lengths. The virtual work method can be used to determine the deflection of trusses. We know from the principle of virtual work for trusses that the deflection can be calculated by the equation with n equal to the virtual force in the member and equal to the change in length of the member. Therefore, the deflection of a truss due to any condition that causes a change in length of the members can be calculated. This change in length can be caused by the applied loads acting on each member, temperature changes, and by fabrication errors. Axial Deformation:

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

From statics we know how to determine member forces in a truss by using either the method of joints or the method of sections. Once these forces are known we can determine the axial deformation of each member by using the equation:

The equation for the deflection can be modified with this value for

where m is equal to the number of members, n is the force in the member due to the virtual load, N is the force in the member due to the applied load, L is the length, A is the area, and E represents Young's Modulus of Elasticity. Temperature Changes: The axial deformation of a truss member of length L due to a change in temperature of given by: is

where

is the coefficient of thermal expansion. .

The equation for the deflection is then modified with this value for

where j is the number of members experiencing temperature change and n is the force in the member due to the virtual load. Fabrication Errors: In the case of fabrication errors, the deformation of each member is known. Therefore, the original equation for deflection of a truss can be modified.

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

where k is the number of members undergoing fabrication errors and n is the force in the member due to the virtual load and is the change in length of the member due to fabrication errors. The total deflection of a truss is made up of the sum of all of these cases.

This equation is now used to find the deflection of a truss. Please refer to an introductory text book on structural analysis for a complete description of this approach.

APPARATUS 3.1 Cantilever truss

3.2

Digital Dial Test Indicator

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

5.O

PROCEDURES Unscrew the thumwheel on the redundant member. Note that it is effectively no longer part of the structure as the idealised diagram illustrates. 4.2 Apply the pre-load of 100N downward, re-zero the load cell and carefully apply a load of 250N and check that the frame is stable and secure. 4.3 Return the load to zero (leaving the 100N preload), re-check and re-zero the digital indicator. Never apply loads greater than those specified on the equipment.

4.1

Apply load in the increment shown in Table 1 recording the strain readings and the digital indicator readings. Complete Table 2 by subtracting the initial (zero) strain readings. (be careful with the sign)

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

A FAX

8 5 FEX E 4 D 3 2

5.0

DATA

Load (N) 1 143 200 2 220 200 3 -48 -86

Strain Reading ( 4 -78 -136 5 106 126

) 6
0 0

0 220

7 7 63

8 4 37

Digital indicator reading (mm) 0.000 0.107

Table 1 : Strain reading and frame deflection

Table 2: True strain reading

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

Member
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Experimental force (N)

338.751 -118.86 225.834 344.694 118.86 332.808 196.119

Theoretical Force (N)

220 220 -220 440 0 310.75 310.75

Table 3 : Measured and theoretical force in the cantilever truss

6.0

RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

Calculation of the equivalent member force using the Youngs Modulus relationship. Complete the experimental force in Table 3 (ignore member 6 at this stage). E=/

Where; E and = = = = Youngs Modulus (Nm-2) Stress in the member (Nm-2) Displayed strain F/A

where, F = Force in member (N) A = cross section area of the member (m2) Rod diameter = 6 mm = 6 x 10-3 m and Esteel = 2.10x105 N/mm2 A = d2/4 = (6 x 10-3)2 / 4 = 2.83 x 10-5 m2

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

= E F = A

Calculation for Experiment force :

Use displayed strain at load 220 N Displayed strain, = 57 Stress, = E = (2.10 x 105 N/mm2)(57) = 11.97 x 106 N/m2 Force, F = A = (11.97 x 106 N/m2)( 2.83 x 10-5 m2) = 338.751 N Displayed strain, = -20 Stress, = (2.10 x 105 N/mm2)(-20) = -4.20 x 106 N/m2 Force, F = (-4.20 x 106 N/m2)( 2.83 x 10-5 m2) = -118.86 N

Member 1

Member 2

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

Member 3 : Displayed strain, = 38 Stress, = (2.10 x 105 N/mm2)( 38) = 7.98 x 106 N/m2 Force, F = A = (7.98 x 106 N/m2)( 2.83 x 10-5 m2) = 225.834 N *Calculation of experiment force for others member same with above

Calculation for Theoretical force :

Checking : m = 2j R 7 = 2(5) 3 7=7 Fy = 0 RD F = 0 RD 220 = 0 RD = 220 N Page | 8 The structure is statically determinate

(Joint = 5, Member = 7, Reaction = 3)

BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

MD = 0 220 (480) HA(240) = 0 HA = 440 N FX = 0 HA HD = 0 440 HD = 0 HD = 440 N Joint A FAD FX = 0 440 FAB = 0 FAB = 440 N FAB A Fy = 0 FAD = 0 N

440N

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

Joint D 220N FDE Fy= 0 220 0 ( 440N D FDB = 220 (

)FDB = 0 )

FDB = 310.75 N FX = 0 FDE - 440+ ( FDE = 220 N

FAD = 0N 0

FDB

)(310.75) = 0

Joint C Fy = 0 FCE -220 + ( FCE = 220( FCB C 220N

)FCE = 0 )

FCE = 310.75N FX = 0 FCB (

)(310.75) = 0

FCB = 220 N FX = 0 FED + ( FED= 220 N E 220 + ( 0=0 FEB FEC= 310.75N Page | 10

Joint E

)FEC = 0 )(310.75) = 0

BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

Fy = 0 FEB ( FEB =(

) FEC = 0 ) (310.75)

FEB = 220 N

Joint B

Fy = 0 FBE + ( FBE = 220N 220 + (

) FBD = 0 ) (310.75N) = 0

FBD = 310.75N 0=0 FBA=440 N B FBC =220N FX = 0 FBA FBC ( 440 220 ( 0=0

) FBD = 0 ) (310.75) = 0

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

RD =220 N 220 N HD=440 N D E

310.75 N 220 N 0N 220 N B C 310.75 N

HA=440 N

440 N

- 220 N

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

Fy = 0 RD F = 0 RD 1 = 0 RD = 1 N MD = 0 1 (480) HA(240) = 0 HA = 2 N FX = 0 HA HD = 0 2 HD = 0 HD =2 N Joint A FAD FX = 0 2 FAB = 0 FAB =2 N FAB A Fy = 0 FAD = 0 N

2N

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

Joint D 1N FDE Fy= 0 1 0 ( 2N D FDB = 1 (

)FDB = 0 )

FDB = 1.41 N FX = 0 FDE - 2+ ( FDE = 1 N

FAD = 0N 0

FDB

)(1.41) = 0

Joint C Fy = 0 FCE -1+ ( FCE =1( FCB C 1N

)FCE = 0 )

FCE = 1.41N FX = 0 FCB ( FCB = 1 N FX = 0 FED + (

)(1.41) = 0

Joint E

)FEC = 0 )(310.75) = 0

FED=1 N

E 220 + ( 0=0 FEB FEC=1.41N Page | 14

BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

Fy = 0 FEB ( FEB =( FEB = 1 N

) FEC = 0 ) (1.41)

Joint B

Fy = 0 FBE + ( FBE = 1N 1+( 0=0 FX = 0

) FBD = 0 ) (1.41N) = 0

FBD = 1.41N

FBA=2 N B

FBC =220N

FBA FBC ( 21 ( 0=0

) FBD = 0 ) (1.41) = 0

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

RD =1N 1N HD=2N D E

1.41 N 1N 0 N HA=2N A 2N 1N B C 1.41 N

-1N

1N

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

=(

)POPIL

Experimental
MEMBER PO (N) PI (N) L (M) POPIL

1 2 3 4 5 7 8

338.751 -118.86 225.834 344.694 118.86 332.808 196.119

1 1 -1 2 0 1.41 1.41

0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.34 0.34

81.30 -28.32 -54.20 165.45 0 159.55 94.02 =417.8

=(

)(

)417.8 = 70.30

Theoretical

MEMBER

PO

PI

POPIL

1 2 3 4 5 7 8

220 220 -220 440 0 310.75 310.75

1 1 -1 2 0 1.41 1.41

0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.34 0.34

52.8 52.8 52.8 211.2 0 148.97 148.97 = 667.54

=(

)(

)667.54 = 112.32

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

Member

TYPE

Theoretical Force (N)

AREA (10-5 m2)

LENGTH (M)

LENGTH CHANGE (M) TRUE 10-6 FOR PLOT 10-3 2.22 2.22 2.22 4.45 0
-5 -5

1 2 3 4 5 7 8

COMPRESSION COMPRESSION TENSION COMPRESSION

220 220 220 440 0

2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83

0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.34 0.24

8.88 x 10-6 8.88 x 10-6 8.88 x 10-6 1.78 x 10-5 0 1.78 x 10 1.78 x 10

COMPRESSION COMPRESSION

310.75 310.75

4.45 4.45

Member

TYPE

Experimental force (N)

AREA (10-5 m2)

LENG TH (M)

LENGTH CHANGE (M) TRUE 1.37 x 10-5 4.80 x 10-6 9.12 x 10-6 1.39 x 10-5 4.80 x 10-6 1.90 x 10-5 1.12 x 10
-5

1 2 3 4 5 7 8

COMPRESSION TENSION COMPRESSION COMPRESSION COMPRESSION COMPRESSION COMPRESSION

338.751 118.86 225.834 344.694 118.86 332.808 196.119

2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83

0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.34 0.24

FOR PLOT 10-3 3.43 1.20 2.28 3.48 1.20 4.75 2.80

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

7.0 DATA ANALYSIS

PoPiL (NM) VERSUS MEMBER

250

200

150 EXPERIMENTAL THEORETICAL 50

PoPiL (NM)

100

0 1 -50 2 3 4 5 7 8

MEMBER

-100

Graph 1

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BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

DIFFERENT LENGTH CHANGE BETWEEN THEORITICAL AND EXPERIMENT

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 MEMBER 5 7 8

LEGTH CHANGE (M)

THEORITICAL EXPERIMENTAL

Graph 2

DISCUSSION

The tool used is an error and causes an error reading. This is probably because alt is used loosely there any place that affect the reading. In addition, the device used can not be shaken or there is any movement of the tool. Other issues discussed camp, the reading is taken too quickly without waiting for a static recitation. From grap that have been obtained, the first graph shows comparable diaantara PoPiL Theoretical and expremental between the member. Can be seen that, comparable between the kedua2dua not reading too much. In graph 1, shows the readings of the member 1 and member of three readings were the same for Theoretical while reading from 1 to 3 experimental experience menurunan. Theoretical and experimental readings then began to rise in the member-3 to be in the same reading on the to-5 member. As a member of the 7 Theoretical and experimental readings and the readings theorical increased in the same reading on the member 8 and the experimental decrease. Page | 20

BFC21201 MAKMAL MEKANIK BAHAN (SEKSYEN 6)

To graph the length-2 showed different change Between Theoretical and experiment in the reading and Theoretical experimtal. Theoretical readings can dilahat member to the horizontal so that the reading of experimental-3 and decreased significantly from member to member -1 to-2 and upgrading of the member to the member-2 to-4. Theoretical readings to rise in member-4. Further reading went down from member to member on-4 to-5 and increased again from member to member-5-7 as well as the experimental readings. In the latest data, while the experimental data decreased Theoretical horizontal. From what you see there are changes that affect the reading of whether the data is dierolehi in Theoretical or experimental. Decimal point is also playing a role in getting the data in Theoretical data obtained.

CONCLUSION We have learned a great deal about how the truss deflection depends on change of length. Can be seen in the experiment was carried out differences between the two readings are not too far away and it can use to determine the deflection of the truss.

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