ASSIGNMENT

BIOFUELS
AMRITA SINGH (18/IBT/44)

KIRTI SINGH (18/IBT/46)

KRITIDA DHAR (17/IBT/19)

SALONI GUPTA (17/IBT/33)

Biofuels
Bioenergy is energy derived from biofuels. Biofuels are fuels produced directly or indirectly from
organic material biomass including plant materials and animal waste. Bioenergy covers
approximately 10% of the total world energy demand. More advanced and efficient conversion
technologies now allow the extraction of biofuels from materials such as wood, crops and waste
material. Biofuels can be solid, gaseous or liquid, liquid biofuels use for transport. Bioethanol is an
alcohol made by fermenting by sugar component of plant material. Biodiesel are made from
vegetable oil, animal fats.it can be used as a fuel for vehicles. Most transportation fuels are liquid
because vehicles usually require high energy density. Fuel that are easiest to burn cleanly are
typically liquids and gases

First Generation biofuel

Biofuels that are made up of sugar, starch, vegetable oil or animal fats are first generation of
biofuel. The basic feedstocks for the production of first generation biofuels are often seeds or grain
such as wheat. These feedstocks could instead enter the animal or human food chain, and as the
global population has risen their use in producing biofuel has been criticized for diverting food away
from the human food chain, leading to food storages and price rises.

 Bioethanol

Bioethanol is a non toxic, renewable, biodegradable alterative for petrol. It is added to petrol in
different concentrations. E-10 (10% ethanol and 90% petrol) is the most common blend. It is derived
from plant based products.

Bioethanol production

Ethanol is produced by hydrolysing polysaccharide then fermenting the glucose into ethanol.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae anaerobically breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide and water.

Carbohydrate source suitable for ethanol production are polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch, or
sucrose (disaccharide)

They can be hydrolyse by using enzyme such as cellulase and amylase.

 Biobutanol
It is also called bio gasoline, less common. Direct replacement for gasoline & used in gasoline
engine. It is produced by ABE fermentation (acetone, butanol, and ethanol). Used as high net energy
gain. Less corrosive & less water soluble. E. coli successfully engineered to produce butanol.

 Biodiesel
 Produced from oils or fats by Trans esterification.
 It is similar to fossil/mineral diesel.
 Process: oils are mixed with sodium hydroxide & the chemical reaction produces biodiesel &
glycerol.
 Source: animal fats, vegetable oils, mustard, sunflower etc.
 Used in diesel engine when mixed with mineral diesel.
 It is effective solvent & clean residues by mineral diesel.
 It is safe to handle & transport as it is biodegradable.

 Biogas
It is a Mixture of different gases produced by decomposition of matter in the absence of oxygen.
Decomposition of raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant
materials, sewage or food waste. It can be used for cooking, heating, electricity, vehicle fuel and
hydrogen fuel cells. Microbes digest coal in situ converting it directly to gases. Landfills gas is less
clean form of biogas which is produced through naturally occurring anaerobic reactions. If it escapes
into the atmosphere it is a potent greenhouse gas. Oil and gases can be produced from various
biological wastes. Thermal depolymerization of waste can extract methane and other oils similar to
petroleum. Green fuel technologies developed a bioreactor system that use algae to take in
smokestacks flue gases and produce biofuels i.e. biodiesel, biogas etc. Farmers can produce biogas
from manure from their cows by getting anaerobic digesters.

Secondary biofuels:
 Second generation biofuels are also known as advanced biofuels. What separates them from first
generation biofuels the fact that feedstock used in producing second generation biofuels are
generally not food crops. The only time the food crops can act as second generation biofuels is if
they have already fulfilled their food purpose. For instance, waste vegetable oil is a second
generation biofuels because it has already been used and is no longer fit for human consumption.
Virgin vegetable oil, however, would be a first generation biofuel. Because second generation
biofuels are derived from different feed stock, Different technology is often used to extract energy
from them. This does not mean that second generation biofuels cannot be burned directly as the
biomass. In fact, several second generation biofuels, like Switch grass, are cultivated specifically to
act as direct biomass

Second Generation Extraction Technology

For the most part, second generation feedstock are processed differently than first generation
biofuels. This is particularly true of lignocellulose feedstock, which tends to require several
processing steps prior to being fermented (a first generation technology) into ethanol.

Common Second Generation Feedstock:

 Grasses
 Jatropha and other seed
 Waste vegetables
 Municipal solid waste

Third generation biofuels

The term third generation biofuel has only recently entered the mainstream it refers to biofuel
derived from algae. Previously, algae were lumped in with second generation biofuels. However,
when it became apparent that algae are capable of much higher yields with lower resource inputs
than other feedstock, many suggested that they be moved to their own category. As we will
demonstrate, algae provide a number of advantages, but at least one major shortcoming that has
prevented them from becoming a runaway success.

The list of fuels that can be derived from algae includes:

 Biodiesel
 Butanol
 Gasoline
 Methane
 Ethanol
 Vegetable Oil
Environmental benefits
There are many environmental benefits to replacing oil with biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel. For
one, since such fuels are derived from agricultural crops, they are inherently renewable—and our
own farmers typically produce them domestically, reducing our dependence on unstable foreign
sources of oil. Additionally, ethanol and biodiesel emit less particulate pollution than traditional
petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuels. They also do not contribute significant greenhouse gases
to the global climate change problem, since they only emit back to the environment the carbon
dioxide that their source plants absorbed out of the atmosphere in the first place. There are eco-
benefits in replacing oil with ethanol and biodiesel.

POSITIVES OF BIOFUELS
biofuels are Cost Benefit Renewable, are Easy source, Reduces Greenhouse Gases, provides
Economic Security, helps in lower pollution, results in High-Quality Engine Performance and
contribute in health.

Benefits:

Cost Benefit: biofuels cost the same in the market as gasoline does. However, the overall cost
benefit of using them is much higher. They are cleaner fuels, which means they produce fewer
emissions on burning. worldwide demand for oil increases, oil supplies dwindle, and more sources of
biofuels become apparent.

Source material: Whereas oil is a limited resource that comes from specific materials, biofuels can
be manufactured from a wide range of materials including crop waste, manure, and other by
products. This makes it an efficient step in recycling.

Renewability: It takes a very long time for fossil fuels to be produced, but biofuels are much more
easily renewable as new crops are grown and waste material is collected.
Security: Biofuels can be produced locally, which decreases the nation's dependence upon foreign
energy.so, countries can protect the integrity of their energy resources and make them safe from
outside influences.

Lower carbon missions: When biofuels are burned, they produce significantly less carbon output
and fewer toxins, making them a safer alternative to preserve atmospheric quality and lower air
pollution.

NEGATIVES OF BIOFUELS
Drawbacks include High cost of Production, Monoculture, Use of Fertilizers, less Energy output,
Shortage of Food, Water Use, increase in Food prices and food shortage and its future Rise in Price.

Energy output: Biofuels have a lower energy output than traditional fuels and therefore require
greater quantities to be consumed in order to produce the same energy level.

High cost: To refine biofuels to more efficient energy outputs, and to build the necessary
manufacturing plants to increase biofuel quantities, a high initial investment is often required.

Food prices: As demand for food crops such as corn grows for biofuel production, it could also raise
prices for necessary staple food crops.

Water use: Massive quantities of water are required for proper irrigation of biofuel crops as well as
to manufacture the fuel, which could strain local and regional water resources.

Monoculture: Monoculture refers to practice of producing same crops year after year, growing
same crop every year may deprive the soil of nutrients that are put back into the soil through crop
rotation.