INDUSTRY 4.

0: BIOFUEL & APPLICATIONS

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

Assistant Professor
Chemical Engineering
School of Technology
Pandit Deendayal Energy University Gandhinagar

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra LECTURE 29 1

 OVERVIEW

 Quick Recap
 Introduction to biofuels
 Benefits/Disadvantages
 Types/Classifications of biofuels
 1G biofuels
 2G biofuels
Biomass conversion pathways and biofuel extraction
 3G biofuels
 4G biofuels
 Biofuels’ Applications
 GoI Policy and Where we stand
 Take Away

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra UNIT 4 2

QUICK RECAP

Bio-nanotechnology

Biosensors

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra 3

 Introduction to biofuels

Have you ever think of: A world where there is no more fossil fuel (coal, oil and gas)???

What would you use to power your vehicles? What would keep power plants and industries running?

How would you heat/cool your homes?

Is there any alternate Thanks to Renewable Energy

energy source???

Biofuels – one of the alternative renewable energy sources

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

Continue…

Biofuel = Bio + Fuel

Greek word “Bios” indicates life or living

Biofuel fuel derived from living matter (biomass)

Biomass an organic matter that stores energy through the photosynthesis process
Any fuel that is produced from an organic matter (living
Broader way or once living material) in a short period of time (days,
weeks, or even months) is considered a biofuel.

Biofuels may be solid, liquid or gaseous in nature

Solid: Wood, dried plant material and

manure Liquid: Bioethanol and Biodiesel
Gaseous: Biogas and Biohydrogen

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

 Benefits of biofuels

 Biofuels are environment friendly and can minimize GHG/vehicular emissions

 It is made from renewable sources = produced easily through imports

 Provides good lubrication for vehicles

 As they are made from bio-resources = non-toxic = very safe for storage and
transportation. E.g., bio-diesel is made from domestic renewable resources like
vegetable oils and animal fats

 They are carbon-neutral i.e., having no net emission of carbon dioxide, or more
generally having no net contribution to global warming

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

 Disadvantages of biofuels

 Producing biomass and converting it into fuel = very expensive = Need high
investment

 As it is economically attractive = Many farmers cultivate bio-fuel crops = lead to

the monoculture of crops i.e., producing same crops year after year = leave the
soil without the nutrients

 Need a significant amount of energy for producing biofuels itself

 It is very difficult to collect biomass = need resources

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

 Classification of biofuels

1G biofuels
 First-generation biofuels are made from food crops grown on arable (farming) land.
 The crop's sugar, starch, or oil content is convertedinto biodiesel or ethanol,
using transesterification, or yeast fermentation.
 Common first-generation biofuels include vegetable oils, biodiesel, bioalcohols,
biogas, solid biofuels, syngas.

Pros: Stable; known technology that, depending on feedstock cost; can be cost
competitive with fossil fuels.

Cons: Open to food vs fuel criticisms; and generally has feedstock commodity price
volatility, as well as geographic limitations that do not always match up well with fuel
demand.
Dr. Shirsendu Mitra
Classification (Continues)

2G biofuels
 Second-generation biofuelsare made from non-foodcrops, such as woody
biomass, or agricultural residues/waste (stalks of wheat and corn).
 The feedstock used to make the fuels either grow on arable land but are
byproducts of the main crop, or they are grown on marginal land.
 Second-generation feedstocks include straw, bagasse, grasses, jatropha, waste
vegetable oil, municipal solid waste and so forth.
 Common second-generation biofuels include vegetable oils, biodiesel,
bioalcohols, biogas, solid biofuels, and syngas
Pros: A wider selection of geographies; more available biomass; less controversial.
Cons: Early days for the technology; high capital costs;
domestication issues with some feedstocks such as jatropha.

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

Classification (Continues)
3G biofuels
 Third-generation biofuels are made from extracting oil of algae – sometimes
referred to as
“oilgae”.
 Algae can be produced in ponds or tanks on land, and out at sea.
 Algal fuels have high yields, can be grown with minimal impact on freshwater
resources, can be produced using saline water and wastewater, and are
biodegradable.
 Its production is supposed to be low cost and high-yielding – giving up to nearly 30
times the energy per unit area as can be realized from current, conventional ‘first-
generation’ biofuel feedstocks.
Pros: Can be made anywhere where CO2 and water is found in sufficient
concentration; less controversial.
Cons: Early days for the technology; high capital costs; production requires large
amounts of water and fertilizer, degrades faster than other biofuels, issue in cold
temperatures. Dr. Shirsendu Mitra
Classification (Continues)
4G biofuels
 This class of biofuels includes electrofuels/e-
fuels or/and solar fuels/synthetic biofuels.
 Electrofuels or e-fuels are advanced fuels,
produced with hydrogen that is obtained from
the electrolysis of water.
 Variable renewable (e.g.
energies wind power) solarproduce
or
can be used to
electrofuels.
Pros: Can be made anywhere where CO2 and water Cons: Early days for the technology;
is found in sufficient concentration; less controversial dependent on the CO2 source; high
for biodiversity, environment advocates. Generally, capital costs.
the processes produce drop-in fuels.

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

Continue…

Dr. Rajat & Dr. Garima

Biomass conversion pathways and biofuel extraction

Dr. Rajat & Dr. Garima

 Biofuels’ Applications

Transport Vehicles Off-Road Vehicles Industrial

 Charge electronic devices- biofuel cells

 Heating/Cooling
 Lubricants
 Cleaning oil spills
 and many more…

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

 Summary_Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGmwtDffc74
Dr. Rajat & Dr. Garima 15
 GoI Policy and Where we stand

 The government came up with National Policy on Biofuels- 2018 in order to promote biofuels in the
country.
 This policy has laid out indicative targets of achieving 20% blending of ethanol in petrol and 5%
blending of biodiesel in diesel in the whole country by 2030.
 Biofuels in India are having strategic importance considering its suitability to initiatives like Make in
India, Skill development and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
 It also provides great opportunity to integrate with ambitious targets of doubling farmers’ income,
import reduction, employment generation etc.
 Oil PSUs have planned to establish twelve 2G Ethanol Bio-refineries in 11 states of India.
 Industries (OEM) along with research institutes (funded by Govt.) are testing their technologies for
different biofuel applications (even trying for 100% biofuels).

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

 Take Away

 An overview/idea of Biofuels, in general

 Biofuels’ classifications- pros and cons
 Highly potential Biofuels, e-fuels
 Versatile applications of Biofuels
 Govt of India- Biofuel policy targets
 Industry (OEM) role/current-standing towards biofuels

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

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