ERRORS

CLASSIFICATION

technique errors expousure errors prossing erroes

I. TECHNIQUE ERRORS
To obtain a proper intra oral radiograph we should prepare.

Proper film placement

• Ant. teeth … vertical

• Post. teeth … horizontal

• Tube side facing teeth

• Area of interest centered on film

• Embossed dot occlusally/incisally

• Leave 2-3mm occlusally/incisally

• Film edge // occlusal plane

Proper Projection
• VERTICAL ANGULATION

• HORIZONTAL ANGULATION

• POINT OF ENTRY

A. Patient related errors

1.Blurred image ❑ The cause of the error
movement of the patient, film or machine
❑ How to correct or overcome
Instruct patient to be stable during exposure

2.RO artifact ❑ The cause of the error

metallic objects
❑ How to correct or overcome
 Any metallic objects should be removed
3. Phalangioma ❑ The cause of the error
Patient finger is placed in front of the film
❑ How to correct or overcome
Instruct the patient to support the film properly
B. Film placement errors
1. Double ❑ The cause of the error
image Film exposed twice
❑ How to correct or overcome
Separation between exposed & unexposed films

2. Incorrect film ❑ The cause of the error

placement Incorrect film placement (& mention the wrong position)
❑ How to correct or overcome
For ant. Teeth Long dimension
For post. Teeth Short dimension
3. Back side ❑ The cause of the error
film projection Film is projected with its back side
(Herring bone ❑ How to correct or overcome
defect) Proper film placement

4. Printed dot ❑ The cause of the error

artifact Printed dot placed apically
Misinterpreted as PA pathosis
❑ How to correct or overcome
Embossed dot should be placed occlusally

5. Crowns cut ❑ The cause of the error

off Less than (2-4)mm was left from occlusal or incisal edge
❑ How to correct or overcome
(2-4)mm should be left uniformly from occlusal or incisal edge

6. Apices cut off ❑ The cause of the error

More than (2-4)mm was left from occlusal or incisal edge
❑ How to correct or overcome
(2-4)mm should be left uniformly from occlusal or incisal edge

7. Dropped film ❑ The cause of the error

corner Film edge is not parallel to incisal or occlusal plane
❑ How to correct or overcome
Film edge should be parallel to incisal or occlusal plane

8. Distortion ❑ The cause of the error

Over bending of the film due to over pressure by the pt’s finger while holding the
film
(Bended area will have incorrect angulations)
❑ How to correct or overcome
Instruct patient to just support the film without excessive bending

9. Black line ❑ The cause of the error

Excessive film bending… excitation and ionization of emulsion layer
❑ How to correct or overcome
 Avoid Excessive film bending

10. White line ❑ The cause of the error

Excessive film bending….. removal of emulsion layer
❑ How to correct or overcome
Avoid excessive film bending
11. Area of ❑ The cause of the error
interest not area of interest is not centralized in the film
shown ❑ How to correct or overcome Canine not shown
area of interest should be centralized in the film

C. Projection errors
1. Cone cut ❑ The cause of the error
Improper point of entry [ ROI ] not in the centre of the cone (improper coverage
of the film)
❑ How to correct or overcome
[ ROI ] should be in the centre of the cone

2. ❑ The cause of the error

Horizontal Incorrect horizontal angulation
overlapping ❑ How to correct or overcome
Central rays directed through contact areas

3. ❑ The cause of the error

Elongation Low vertical elongation
❑ How to correct or overcome
Adjust a proper vertical angulation

4. ❑ The cause of the error

Shortening Steep vertical angulation
❑ How to correct or overcome
Adjust a proper vertical angulation

II. Exposure errors

The quantity is affected by Milliampere and Target-film distance

Faint image Dark image Blank image

TFD ‫العكس‬ Unexposed
mA Film
II. Processing errors
A. Developer errors

B. Fixer errors

C. Improper handling

A. Developer errors
Dark image ➢  developing time
➢  developer
concentration
➢  developer temperature

Faint image ➢  developing time

➢  developing concentration
➢  developer temperature

Black spots or patches ❑ The cause of the error

Developer contamination before processing
❑ How to correct or overcome
Make sure that hangers and working bench are not contaminated

Developer cut off ❑ The cause of the error

The film is not immersed completely in the developer solution
❑ How to correct or overcome
Check the developer level before processing
Make sure all film are completely immersed in developer

Yellowish brown discoloration ❑ The cause of the error

Exhausted developer (oxidized developer is brown)
❑ How to correct or overcome
Regular replenishment of processing solution

White spot (s) ❑ The cause of the error

Air bubbles during developing
❑ How to correct or overcome
Agitation of film during developing

II. Fixer Errors

Dark image ➢ Under fixation
White patches ❑ The cause of the error
Fixer contamination before developing
❑ How to correct or overcome
Use clean hanger & table
Yellowish ❑ The cause of the error
brown Insufficient washing
discoloration Insufficient fixation
 ❑ How to correct or overcome
sufficient washing
sufficient fixation
Fixer cut off ❑ The cause of the error
The film is not immersed completely in the fixer solution

❑ How to correct or overcome

Check the fixer level before processing
Make sure all film are completely immersed in fixer

Blank image ❑ The cause of the error

placement of the film in the fixer solution first
❑ How to correct or overcome

C. Improper handling
1. Overlapped
films
(black areas) ❑ The cause of the error
Overlapped films
Crowding of films in the fixer solution prevents the action of the fixer over some
areas on the film
❑ How to correct or overcome
Proper film placement hanger
White area
❑ The cause of the error
Overlapped films
Crowding of films in the developer solution prevents the its action over some areas on
the film.
❑ How to correct or overcome
Proper film placement in hanger

Black crescent ❑ The cause of the error

(finger nail) excessive pressure on the emulsion
Excitation and Ionization of Emulsion layer
❑ How to correct or overcome
Instruct patient to avoid excessive pressure on film using his nail

White ❑ The cause of the error

crescent to severe pressure on the emulsion
(finger nail) Removal of emulsion layer
❑ How to correct or overcome
Instruct patient to avoid exceessive pressure on film using his nail

Pinball writing ❑ The cause of the error

error severe pressure on the emulsion
-Removal of emulsion layer
❑ How to correct or overcome
Pencil should be used gently when it is mandatory to mark on film packet

Finger smudge ❑ The cause of the error

(finger print) Contaminated finger with the developer or the fixer touches the film before processing
 ❑ How to correct or overcome
Work in clean area
Wash and dry hands before processing
Handle the films throuh the edges only

White Removal of the emulsion by fingernails, tank wall, or metallic hangers due to careless
scratches handling
- When the film is wet, the emulsion is soft