Renewable & Non-Conventional Sources Of Energy
Biofuels
Any hydrocarbon fuel i.e. Solid, Liquid or Gas, that is produced from an organic matter which
may be living or once living material, in a short period of time is considered a biofuel.
Examples include:
o Solid: Wood, manure
o Liquid: Bioethanol and Biodiesel
o Gaseous: Biogas
Biofuels can be produced from biomass, such as corn or sugar, vegetable oils or waste
feedstocks.
As biofuels emit less carbon dioxide (CO2) than conventional fuels they can be blended with
existing fuels as an effective way of reducing CO2 emissions in the transport sector.
1st Generation Biofuels
First Generation biofuels are produced directly from food crops by abstracting the oils for use
in biodiesel or producing bioethanol through conventional methods like fermentation.
Crops such as wheat and sugar are the most widely used feedstock for bioethanol while
rapeseed oil has proved a very effective crop for use in biodiesel.
2nd Generation Biofuels
They are produced from non-food crops such as wood, organic waste, food crop waste and
specific biomass crops, therefore eliminating the main problem with first generation biofuels.
Second Generation biofuels are also aimed at being more cost competitive in relation to existing
fossil fuel.
3rd Generation Biofuels
The Third Generation of biofuels takes advantage of specially engineered energy crops such
as algae.
The algae are cultured to act as a low-cost, high-energy and entirely renewable feedstock.
It is predicted that algae will have the potential to produce more energy per acre than
conventional crops.
Algae can also be grown using land and water unsuitable for food production.
A further benefit of algae-based biofuels is that the fuel can be manufactured into a wide range
of fuels such as diesel, petrol and jet fuel.
It is potentially carbon neutral (the same amount of carbon is absorbed and emitted).
4th Generation Biofuels
Four Generation Bio-fuels are aimed at not only producing sustainable energy but also a way
of capturing and storing CO2.
Biomass materials, which have absorbed CO2 while growing, are converted into fuel using the
same processes as second-generation biofuels.
This process differs from second and third generation production as at all stages of production
the carbon dioxide is captured using processes such as oxy-fuel combustion.
This carbon capture makes fourth generation biofuel production carbon negative rather than
simply carbon neutral, as it is locks away more carbon than it produces.
This system not only captures and stores carbon dioxide from the atmosphere but it also reduces
CO2 emissions by replacing fossil fuels.
Some Important Biofuels
Bioethanol
Bioethanol (aka ethanol or ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)) is an alcohol produced from starch and sugar
crops.
It is commonly blended with petrol.
Bioethanol is mainly produced by fermentation and by reacting ethylene with steam.
Ethanol is a clear colourless liquid.
It is biodegradable, low in toxicity and causes little environmental pollution.
Ethanol burns to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Ethanol is a high-octane fuel and has replaced lead as an octane enhancer in petrol.
By blending ethanol with gasoline, we can also oxygenate the fuel mixture so it burns more
completely and reduces polluting emissions.
Biodiesel
It is produced through a biochemical process called “Transesterification.”
Biodiesel is made from renewable sources such as vegetable/plant/animal oils for use in diesel
engines.
Vegetable oils are chemically called triglycerides (fats).
Biodiesel comprises esters of long chain fatty acids derived from these oils.
To make biodiesel, fats in the vegetable oil (triglycerides) are reacted with alcohol —
usually methanol.
In this reaction, glycerine (in triglycerides) is replaced by methanol to produce methyl ester
(biodiesel).
Biofuel development in India centres around the cultivation of Jatropha plant seeds — rich in oil
(40%).
Biogas
Biogas is created as a by-product of decomposing plant and animal waste in environments with
low levels of oxygen: landfills, waste treatment facilities, and dairies.
It is produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter.
Biogas is made up primarily of methane and carbon dioxide (greenhouse gasses), thus the
natural incentives are strong to keep biogas from entering the atmosphere.
Biobutanol
Biobutanol is a four-carbon alcohol produced by the fermentation of biomass.
The production of biobutanol can be carried out in ethanol production facilities.
The primary use of biobutanol is as a fuel in internal combustion engines.
Its properties are similar to that of gasoline.
Some gasoline-powered vehicles can even use biobutanol without being modified.
It can be blended with gasoline in concentrations up to 11.5% by volume.
However, it has a lower energy content, on average 10-20%, than that of gasoline, which is a
major disadvantage of biobutanol.
Biobutanol exhibits the potential to reduce carbon emissions by 85% when compared to
gasoline, thus making it a viable and suitable alternative to gasoline and gasoline-ethanol
blended fuels.
Biohydrogen
Biohydrogen can be produced using a number of processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, etc.
Biohydrogen could be considered as valuable and alternative energy carrier to fossil fuels.
However, economically feasible large-scale biohydrogen production is essential for the
replacement of fossil fuels with biohydrogen.
