ADVANCED DRILLING

ENGINEERING
SKPP 4413 / SKM 4413

DIRECTIONAL, HORIZONTAL &

MULTI LATERAL DRILLING
PROF. DR. ARIFFIN SAMSURI
 Topic Outcomes

Students should be able to:

• Outline various types of tools & techniques used to deflect the hole
• Describe the tools used in survey the direction & inclination of the
hole & calculate & analyze survey data
• Discuss the benefits & problems involved in making directional,
horizontal & multi lateral drilling
• Explain the configurations & classification of multilateral wells.

2
 •DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
 Definition:
 Process of deviating wellbore along predetermined course to target whose location is given as
lateral distance from vertical

 Purpose:
 To place well bottom under an inaccessible surface location

 Reasons for directional drilling

 Inaccessible location (surface)

 Target pay zone lies vertically beneath impractical rig site (surface location, i.e. residential
area, river beds, mountain, harbor, road, etc.
 Multiple wells drilling from a single site

 Associated with offshore production platform: more economical to drill number of wells from
single platform, building multiple sites, pipelines, production facilities, etc.
 Sidetracking

 To deviate wellbore around & away from an obstruction in original wellbore, such as stuck ds

 Relief well drilling

 To intersect blowout well near bottom  mud & water can be pumped into blowout well

 Multiple target

 Drill through one target & alter well direction to reach next target for prospect that can’t
drilled with vertical well

3
 APPLICATIONS
• Geological Constraints :
• Salt Domes : drill alongside & then at angle below salt to reach
target
• Faults: Fault slippage  casing damage drilling parallel to fault
& changing direction to cross fault into target
• Inaccessible Locations :
• Offshore Platform (multi-well platform drilling) – to drill wells from
one platform  economically feasible
• Towns/cities/mountain range/river estuary – drill well from rig site
away from point vertically above the target reservoir
• Relief Well Drilling

• Sidetracking :
• Fish & workover

• Exploration

• Completion Strategy :
• Multiple zone drainage

• Horizontal Wells
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 •Applications
Geological constraint
Inaccessible
location/target
Sidetracking
Completion strategy

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6
 Slant hole = straight, but at a predetermined angle

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 Advantages @ Horizontal/Multilateral Well

• Multiple wellheads on single pad

• Less surface & environmental disturbance
• Drilling & production waste centralized to one
site
• Centralization of facilities
• Lower operating costs

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 •SOME SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
 Reaching under river or lake where waters are too deep or
swift to permit platform or barge from surface
 Extinguishing oil fire by drilling from site some distance
away & pumping in mud
 Drilling under city or other occupied place where vertical
well site impracticable
 Deeper hole is reaching under salt dome cap, which forms
oil trap
 Redirected hole at right path to by pass lost steel bit
blocking original hole
 Undersea drilling from shore. Curving holes reach both
upper & lower oil formations from some location on bluff
 Offshore drilling from platform mounted on pilings. Several
holes often drilled from each platform to produces oil more
economically

13
 •DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TECHNIQUE
 General concept:
1. Drill vertical (upper) section of hole
2. Select proper tools for kicking off to non-vertical direction
3. Build angle gradually
4. Continue drilling to final target
 Three categories:
1. Kickoff equipment/primary deflection /directional tools
• Hole angles usually kicked off by jetting, whipstock, bent sub or
downhole motor tool
2. Rotary systems
• As any rotary drilling
3. Drill string considerations
• Use sufficient stabilizers & hole angle changes difficult after final hole
angle has obtained
• Proper positioning very important  can increase hole angle via fulcrum
principle or decrease via pendulum principle

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 •INCREASING/HOLD/DECREASE INCLINATION
 Increasing inclination –Fulcrum Effect
 Limber assembly
 Near bit stabilizer
 WOB forces dc to bend to hole low side
 Bit face kicks up

 Hold inclination
 Packed hole assembly
 Stiff assembly
 Control WOB & RPM

 Decrease inclination – Pendulum Effect

 Gravity pulls bit downward
 No near bit stabilizer

15
 •PACKED HOLE ASSEMBLIES

String Stabilizer
NB Stabilizer
DP

HWDP
Bit
Steel DC
Monel DC

16
 •KICKOFF EQUIPMENT/DEFLECTION/DIRECTIONAL TOOLS
 Primary deflection tools or kickoff equipment
 Use for initiating & maintaining desired hole direction

(1st. deflection tool used to obtain initial deflection in desired direction)

 To change inclination and/or azimuthal direction of

wellbore
 Further hole progress controlled by:
 Variation in WOB

 Use of stabilizers & reamers

 Drill string variations

 Special bit

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 •DEFLECTION TOOLS
• Bent Subs & Mud Motor*
• Directional BHA*

• Non-Rotating Steerable Drilling Systems*

• Rotary Steering System*

• Badger Bits

• Whipstocks*

• Rebel Tool

• Positive Displacement Motors (PDM's)

• Turbines

 two basic principles  bit drilling off

1. Introduce bit tilt angle into BHA axis just above bit
2. Introduce sideforce to bit
Note: * - major currently used.
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 Bit Tilt Angle & Sideforce

Tilt Angle

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 •JETTING BIT
• Use one large jet & two smaller jets
• Fast & economical
• Bit orientation  large jet facing desired direction
• Drill string held stationary (no rotation) while mud
circulated
• Mud jetting action @ large jet  wash small cavern
into formation or wash out pocket ds tends to
follow
• After washing 6-8 ft hole, rotation & drilling
operation continue. Survey taken at this point 
return to normal drilling
• Jetting restarted until desired well path achieved or
repeat for more angle if needed

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 WHIPSTOCK
• Steel wedge
• Set at KOP
• Generally used in cased hole
• To apply sideforce & deflect bit to
required direction (initiation of
deviation)

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 •WHIPSTOCK
• Wedge shaped tool (simple device) to kick off well by forces bit into desired direction
• Types:
1. Removable
• Withdrawn from hole with dp
• Most widely used
2. Fixed
• Stays in hole as permanent installation
• Never used in open hole
• Used in sidetracking when desired initial deflection point inside casing
• Has collar for detached from ds
• Procedures:
1. Small bit used to start
2. Oriented whipstock to desired direction
3. Apply wieght to:
• Set chisel point
• Shear pin
4. Initiate drilling
5. After drilling 1 – 20ft below whipstock, entire assembly removed
6. Run in regular ds assembly into hole & large hole

22
 BENT SUB & MUD MOTOR
• Most commonly used tool & technique
• Bent sub:
• Short length pipe with diameter = DC
• Threaded connections on either end
• Lower connection axis offset < 3 deg. Of upper connection axis
• Introduce tilt angle
• Must be used in conjunction with mud motor, PDM or drilling
turbine BHA  introduces tilt angle
 Bent sub & PDM can be used in build up or drop off portion only
 Sub has ½-2 ½ deg. of bend that will deflect motor to desired
direction
 Steering tool commonly used with bent sub

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 Bent Sub
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 Bent Sub
vs.
Bent Motor

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 BHA (with bent sub & mud motor)

MWD

Bent Sub

Motor

Mud Motor

Drill Bit

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 •DEFLECTION TOOLS

 KNUCKLE JOINT
 An extension of ds incorporating universal joint @
junction, thus rotation at different angle possible
 Disadvantage: Angular change may be quite abrupt 
dog leg

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 •ORIENTATION METHODS
 Directional drilling feature:
 Orientation of primary deflection tools & to start initial
deflection in the proper direction
 Requirements:
 Knowing bottom hole position of whipstock or knuckle
joint prior to set
 Two basic methods of orienting deflection tools in
used:
1. Drill-pipe alignment method
2. Bottom hole orientation methods

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 •DRILL PIPE ALIGNMENT METHOD
 Procedures:
 Keeping accurate track of dp’s rotation while run into hole
 Affixed deflection tool to dp & faced toward desired
direction
 Fastened sighting bar to dp & aimed at derrick leg
 Attached next pipe stand to string
 Aligned section, removed sighting bar & lowered stand into
hole
 At bottom, rotate dp to its original position for desired
orientation
 Disadvantages
 Slow
 Subject to error to torsional stresses pipe (esp. deep hole)
 Little used except for shallow well

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 BOTTOMHOLE ORIENTATION METHOD
 Procedures:
 Inserted special K-monel sub inside string (just above
deflection tool)
 Run in hole single shot instrument
 Rotate p as desired
 Run second shot for proper alignment

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 STEERABLE DRILLING SYSTEMS
• Allow directional change (azimuth & inclination) without tripping to
change BHA (drill directional or straight)

• Consists of
• Bit
• Mud motor
• Navigation sub
• Navigation stabilizer
• Survey system – MWD

• System is oriented using MWD readings  bit will drill in direction

of navigation sub offset angle & driven by downhole motor 
oriented or sliding drilling mode (ds not rotate)

• System drill straight by simple string rotation (50-80 RPM) while

motor continue to run  rotating drilling mode (ds rotating)
• Used in conjuction with LWD tools (with petrophysical & directional
sensors)  geosteering (formation properties & direction)
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 STEERABLE DRILLING SYSTEMS
• Positive Displacement Motor (PDM)/Mud Motor
• To rotate bit @ mud circulation
• May have navigation sub & bearing housing stabilisers attached  navigation motor
configuration

• Navigation Sub
• Converts standard mud motor into steerable motor by tilting bit at predetermined angle
• Minimal distance (bit tilt angle & sub) from bit  allow oriented & rotary drilling
without excessive loads & wear on bit & motor
• Design ensure deflecting forces applied to bit face  maximizing cutting efficiency

• Navigation Stabilisers
• Two specially designed stabilizers required
• Motor stabilizer (Upper bearing housing stabiliser, UBHS) : integral part of navigation
motor & slightly undergauge
• Upper stabilizer, defines third tangency point, undergauge & similar to string stabilizer

• Survey System
• MWD – provide continuous directional information

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 STEERABLE DRILLING SYSTEM

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 Advantage where:
• Changes in borehole direction
difficult to achieve
• Directional control difficult to
maintain in tangent section
(formation dipping beds)
• Frequent changes required

•Steerable System
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 ROTARY STEERING SYSTEM

• Application of sideforce in similar way to non-rotating

system & possibility of rotate drill string when drilling
directionally or when in oriented mode  possible to rotate
ds all times during drilling operation  ability to transport
cutting
• Downhole system
• Consist of :
• Non-rotating Steerable Stabilizer
• Electronic probe
• Reservoir navigation or MWD tool

• Surface system
• Comunication system @ downhole & surface controller
• Consist of:
• Surface Computer System
• By-pass Actuator

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 MWD Sub

Reservoir Navigation Sensor Sub

Top Stabilizer

Alternator/Pulser Sub

Non Rotating Sleeve with Steering Rubs

Drive Sub
Rotary Steering System

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 Control Electronics &
Inclination Sensors

Non-rotating Steerable Stabilizer

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 Downhole System
• Non-rotating Steerable Stabilizer
• Contained within non-rotating sleeve
• Control bit direction
• Drive shaft rotate bit through non-rotating sleeve
• Sleeve decoupled from shaft  not affected by ds rotation
• Sleeve contains 3 hydraulically operated ribs, near bit inclinometer & control
electronics.
• Electronic Probe
• Control interface between all tool components & manage exchange data to &
from surface
• Also contains directional & tool vibration sensors
• Azimuth measurements from triaxial magnometer monitor & control steering
unit in conjunction with near bit inclinometer  early readings of tool
inclination changes
• Reservoir Navigation or MWD Tool
• Provide deep reading measurement & high vertical resolution reading
• Enable operator to downlink course correction to keep well in zone of interest
• Enables real time geosteering within reservoir
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 SURFACE SYSTEM

1. Surface Computer System

• Encodes downlink signals for transmission tool & decodes
MWD signals from donwhole
• Also provide standard directional & LWD outputs
• Include: central processor & MWD decoding unit
2. By-Pass Actuator (BPA)
• Valve unit transmits command to downhole tool through
negative mud pulse telemetry
• Connected to standpipe & able to create series of negative
pulse
• Tool senses & decodes downlink instruction
• Complete downlink command between 2-8.5 minutes

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 DIRECTIONAL BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLIES
• Conventional BHA can be used but very difficult to predict the rate -> not widely used
• Tendency @ increase/decrease hole angle depend on BHA flexibility (some degree flexibility) 
bend @ WOB
• With steerable assembly, can be used to drill tangent sections
• Three types BHA have been used to control hole deviation
• Packed Hole Assembly
• Very stiff, consisting of DC & stabilizer -> used for tangential section drilling
• Pendulum Assembly
• Unsupported DC will force bit to low side of hole  angle decrease or drop off
• To increase tendency to drop angle:
• Apply less WOB (lower ROP)

• Apply more RPM & pump pressure

• Reaming down

• Use bigger Monel DC below reamer, small DC above

• Basic drop off assembly: Bit-Monel DC-reamer-DC-Stab-DC-Stab-90’Dc-Stab

• Fulcrum Assembly
• Place reamer near bit & apply high WOB – DC above reamer tend to bend to low side of hole  reamer as
fulcrum forcing bit upward
• To increase build up :
• Add more WOB

• Use smaller monel (increase buckling effect)

• Reduce RPM & pump rate

• Basic buildup assembly: Bit-Sub-Reamer-Monel DC-DC-Stab-DC-Stab-90’DC-Stab

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 Directional BHA Design
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 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MOTOR (PDM)
• Downhole motor to drive bit without rotating entire drill string,
powered by fluid, gas or air
• Consist of 4 main sections:
• Dump valve
• By pass valve – allow ds to fill up or drain when tripping in or out of
hole
• Motor assembly
• Rubber lined stator with spirally shaped cavity elliptical cross section,
connecting to connecting rod
• Connecting rod
• With joint to accommodate eccentric rotor rotation & transfer this
rotation to drive shaft
• Bearing & drive shaft assembly
• Thrust bearing & radial bearing to allow smooth rotation of drive shaft,
connected to bit sub
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 PDM Specifications
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 Mud Motors
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 TURBODRILL
• Mud motor turn bit without rotating ds,
powered by liquid mud
• Consist of:

• Bladed rotor & stator mounted at right

angle to fluid flow
• Rotor attached to drive shaft  bit

• Advantages:

• String & casing wear reduced

• Lower torque on string

• Higher RPM (better ROP)

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 •Turbodrill

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 •Turbodrill Assemblies

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 STEERING TOOL
• Specially design tool to orientate deflecting tool &
monitor borehole progress
• Wireline telemetry instrument measure inclination
& direction (probe) while drilling progressing
• Can only be used when mud motor being used
• Application:
• Kick off
• Sidetracking
• Correction run
• Operation:
• Gravity toolface
• Magnetic toolface

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 STEERING TOOL
• Downhole Equipment :
• magnetometers
• accelerometers
• conductor wireline

• Surface Equipment :
• circulating head
• side entry sub
• wireline unit
• processors
• drillfloor display

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 •Steering Tool
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 STEERING TOOL
• ADVANTAGES
• Save rig time

• Better borehole path directional control @

continuous monitoring
• Able to monitor orientation of deflection
tool during drilling
• DISADVANTAGE

• Cannot be used in conventional rotary

drilling (mud motor only)  MWD

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 DIRECTIONAL SURVEYING
• Actual trajectory must be regularly checked 
planned trajectory  surveying well position @
regular intervals (stations)
• Critical section : very close intervals (30’)- buildup
section etc.
• Long tangential section: 120’

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 •SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
 Directional drilling requires measurement of :
 vertical deviation
 horizontal direction

 Need combination of plumb-bob /pendulum

reading with simultaneously recorded compass
reading (magnetic/gyroscopic)

 Can be single or multiple shot, depending on

number of reading obtainable from a single run

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 PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING TOOL
• Measure inclination & N-S-E-W direction
• Photographic disc @ instrument used to produce
image
• Three method of running & retrieving photographic
instrument:
• Wireline
• Dropped down dp, then retrieved by overshot on wireline
• Dropped free down dp, sits inside baffle plate (Totco) & retrieved
when trip
• Instrument type:
• Magnetic Single Shot (MSS)
• Magnetic Multishot (MMS)
• Gyro Single Shot (GSS)
• Gyro Multi Shot (GMS)
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 MAGNET SINGLE SHOT
• Consists of three section
• Angle unit : magnetic compass & inclination
measuring device (plumb bob)
• Camera, photographic disc, bulb & battery

• Timing device or motion sensor unit

• Tool in position  allowed compass to rotated

to Earth’s magnetic field
• Instrument stop moving / set timing 
photograph image
• To avoid magnetic field effect, used non-
magnetic dc in BHA  Magnetic Declination
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 •Single Shot Tool

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 •Magnetic Single
Shot Tool

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 •MAGNETIC MULTI-SHOT
• Determine overall trajectory in single
survey run with special camera unit
• Dropped free or lowered into non-
magnetic collar by wireline
• Multishot taken during pipe tripping out
with depth tracking
• To avoid magnetic field effect, used non-
magnetic dc in BHA  Magnetic Declination

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 Magnetic Multishot Device
60
 MAGNETIC COMPASS
 Widely used & can be single or multiple shot
 Data recorded : picture & time vs depth log
 Susceptible to magnetic influence of steel dp & dc
 normally run inside nonmagnetic dc (monel collar)
 Can be run into hole @ situation:
1. Free drop or go-devil operation
• Housed in special shock absorber barrels
• Retrieved with overshot on wireline or by pulling pipe
2. Wireline operation
• Single-shot
• lowered into open hole on wireline,
• Position on bottom,
• Held stationary,
• Recording & retrieved
• Multi-shot run into open hole with electric cable
3. Drill pipe or tubing operation
• Run in dp or tubing

61
 •GYROSCOPIC
 Can be maintaining directional orientation over
considerable time period
 Picture can be taken at set timing & desired
interval with record of time, vertical angle &
direction
 Not influenced by magnetic disturbances  can
be used in cased & open hole
 Survey: going in or out of hole

 May run on dp, tubing & inside casing on wireline

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 GYRO SINGLE SHOT
• Used for cased hole or open hole where
offset well cased
• Magnetic field effect 100% eliminated

• Gyroscope, wheel rotated by electric

motor , lined up with True North direction
at surface
• Compass card attached to & aligned with
gyroscope axis  reference direction
taken
• Tool landed in position, procedure as MSS

• Sensitive to vibration & wireline operation

63
 •DIRECTIONAL WELL SCHEMATIC

Kickoff depth

TVD
Inclination

Measured depth

Horizontal displacement

64
 INTRODUCTION

• Functions of Surveying Tools :

• monitor/alter wellpath
• geological mapping

• monitor dog-legs

• Types of Tools
• mechanical
• magnetic

• gyroscopic

• solid-state

• Operating Conditions
• high temp./press.
• vibration/shock

65
 •Program and
Actual
Wellpath

66
 Principles of Surveying

YB = AB Sin a A – reference point (XA & YA)

XB = AB Cos a B – Any point (XB & YB)

Note: Wellbore survey – 3D & trajectory

between survey point/station is not always
straight line
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 WELLBORE SURVEYING
• Required information:
• Initial position of reference point (rotary
table)
• Measured depth (AHD) of survey station
• Based on ds length in wellbore and distance between bit
& survey tool
• Wellbore oriented direction (degree from
north) at survey station : azimuthal direction
• Wellbore inclination (degree from vertical)
at survey station
• Angle (deg.) that wellbore deviated from vertical
• Mathematical model of wellbore trajectory
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 WELLBORE AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION
• Bit direction when survey  azimuth
• Angle (deg.) between horizontal component of wellbore direction (at
particular point), measured in clockwise direction from reference (North).
• Three azimuth reference systems:
• Magnetic north (MN)
• Earth magnetic line horizontal component direction (magnetic compass)
• True (geographic) north (TN)
• Geographic pole direction (meridian longitude)
• Grid north (GN)
• Defined by central meridian grid north
• All azimuth must be quoted in same reference system – two conversions
normally applied to measure azimuth : Grid convergence & declination
1. Grid convergence converts azimuth values between GN & specified TN
• Grid convergence angle : angle between longitude meridian (TN) and north of
particular grid system (GN)
• +ve when moving clockwise from TN and –ve when moving anticlockwise from TN
2. Declination converts azimuth values between MN & TN
• Declination : angle between earth magnetic horizontal component and longitude line
• +ve when moving clockwise from TN to MN and –ve when moving anticlockwise from TN
to MN
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 •BASIC DIRECTIONAL WELL SURVEY CALCULATION
Z = MD cos a
H = MD sin a
Y = H cos b
X = H sin b
Where;
Z = true vertical depth (between survey point)
H = hole horizontal displacement
MD = measured depth (ds length)
X = departure, distance east or west of north-south axis
Y = latitude, distance north or south of east-west axis
a = vertical deviation angle
b = horizontal angle (compass direction)

70
 WELLBORE TRAJECTORY MODEL

• TangentialModel
• Balanced Tangential Model

• Average Angle Model

• Curvature Radius Model

• Minimum Curvature Model

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 Tangential Model

• Used only inclination angle & direction measured at lower survey station
• Wellbore assumed to be tangential to these angles throughout survey interval
• Highly inaccurate & not recommended

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 Balanced Tangential Model

• Used upper & lower stations survey data

• Assume well path lies along two equal length, straight line segments
• Inclination & direction each segment given by corresponding survey station
• More accurate results
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 •Average Angle Model

• Inclination & direction at two survey station are averaged

• Assume wellbore one straight line over survey interval
• Good for small survey interval & small curvature rate
• Often used at rig site (fairly simple calculation)
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 •Radius of Curvature Model

• Curved path assume has shape of spherical arc passing through measured angle
at two survey station
• Inclination & direction assume to vary linearly over course length
• Less sensitive to error
• Complicated calculation & best handled by computer
75
 •Minimum Curvature Model

• Take space vector defined by inclination & direction measurements & smooths them onto
wellbore curve
• Path curvature calculated using ratio factor, defined by wellbore dogeg
• Best handled by computer

76
 SURVEY CALCULATION TECHNIQUES
 8 methods/models for computing survey results but 3 most widely
used;
1. Tangential
2. Angle-averaging
3. Radius-of-curvature

77
 TANGENTIAL METHOD
 Also known as backward station method, terminal
angle method
 Uses only inclination & direction angles measured at lower end of
course length
 Assumption:
 Hole will maintain constant inclination & azimuth angles between survey
points
 Wellbore path is assumed to be tangent to those angles throughout section
length
 Most inaccurate available method

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 •TANGENTIAL METHOD CALCULATION

A (survey point)

Known:
lA Location of A
Distance AB
Inclination Angles lA, lB
Direction Angles AA, AB
lB Calculation:
B (survey point)
VAB = AB cos lB
HAB = AB sin lB

lB

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 ANGLE-AVERAGING METHOD

 Also known as average angle method

 Assumption:
 Borehole is parallel to simple average drift & bearing angles
between any two survey stations/points
 Simple average of angles at top & bottom of course
length
 Wellbore is calculated tangentially using those two average angles
over course length
 Simple & more accurate than tangential method

80
 ANGLE AVERAGING METHOD - CALCULATION

A
Vertical Plane
Known:
Location of A (station)
Distance AB
lA Calculation:
Iavg = (lA + lB)/2
Aavg = (AA + AB)/2
lB VAB = AB cos Iavg
HAB = AB sin lavg
lavg B

lavg

81
 •ANGLE AVERAGING METHOD - CALCULATION
Horizontal Plane
N

HAB = AB sin lavg

AB
/\E = AB sin lavg sin Aavg
B /\N = AB sin lavg cos Aavg

Aavg /\Z = B cos lavg

/\N
AA

E
A /\E

82
 RADIUS-OF-CURVATURE METHOD

 Uses sets of angles measured at each end of course length to

generate space representing wellbore path
 Assumption:
 Wellbore follows smooth, spherical arc between survey points & passes
through measured angles at both ends (tangent to l and A at both points 1 & 2)
 Need computer solution

83
 RADIUS OF CURVATURE METHOD CALCULATION

Known:
Location point 1
/\MD12
Inclination angles l1, l2
A1 Direction angles A1,A2
l2 – l1 Calculation:
Circle arc length, L = Rqrad
R1 /\MD = R1 (l2 – l1) (rad)
1 North
A1
l1

l2 /\North

2
/\East East

84
 DIRECTIONAL SURVEY REPORT/TABULATION

Measured depth Hole angle Azimuth

(ft) (deg.)
3000 2 N28E
- - -

Measured Drift TVD (ft) Displacement North/South East/West

depth (ft) (deg.) (ft) (ft) (ft)
3000 0 3000 0 0 0

3100 2 3100 1.7 1.2 1.3

- - - - - -

85
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. Lateral or horizontal displacement from target to vertical
line from rig site
2. KOP
3. Desired build up angle rate
4. Final drift angle
5. Plan type

KOP
• Depth at which wellbore path will be intentionally
diverted from vertical position
• Normally at soft, shallow formation where directional
drilling easier
• Selected so that final angle buildup can be achieved prior
to setting surface casing  minimizes key seat problem

86
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS – cont.
 DRIFT/INCLINATION ANGLE
 Angle, measured between actual well path at some depth & vertical line
below rig site
 Type value: 15-35 deg.
 Industry minimum acceptable drift angle: 12-15 deg.
 Common upper restraints: 45 – 48 deg.
 Common practical upper limit: 35 deg.
 Hole angles > 45-48 deg  begin to encounter problems, i.e:
 Increased torque , drag, & pumpdown requirements for logging operations

 BUILD & DROP ANGLE RATE

 Build angle rate describe angle buildup amount below KOP until drift angle
reaches desired value
 Drop angle rate describe angle decrease rate prior to returning to vertical
which normally apply only in S plans
 Typical range:
 1-4 deg/100ft with 3 deg/100ft most common
 >4 deg/100ft  possible dog-leg & key-seat problems

87
 HOLE PLAN TYPES
 Straight kick
 Builds angle & drill directionally through target
 Most common used
 S-type kick
 Drop angle prior to drilling to target so entry is vertical
which may improve:
 Completion
 Production efficiency
 Effective cementing job
 Angle dropping requires fewer stabilizers @ BHA
 Azimuth control problems may occur
 Key-seat may develop if vertical long section hole drilled
 Need 10-20% more drilling time than straight kick

88
 •Typical
Configurations
89
 DIRECTIONAL HOLE PLANNING
 Common used: 3 patterns: Type 1, 2, & 3
 Type 1:
 Desired deflection in surface zone & maintained to total
depth
 Applicable to moderate depth (desired small deflection &
not required intermediate casing string)
 Type 2:
 Applied to deep wells which required intermediate casing
string
 Directional part at shallow depth:
 Softer formation  faster ROP, trip less costly & frequent
 Type 3:
 Applied at multi-pay fields where separate well drilled for
each pay

90
 DEVIATED WELL PLANNING
• Target Specification :
• Depth

• Along Hole Depth (AHD) : depth from surface

reference point, measured along borehole trajectory
• True Vertical Depth (TVD) : vertical depth below
reference point
• Location

• TVD lateral displacement from wellhead in Northerly &

Easterly direction (latitude & longitude)
• Size & Shape

• Rig Location (Surface location)

• Subsurface obstacles (Adjacent Wells, faults, etc)
• Casing and Mud Programmes
• Hole Size
• Geological Section

91
 DEVIATED WELL PLANNING
a. Target Location:
• Target location determine by geologist & reservoir engineers
• Specified in term of geographical coordinate system: longitude & latitude or
grid coordinate system
• Grid reference system, coordinate expressed in term of ft/m north and east of
local/national reference point.
• Depth expressed in term of true vertical depth (TVD) below national reference
datum or below rotary table

b. Target Specification, Size & Shape:

• Size & shape determine by geologist & reservoir engineers
• Target area dictated by geological structure shape & geological features
presence (salt dome, faults, etc)
• General: smaller target area, more directional control required & more
expensive

c. Rig Location
• In relation to target & geological formation to be drill (salt dome, faults, etc)
• Fixed platform: location must be optimized  directionally drilled wells can
reach full extent of reservoir.

92
 DEVIATED WELL PLANNING
d. Adjacent Wells Location
• Drilling close to existing wells very dangerous, especially production wells.
• Proposed wellpath must be designed to avoids all other wells  possible errors ?

e. Geological Section
• Determine equipment & technique in controlling deviated wellpath
• Difficult to initiate kickoff point in unconsolidated mudstone
• To drill vertically through problematic formation & commence deviated section
once well entered next most suitable formation type.

f. Casing & Mud Programmes

• Well trajetory designed  most difficult parts drilled through competent
formation, minimising problems whilst drilling
• Vey common to initiate KOP just below surface casing & possibly to change out
to oil based mud when drilling buildup section
• In highly deviated well, buildup section may also be cased off before drilling
long, tangent section
• Oil based mud may also be used in long tangent section
• Well trajectory designed must correspond to casing setting depths operation.

93
 •Well Trajectories
94
 WELL PROFILE PLANNING
Three type of deviated well profile:
1. Build & hold
• Most common & simple
2. S-shaped
• More complex
• Often used for exploration & appraisal
well due
• Easier to assess potential productive zone
• Efficient stimulation treatment (vertically
entered)
3. Deep kick off
• Horizontal well drilling
• Most difficult
95
 WELL PROFILE PLANNING
(Parameter Defining Wellpath)
1. Kick Off Point (KOP)
• Depth at which change @ well inclination initiated & well orientation
in particular direction (North, south, east and west)
• Shallow KOP :
• To reduce inclination of tangent section
• Easier to kick off
• More stable formation  less problem

2. Build up Rate (BUR)/Drop Off Rate (DOR)

• Rate (deg/100ft) at which well deviated from vertical
• Common : 1- 3 deg./100ft & if build up >3deg/100ft  doglegs
severity
3. Tangent (Drift) Angle
• Inclination (degree from vertical) of long straight section after build
up section (tangent section)
• Common: 10 -60 deg.
• If < 10 deg: difficult to control trajectory
• If > 60 deg. Difficult to run wireline tools
96
 •A = rig location
B = KOP
R = build up section radius
a = tangent angle
Trajectory
Planning

97
 •WELL PROFILE PLANNING
(Defining Points on Wellpath)
• Build Up Section Radius (R) :
R = 36000 / 2pg
g = build up rate, deg./100ft

• Tangent Angle (a):

a=x+y
tan x = (d – R)/D
tan y = R cos(x) / D
sin y = R cos (x) / D

• Along Hole Depth (AHD) at end of build section

Measured depth at end of build section
AE = AB + BE (BE = curved length)
BE / 2pR = a/360
98
 •WELL PROFILE PLANNING
(Defining Points on Wellpath)

• TVD at end of build section: AX

AX = AB + PE
PE = R sin a --> AX = AB + R sin a

• Displacement at end of build section XE:

XE = OB – OP = horizontal deviation at end of
build section
OP = R cos a
OB = R  XE = R - R cos a

• AHD of target
Total measured depth, AT = AE + ET

99
 DIRECTIONAL WELL PATH PLANNING CONSIDERATION

• Technical constraint & issues to be

considered:
• Target location

• Target size & shape

• Surface location (rig location)

• Subsurface obstacles (adjacent well, fault,

etc)
• Factor must be considered:

• Casing & mud programmes

• Geological section

100
 SURVEY CALCULATION & PLOTTING RESULTS
• One well : reference point = rotary table
• Multiwell platform: reference point
= drilling template centre or wellhead area centre
• Steps:
1. Calculate survey station position
• North & East coordinates by using one model
2. Calculate station vertical section displacement
• Line from reference point to target  target bearing
• Calculate true horizontal distance from survey station to
reference point  projected onto target bearing
• Distance measured along target bearing to this point  vertical
section

3. Calculate section dogleg severity

• Is total three dimensional angular change between stations
• = divide change in angle by course length between station then
101 multiplying 100
 Example of Compass Displays (MSS Disc)
102
 Dogleg Severity
103
 •DOG-LEG SEVERITY
• At station A:
• Inclination
= aA
• Azimuth = bA
• At station B:
• Inclination
= aB
• Azimuth = bB
• Dog-leg angle (f) = cos-1{(cosaAcos aB + sin aAsin aB cos(bA - bB )}
• Dog-leg severity (DSL) = f / L
• L = measured depth between station A & B

104
 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING PROBLEM

 Potential for dog-leg  key-seat

 Large angle changes over short course length  high
bending stresses on pipe
 Common practice: limit to 4-6 deg/100ft

DL = 100 / {(L)[(sin l1 sin l2)(sin A1 sin A2 + cos A1cos A2) + cos l1 cos l2]}

Where;
DL = dog-leg, deg/100ft
L = course length, ft
l1 & l2 = inclination at upper & lower surveys, deg
A1 & A2 = direction at upper & lower surveys, deg

105
 RISK

 Strictly based on economic consideration on

surface location costing
 Potential for dog-leg & key-seat problems

 Analysis error due to :

 survey data accuracy,
 survey quality
 calculation method

106
 Directional
Design

107
 •DOWNHOLE TELEMETRY TOOL
• Real time surface read out  MWD
• Cost-effective method (2 hrs/10,000 ft)

• MWD

• Consist of downhole measuring unit,

telemetry system & surface read-out
unit
• Telemetry may be :
• conducting wireline (steering tool)
• signals @ mud column (MWD)

• Downhole measuring unit:

• Gyroscpoe

• Magnetometer
108
 MWD
Configuration

109
 •AVERAGE ANGLE METHOD
• Inclination & direction of both survey station are
averaged
• Average drift angle : a = (aA + aB)/2
• Average azimuth angle : b = (bA + bB) / 2
• AB = MDB - MD = course length
• PB = course displacement = AB sin a
• TVD Station B = PA = AB cos a
• PC = North displacement (/\N) = PB cos b
• CB = East displacement (/\E) = PB sin b
• NB = NA +/\N = North coordinate B
• EB = EA +/\E = East coordinate B
• aaa

110
 •Average Angle Method
111
 AVERAGE ANGLE METHOD
• Vertical Section Station B (VS) = OX = OB cos
q
• Closure OB = (EB2 + NB2)0.5

• q = angle TON – angle BON (target bearing – bearing of B)

• Tan (angle BON) = EB / NB

112
113
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