Energy Resources

Energy resources are:

all forms of fuels used in the modern world,

Energy resources can be roughly classified in three categories:

Ø Non-renewable/ Fossil/ Exhaustible/ Conventional e.g.

coal/oil/gas…
Ø Renewable/ Non-exhaustible/ Non-conventional e.g.
solar/wind……
Ø Non-renewable/ Exhaustible/ Non-conventional e.g. Nuclear
 Conventional Sources Non-conventional Sources
Usage/ In use since early times Have come in use recently
Period
Availability Limited amount In abundance
Can’t depend for future Can depend for future
Nature Exhaustible Inexhaustible
Not going to last forever Going to last forever if
judiciously used
Renewability Once used, can’t be renewed Renewed in short period

Response to Causes air, water and land Eco-friendly as don’t cause

environment pollution as they leave pollution and leave residue
smoke and residue
Cost Requires huge capital Comparatively cheaper
investment
Examples Coal, petroleum, natural gas Solar energy, wind energy,
etc. biogas, tidal energy, geo-
thermal, hydro power,
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES –
• In use since early times
• Limited supply
• Once used, cannot be regained again/ non-renewable
• Exhaustible
• Not environmental friendly
• Costly
• Coal/ petroleum/ natural gas/ atomic fuels
RENEWABLE RESOURCES,
• Can be replaced within a human lifetime/renewable
• Non-exhaustible Energy Resources
• Used repeatedly, e.g., running water/ wind/ tidal waves/
solar energy/ geothermal energy/ biomass energy
• Environmental friendly
• Economical
• Principal renewable res.: water/ air/ sun rays/ wood
Ø Because of their organic origin,
COAL, PETROLEUM and NATURAL GAS
à fossil fuels.
Ø Formed from the fossilized, buried
remains of plants and animals.
Ø Fossil fuels consist primarily compounds of
CARBON and HYDROGEN, called
HYDROCARBONS.
Ø Because of their origins,
fossil fuels have a high
carbon content.
 COAL (FORMATION AND TYPES):
•A dark colored ORGANIC rock.
• Formed from dead plants
and other organisms
• CARBONIZATION:
Bacteria consuming buried
plant remains àreleasing
methane and carbon
dioxide à leaving only
carbon behind.
 FOUR STAGES OF COAL:
PEAT: partial decomposition of plant remains.
Brownish/ black in color.
LIGNITE: brown coal
BITUMINOUS: soft coal
ANTHRACITE: hardest form of all coals.
 Coal
• Coal is an inflammable organic substance
composed of carbon found in sedimentary rocks.
• Formation: Coal is formed due to compression of
plant material under heat and pressure over
million of years.
• Variety of forms depending on-
a. Degree of compression
b. Depth
c. Time of burial
• Uses
Power generation (70%)
Energy supply to industries
Domestic uses
Vehicles
 Types of Coal
Anthracite Bituminous Lignite Peat
1. 80% and above 1. 60 to 70% 1. 50-60% 1. Below 40%
carbon. 2. Buried deep and 2. Low grade brown 2. Decaying plants
2. Highest quality subjected ti coal which is soft in swamps
having high coke increased with high moisture produce peat.
content. temperature. content (more 3. Lot of moisture
3. Production/Occu- 3. High calorific smoke) produce smoke
rence is less. value (less 3. Used for and less heating
4. Less smoke and moisture) generating electricity. capacity.
high heating known as 4. Principle reserves 4. Used for
value (less metallurgical in Neyveli in T.N. domestic
impurities) coal. purpose.
5. Found at great 4. Special value for
depth smelting iron in
6. Smelting of Iron blast furnance
5. Widely used
 Places
Ø Jharkhand: Bokaro
Ø Bengal: Raniganj
Ø Bengal-Jharkhand: Damodar valley
Ø Chattisgarh: Korba
Ø Orissa: Talcher
Ø Tamil Nadu: Neyveli
Ø Madhya Pradesh: Singrauli.
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS (FORMATION AND DEPOSITS):
Ø Petroleum and natural gas are largely made up of
HYDROCARBONS.
Ø Petroleum (oil) is LIQUID and natural gas is a GAS.
Ø When ancient animals were buried in prehistoric OCEANS
and LAKES heat and pressure build up.
Ø CHEMICAL changes eventually converted the remains into
PETROLEUM and NATURAL GAS.
 Petroleum
Petroleum or mineral oil is next energy after coal. Crude oil.
Coal can't be used for road vehicle and transportation

Uses:
Ø fuel for heat and lighting
Ø Generation of electricity
Ø Lubricants for machinery
Ø Raw material for manufacturing industries.
Ø Used in vehicles
Ø “ Nodal Industry" for synthetic textiles, fertilisers
and numerous chemical industries.
Ø Cooking Medium
Ø Used in cosmetics
Ø > 3000 products
 Distribution
• Mumbai High (63%)
• Gujarat (18%)
• Assam (16%)
On-Shore: 1. Gujarat: Ankaleshwar
2. Assam:
a. Digboi (Oldest)
b. Naharkatiya and Moran- Hugrijan.
Off-Shore: Mumbai High (Largest off shore) and
Bassein (North of Mumbai)
 Natural Gas
Ø An important clean energy because à do not
leave residue and produces less pollution thus
called à environment friendly
Ø Found/Occurence à found in association with
or without petroleum
Uses:
Ø Raw Material for petrochemical/ fertilizer
industries
HVJ-
ØHazira (Guj), Vijaypur (M.P) and Jagdishpur (U.P-
Delhi-Gurgaon and Sonipat)
Ø1700 km long cross country gas pipeline linked
with Mumbai high and Bassein with fertiliser,
power and industrial complexes in North West
and North India
ØImportant for Gas production
Distribution-
ØKrishna- Godavari basin
ØMumbai High- West Coast
ØGulf of Cambay (Gujarat)
ØAndaman and Nicobar
Why considered as fuel of the century?
ØEasily supplied (pipes),
ØLess pollution, Clean (no residue),
ØReplaced liquid fuel
Ø Crude oil is separated
into fractions
by fractional
distillation.
Ø The fractions at the top
of the fractionating
column have
lower boiling
points than the
fractions at the bottom.
Ø The heavy bottom
fractions are
often cracked into
lighter, more useful
products.
Ø All of the fractions are
processed further in
other refining units.
Sample of Crude oil Sample of Gasoline Sample of Kerosene Sample of Diesel
(petroleum) fuel

Pile of asphalt-covered aggregate for Sulphur

Motor oil formation into asphalt concrete
NUCLEAR FISSION:
The SPLITTING of the NUCLEUS of a large
atoms into two or more smaller nuclei. Only
one kind of naturally occurring element can
be used for NUCLEAR FISSION, this
element is URANIUM-235.
1. U-235 is mixed with U-238 and formed
into PELLETS.
2. The uranium is then shaped into rods
called FUEL RODS.
3. Bundles of these FUEL RODS are
bombarded by NEUTRONS.
4.When hit by a neutron, the fuel rod
SPLITS and releases NEUTRONS
AND ENERGY.
5. This starts a CHAIN REACTION and
the split atoms bump into other atoms
causing the fuel rods to get very HOT.
6. Water is pumped around the fuelrods
to ABSORB & CARRY AWAY THE
HEAT.
7. The resulting HOT WATER / STEAM
then is used to turn TURBINES, to
generate ELECTRIC energy.
8. Nuclear reactions are contained
in a controlled environment
called a NUCLEAR REACTOR.
DRAWBACKS:
•WASTE PRODUCTS,
which give off dangerous
radiation
•the RADIATION can
destroy plants and
animal cells and cause
harmful changes in the
GENETIC MATERIAL of
living cells
Nations are looking into the use of
ALTERNATE sources in order tofind
safe and RENEWABLE energy
resources.
Non-Conventional Source of Energy
Renewable in nature/ Recently been in use

Reason to Switch:
1. Rising prices of oil.
2. Increasing cost of extraction.
3. Potential shortage.
4. Environmental problems due to fossil fuels.
5. Great demand and pressure on fossil fuel
 RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable resources are
natural resources that can be
replenished in a short period
of time.
● Solar ● Geothermal
● Wind ● Biomass
— Water
—Tidal
SOLAR
Energy from the
sun.
Why is energy
from the sun
renewable?
GEOTHERMAL
Energy from
Earth’s heat.

Why is energy
from the heat of
the Earth
renewable?
WIND Energy from the
wind.

Why is energy
from the wind
renewable?
 BIOMASS
Energy from
burning organic
or living matter.
Why is energy
from biomass
renewable?
WATER or HYDROELECTRIC
Energy from the
flow of water.
Why is energy of
flowing water
renewable?
Energy Process of Uses/Sources/ Plants Located/Plants located
Resources Formation Benefits
Nuclear It is obtained by Used to generate Uranium and
Energy/ altering the Electric power Thorium (Jh,Aravli
Atomic
Energy structure of range in rajasthan
atoms,when such and Monazite sands
an altn is of Kerala rich in
made,much energy thorium)
is released in the Places-
form of heat. 1. Narora-Bulandshahr
2. Rawat Bhata-Kota,Rajasthan
3. Tarapur, Maharashtra

4.Kakrapara-Gujarat
5.Kaiga-Karnataka
6.Kalpakkam-T.N
 Solar Power
Ø Solar power in India is a fast developing industry.
Ø The country's solar installed capacity reached 33.730 GW
as of 31 December 2019.
Ø India has the lowest capital cost per MW globally to install
solar power plants.
Ø India has established nearly 42 solar parks.
Ø The International Solar Alliance (ISA), proposed by India
as a founder member, is headquartered in India.
Ø With about 300 clear and sunny days in a year, the
calculated solar energy incidence on India's land area is
about 5000 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year.
Energy Process of Uses/Sources/Be Plants
Resources Formation nefits Located/Plants
located
Solar Energy Photovoltaic -Fast being popular in Madhapur near
(Tropical Tech.(Silicon and rural and remote areas Bhuj,Gujarat.
Country) Germanium) taps solar and inaccessible area.
energy and converts -Used to sterlise milk Welspun-
directly into electricity. cans,cooking,heat ing Neemuch.
water.
-Able to minimise the
dependence of firewood
and dung cakes
-Leads to environmental
conservation and
adequate supply of
manure in agriculture.
Energy Process of Uses/Sources/ Plants Located
Resource Formation Benefits
Wind The wind rotates Eco-friendly à Largest windfarm
Power à the shaft of No pollution cluster in TN from
windmill which Nagercoil to
à drives the Limitation: Can Madurai,
turbine and à be set up only in A.P., Karnatka,
converts the obstacle free or Gujarat, Jaisalmer
kinetic energy to coastal areas. and Lakshadweep.
à electrical
energy.
 Wind Energy
Ø India has the 4th largest installed capacity
in wind power after China, U.S and Germany.
Ø As of 31 December 2019, the total installed wind
power capacity was 37.505 GW.
Ø A recent study by National Institute of Wind
Energy (NIWE) has shown wind energy potential
of 302 GW at 100 m hub-height in India.
Ø Jaisalmer Wind Park is the largest operational
onshore wind farm in India, located at
Amarsagar in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. Its
installed capacity is 1,064 MW which makes it
one of the largest wind farms in the world and
largest of its kind in India.
 Muppandal Windfarm Kanyakumari,
Tamil Nadu

Jaisalmer Wind Park,

Rajasthan

Tuppadahalli Wind Farm,

Karnataka
 India's largest wind power production facilities
(100 MW and greater)
Rank Power plant Location State MW
1 Muppandal windfarm Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 1500
2 Jaisalmer Wind Park Jaisalmer Rajasthan 1064
3 Brahmanvel windfarm Dhule Maharashtra 528
4 Dhalgaon windfarm Sangli Maharashtra 278
Satara
5 Vankusawade Wind Park Maharashtra 259
District.
6 Vaspet Vaspet Maharashtra 144
7 Tuljapur Osmanabad Maharashtra 126
8 Beluguppa Wind Park Beluguppa Andhra Pradesh 100.8
9 Mamatkheda Wind Park Mamatkheda Madhya Pradesh 100.5
10 Anantapur Wind Park Nimbagallu Andhra Pradesh 100
 Installed wind capacity as of 31 Oct. 2019
State Total Capacity (MW)
Tamil Nadu (~30%) 9231.77
Gujarat 7203.77
Maharashtra 4794.13
Karnataka 4753.40
Rajasthan 4299.73
Andhra Pradesh 4077.37
Madhya Pradesh 2519.89
Telangana 128.10
Kerala (~1%) 62.50
Others 4.30
Total 37090.03
Energy Process of Uses/Sources/Benefits Plants
Resources Formation Located/Plants
located
Biogas Decomposition of 1. Gives higher thermal Used all over
organic matter like efficiency in comparison to India in rural
shrubs, farmwaste, kerosene,dung cakes and areas.
animal and human coal.
waste in absence of 2. Twin Benefits to farmer.
Oxygen produce a. Energy in form of heat.
biogas. b. Improved quantity of
manure.
3. Eco-friendly, prevents loss of
trees, manure due to
burning fuelwood and cow
dung cakes.
4. Can be set up at municiple,
cooperative and individual
levels.
5. The plants using cattle dung
are called Gobar Gas plants.
Energy Process of Formation Uses/Sources/Benefits Plants
Resources Located/Plants
located
Tidal Oceanic tides can be used to 1. Used to produce 1. Gulf of
Energy generate electricity. Floodgate electricity and eco- khambat
dams are built across inlets. friendly due to no 2. Gulf of
During high tide water flows pollution. Kuchchh.
into the inlet and gets 2. Renewable- can be 3. Western
trapped which moves the fan used again and coast and
inside. After tide falls the again. gangetic
water retained by the 3. 900 MW plant set by delta in
floodgates flows back to sea the Nat. Hydropower sunderban.
via pipe that carries it Corp.
through power generating
turbines. Limitations
1. Set up only on
India having one of the coast.
largest coastline not able to 2. Can generate
use tidal energy efficiently. electricity during
high tides only.
Energy Process of Formation Uses/Sources/ Plants
Resources Benefits Located/Plants
located
Geothermal Heat and Electricity are Used to Parvati valley near
Energy- produced by the heat from the produce Manikaran in H.P.
(earth+heat) interior of the earth. it exists electricity. Puga Valley in
because Earth grows Ladakh.
progressively hotter with
interior depth.
Where the geothermal gradient
is high,High temp are found at
shallow depth. Groundwater in
such areas absorbs heat from
rocks and becomes hot and
turns to steam. This used to
drive turbines and generate
electricity.