Ch-3 D. Answer the following questions in brief.

Sodium is very reactive that it reacts vigorously in air and

catches fire. Hence to protect it, it is stored under kerosene.
Name (i) one metal and (ii) one non-metal which
normally exists in the liquid state. Why is bronze preferred over copper metal for making
statues?
Mercury is a metal that exists as a liquid at room
temperature. Bronze is used to construct statues because it is tougher
and more pliable than other metals. It’s also ductile, which
Bromine is a non-metal that exists as a liquid at room means it can be readily sculpted into a statue. As a result,
temperature. bronze is more commonly used for statues than copper.

State the fraction of gold present in an 18 carat gold Ch-4D. Answer the following questions in brief.
piece.
1. In the following situations, identify the agent exerting
the force. Also, state the effect of the force in each case.
Pure gold is 24 carat, so 18 carat would be 18/24, or 3/4.
75% is correct.
(a) Squeezing a piece of lemon between the fingers to
extract its juice.
State the property of copper wires that makes them
useful for electrical fittings.
Answer 1(a): Agent of force is fingers & effect is the
change in shape.
Copper wires are used to make electrical fittings because
copper is a good conductor of electricity and also ductile.
(b) A person diving into a swimming pool.

Define an alloy.
Answer(b): Agent of force is person muscles & effect
changes in motion.
Alloy is a homogenous mixture of one or more metals, or
metal or nonmetal.
(c) A labourer moving a loaded cart.

List any two uses of non-metals.

Answer 1(c): Agent of force is labourer & effect is the
change in motion of cart.
Potassium is used in fertilizer. Graphite is used in making
leads.
(d) A car coming to rest once its engine is switched off.

E. Answer the following questions.

Answer 1(d): Agent of force is friction from road & effect
is the change in motion.
Write the balanced chemical equations for the following
reactions: (a) sodium reacts with oxygen (b) aluminium
(e) An athlete making a high jump to clear a bar kept at
reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid
a certain height.

a.) 4 Na + O2 → 2 Na2O
Answer 1(e): Agent of force is muscles & effect is the
change in motion.
b.) Aluminum reacts with hydrochloric acid to
produce aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas. Aluminum
2. An object experiences a net non-zero force. Is it
reacts with hydrochloric acid to
possible for the object to move with a constant speed
produce aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas. The reaction
along a straight line?
is,2Al(s)+6HCl(aq)→2AlCl3(aq)+3H2(g)

Answer 2: No, because a net non-zero force i.e.,

Why are gold and platinum suitable for making
Unbalanced force is acting on the body, so the speed must
jewellery?
be changing.

The following are the reasons why platinum gold and silver
3. Distinguish between:
are used to produce jewellery. They are highly lustrous
metals and is highly resistant to corrosion.
They may be molded into any shape or design because they (a) balanced and unbalanced forces.
are highly malleable and ductile.
Answer 3(a):
‘Sodium and potassium is stored under kerosene.’ Give
reason.
 7. When will a diver ‘experience a greater pressure’-100
Balanced Forces Unbalanced Forces
cm below the surface of water or 200 cm below the
When the resultant of two or more surface
When the resultant of water?
of two or moreJustify your answer.
forces acting on a body is zero then these forces acting on a body is not zero, then
forces are called balanced forces. Answer
these forces are called 7: At 200
unbalanced cm a diver will experience greater
forces.
pressure because the pressure inside the liquid increases
Balanced forces do not change the with depth.
Unbalanced forces may change in
state of rest or motion of an object. They
the state of rest or motion as well as in
may change in the size and shape of the
the size and shape ofE.anAnswer
object. the following questions.
object.
(b) contact and non-contact forces. 1. Define force. Is it necessary for the two bodies to be
Answer 3(b): in direct contact for a force to exist between them?
Explain with examples.
Contact Forces Non-contact Forces

The forces which act only when Answer

The forces which 1: Force
act when is a push or pull that an object
objects
objects are in direct physical contact withare not in direct physical contact with it interacts with another object. No, it is
experiences when
each other. each other. not necessary for the two bodies to be in direct contact for
a force to exist between them. For example, A magnet can
Examples-Frictional force, muscular pull iron nails
Examples – Gravitational even from a distance.
force,
force. Electric Force, Magnetic Force.
2. State three effects of a force. Give suitable examples.
4. When we throw a ball upwards, what happens to its
speed while it is going up? Give reason for your answer.
Answer 2: Three effects of force are as follows:
Answer 4: When we throw a ball upwards, its speed
decreases because gravitational force is acting on the ball  Force can change the state of motion. Example:
in a downward direction. Also, air resistance opposes the When you kick a football, the football comes into
motion of the ball. motion.
 Force can change the direction of motion. Example:
When a batsman hits a ball, direction of motion of
5. The figure shows a man with a parachute.
the ball changes.
 Force can change shape. Example: Change the
(a) Name the force which is responsible for his shape of an inflated balloon by gently pressing it
downward motion. Is it a contact force or a non-contact between our palms.
force? 3. Give reasons for the following statements-

Answer 5(a): Gravitational force is responsible for his (a) ‘Snow shoes’ are more effective than ordinary shoes
downward motion; It is non-contract force. for walking on snow.

(b) Will the man come down with the same speed Answer 3(a): Snowshoes are more effective than ordinary
without the parachute? Explain. shoes for walking on snow, because the snow shoes are
comparatively broader than the ordinary shoes. As we
Answer 5(b): No, because the parachute experiences a know that pressure is inversely proportional to the surface
very large air resistance which decreases the speed. So, area which means that if area increases then pressure will
without a parachute, the man will come with greater speed. decrease. So, the body weight will be distributed over a
larger surface area of snow shoes and helps to walk
6. How would the pressure (exerted by a force on an effectively on snow.
area) change if-
(b) Porters place a large round piece of cloth on their
(a) the area is doubled keeping the thrust constant? heads when they carry heavy loads.

Answer 6(a): If the area is doubled then pressure is Answer 3(b): Porters place a large round piece of cloth on
reduced to half. their heads when they carry heavy loads because by doing
this, they increase the area of contact of the load with their
heads and as we know that the pressure is inversely
(b) thrust is doubled keeping the area constant? proportional to surface area so the pressure on their heads
gets reduced.
Answer 6(b): If thrust is doubled then pressure becomes
doubled. (c) A sharp knife cuts vegetables and fruits more
effectively than a blunt knife.
Answer 3(c): As the area of the sharp knife is less than that observe, when the tape (on all of them) is pulled out?
of the blunt knife thereby it increases the pressure while Justify your answer.
cutting vegetables and fruits, because pressure is inversely
proportional to area. So, a sharp knife cuts vegetables and Answer 5: Water will start coming out of these three holes.
fruits more effectively than blunt knife. Water from the hole ‘A’ will go to the maximum distance
because pressure is highest at bottom. Water from the hole
(d) School bags are provided with wide straps to carry ‘C’ will go to the least distance because of least pressure.
them.
6. Make two tiny holes, of the same size, at equal
Answer 3(d): School bags are provided with wide straps to heights from the bottom in a plastic bottle. Cover them
carry them, because as we know that the pressure is and fill the bottle with water. Let the ‘covers’ be now
inversely proportional to the contact area that is if the removed. State the ‘observations’, and the resulting
contact area increases pressure decreases. So wide straps ‘conclusions’, based on this activity.
will distribute the weight of the box over a larger area
thereby decreasing pressure on our Shoulders. Answer 6: As the holes are at the same height, so the water
will come out and reach to same distance, because of the
(e) It is much easier to burst an inflated balloon with a same pressure on both the walls of the plastic bottle.
needle than (directly) with the finger.
7. Discuss, in brief, the variation in atmospheric
Answer 3(e): As needle has a smaller surface area than the pressure with altitude. Do changes in temperature also
finger, so the force applied by needle at almost a single cause a change in atmospheric pressure?
point leading to a much larger pressure on the balloon. So,
it is easier to burst an inflated balloon with needle than Answer 7: With the increase in altitude, the atmospheric
finger. pressure decreases because the air column also decreases.

(f) Mountaineers may suffer from nose bleeding at high Yes, the change in temperature also causes a change in
altitudes. atmospheric pressure which is mainly due to the uneven
heating of the Earth surface which causes winds to flow.
Answer 3(f): Atmospheric pressure on our body is
balanced by our blood pressure. At Higher altitudes the air Ch-5
pressure/Atmospheric pressure reduces and it becomes
lower than our blood pressure so delicate blood vessels in
our nose burst sometimes resulting in the nose bleeding. D. Answer the following questions in brief.

1. Define the terms (a) static friction (b) sliding friction.

(g) Airplanes have pressurised cabins for passenger
safety while flying high in the atmosphere.
Answer 1: (a) Static friction – The force of friction that
exists between a stationary object and the surface on which
Answer 3(g): As we know that at high altitudes, the it has been kept.
atmospheric pressure decreases, so the low pressure can be
highly uncomfortable for travellers. Due to this pressure in
(b) Sliding friction- The friction that acts between an object
the aircraft cabin is increased to a sufficient value so as to
and a surface when the object is sliding over that surface.
safeguard the passengers.

2. State the meanings of the terms (a) rolling friction (b)

4. Two rods, ‘A’ and ‘B’, of the same weight and equal
fluid friction.
length, have different thicknesses. A boy, while playing
with them on a beach, held them vertically on the
surface of sand as shown in the figure. Which one of Answer 2: (a) Rolling Friction – The force of friction
them will sink less? Explain. resisting the (rolling) motion when a body rolls on a
surface.
Answer 4: We know that the pressure varies directly with
the thrust and inversely with the area on which the force is (b) Fluid friction – The frictional force exerted by fluids
applied. For equal amount of force, a smaller area would against a moving body.
result greater pressure hence the rod ‘B’ will sink less than
that of the rod ‘A’. It is because rod ‘B’ has more surface 3. State the likely cause of friction.
area.
Answer 3: Friction is caused by the interlocking of
5. Three holes, A, B and C, are made in an empty can at irregularities in the surfaces of the two objects which are in
different levels, one over the other, as shown in the contact with each other.
figure. They are (temporarily) closed with an adhesive
tape. The can is now filled with water. What will you
4. A box is resting on the floor. To move it, a (variable) Answer 1: When two surfaces are in contact and one of
force is applied as shown in the diagram below. them is moving in relation to the other, a counterforce
opposes this motion. This force is called the force of
friction.

Following factors affect the force of friction:

(i) Nature of the two surfaces in contact.

(ii) Force pressing the two surfaces towards each other.

(a) Give the (likely) value of the force of limiting
friction. Examples- (a) It is difficult to walk over a path that is
covered with pebbles. But it is easier to walk over a smooth
Answer 4(a): The value of limiting friction is 3F because road. This happens because a rough surface gives more
the box is just beginning to slide over the surface when the friction than a smooth surface.
applied force is 3F.
(b) It is easier to slide a lightbox compared to a heavier
(b) Why does the box stay at rest in the cases box. This shows that the force pressing the two surfaces
corresponding to Fig (a) and Fig (b)? towards each other affects the friction.

Answer 4(b): The box stays at rest in the cases 2. A ball is allowed to roll down an inclined wooden
corresponding to Fig (a) and Fig (b) because applied force plane from a given height. At the foot of the inclined
(F and 2F) is less than limiting friction(3F). plane, it moves on a horizontal surface, differently
‘covered’, one by one, as shown in the following figures.
(c) Mark the direction of frictional force, and mention
the kind of frictional force that comes into play, in each
case.

Answer 4(c): The direction of frictional force is opposite

to the applied force in each case.

The kind of frictional forces in each case are-

Case (a) – Static friction. In which case, is the ball likely to move the longest
distance? Give reason for your answer.
Case (b) – Static friction.
Answer 2: The ball is likely to move the longest distance
Case (c) – Limiting friction. in case ‘C’ because of the plane glass sheet. A glass sheet
is highly smooth compared to a woollen cloth or a
5. Name the kind of frictional friction, that comes into newspaper. So, the glass sheet would offer the least amount
play, when a book, kept on a collection of cylindrical of friction.
pencils, is moved by pushing it.
3. Explain why sliding friction is slightly less than static
Answer 5: Rolling friction. friction.

6. Why are objects given special shapes when they are Answer 3: Once an object begins to move over a surface,
moving through fluids? Write the name given to these the interlocking between the two surfaces gets reduced.
special shapes? Due to this, sliding friction is slightly less than static
friction.
Answer 6: Objects moving through fluids are given to a
special shape to reduce the fluid friction. These special 4. Give reasons for the following—
shapes are called streamlined shapes.
(a) We tend to slip when we step on a banana peel.
E. Answer the following questions.
Answer 4(a): A banana peel provides a very low amount
1. Define Force of friction. List the factors affecting the of friction. Due to which it can easily move over a surface.
force of friction. Explain with examples.
(b) It is easier to push a lighter box than a similar heavy Answer 5: Walking on a frictionless surface is almost
box on the same floor. impossible. Road’s surface is always made rough so that
walking or driving becomes easier. Writing on a smooth
Answer 4(b): This is because a lesser amount of force is and shiny surface is very difficult. But writing on a rough
needed to push the light box as compared to the heavier surface is quite easy. These examples show that friction is
box. the cause of motion in certain situations.

(c) The force, needed to start a cart, is (somewhat) Ch-6

greater than the force needed to keep it moving with a
uniform speed. D. Answer the following questions in brief.

1. Define the term ‘fuel’.

Answer 4(c): This is because more force is needed to
move a stationary object as compared to keep moving it.
Answer: Substances which produce heat on burning in air
(d) Sportsmen use shoes fitted with spikes. are called fuels.

2. Name any two renewable natural sources of energy.

Answer 4(d): Spikes help in increasing the friction by
creating more interlocking with the surface. This helps a
sportsman to get a better grip while running. Answer: Wind energy and water energy.

(e) Ball-bearings are used in machines. 3. Define the term ‘carbonisation’.

Answer 4(e): Ball bearings are used in machines to reduce Answer: The process, of conversion of dead plant
the amount of friction. materials into coal, is called carbonisation.

(f) Tyres of the vehicles need to be changed regularly. 4. Name the three main products obtained from
destructive distillation of coal.
Answer 4(f): With passing time tyres get worn off and due
to friction they become smoother.. (h) Streamlined shape Answer: Coke, Coal Tar & Coal gas.
helps in reducing fluid friction.
5. State two uses each of the following:
(g) Machines parts are frequently oiled or greased.
(a) asphalt
Answer 4(g): Oil or grease helps in reducing friction. This
helps in smooth running of the machine parts Answer: Two uses of asphalt are:

(h) Sports cars, aeroplanes and boats are designed to  It is used for roads construction.
have a streamlined shape.  It is also used for coating the underside of electric
poles to prevent their rusting.
Answer 4(h): Streamlined shape helps in reducing fluid (b) paraffin wax
friction.
Answer: Two uses of paraffin wax are:
(i) Metal chains are wrapped on tyres when they run on
icy roads.  It is used as grease.
 It is also used for making vaseline, ointments and
Answer 4(i): Icy surface offers the least amount of friction. candles.
It is very difficult to drive over an icy surface. Metal chains 6. Write the full forms of CNG, LPG and PNG.
are wrapped on tyres to increase friction.
Answer:
(j) Rollers are used for transporting luggage.
CNG Compressed Natural Gas.
Answer 4(j): We know that rolling friction is less than
sliding friction. Rollers help in converting sliding friction LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas.
into rolling friction. This makes it easier to move heavy
luggage. PNG Piped Natural Gas.
E. Answer the following questions.
5. State and explain, with examples, how friction can
help the cause of motion in certain situations.
1. Describe, in brief, the process of ‘coal formation’.

Answer: Coal was formed from plant remains got buried

deep under the earth’s crust. Over a large period of time,
the chemical and physical properties of these plant remain
were changed through geological action that leads to the
creation of the solid material i.e., Coal.

2. Differentiate between lignite and bituminous coal.

Answer: Differentiate between lignite and bituminous coal

are:

Lignite Coal Bituminous Coal

1. It has carbon content of

1. It has carbon content about 65 per cent.
about 38 per cent.

2. It has been mainly used for 2. It is used for making coke (other type of
electric power generation. fuel) and also for power generation.

3. It produces low heat

3. It produces more heat energy.
energy.

4. It has high moisture

4. It has low moisture content.
content.

5. It is regarded as the lowest

5. It is regarded as the middle grade coal.
grade of coal.
3. How do petroleum and natural gas occur in nature?

Answer: Petroleum is found at moderate depths (500m –

2000m) between two layers of impervious rocks.
Petroleum deposits are usually found mixed with salt
water. Petroleum being lighter than salt water, floats over
it. Natural gas is found above petroleum; it is trapped
between the rock cap and the petroleum layer.

4. State the main advantages of using natural gas.

Answer: The main advantages of using natural gas are:

 It burns readily and has a high calorific value.

 It is easy to carry and store.
 It undergoes complete combustion and can be
controlled easily.
 It is a cleaner fuel as it releases relatively low
amounts of gaseous pollutants.
 Do not leave ash particles after burning.
5. Keeping in mind their availability in nature, explain
the need of using coal and petroleum judiciously.

Answer: Coal and petroleum are finite resources that take

millions of years to create. They are non-renewable, in
other words. As a result, these fossil fuels should be used
wisely so that future generations will have access to them
for valuable products.
 Periodic Table, Periodic Properties and Variations of Properties

Q1. State Modern Periodic Law. Q11. Which one has the largest size?
Q2. How does the electronic configuration in atoms Br, I, I⁻, Cl
change:
(i) In a period from left to right? Q12. Give reasons for the following:
(ii) In a group from top to bottom? (i) The size of a Cl⁻ ion is greater than the size of
a Cl atom
Q3. Elements of group 1 and group 17 both have (ii) Argon atom is bigger than chlorine atom
valency 1. Explain. (iii) Ionisation potential of the element increases
across a period
Q4. What is the main characteristic of the last (iv) Inert gases do not form ions
element in each period of the Periodic Table? What
is the general name of such elements? Q13. Name the element which has:
(i) Two shells, both of which are completely
Q5. Name two elements in each case: filled with electrons
(i) Alkali metals (ii) The electronic configuration 2, 8, 3
(ii) Alkaline earth metals (iii) A total of three shells with five electrons in
(iii) Halogens its valence shell
(iv) Inert Gases (iv) A total of four shells with two electrons in its
valence shell
Q6. Answer the following in respect of element (v) Twice as many electrons in its second shell as
₁₆³²S (Sulfur): in its first shell
(i) Give its electronic configuration.
(ii) To which group and period does it belong? Q14. Define the term Ionisation Potential.
(iii) What is its valency? Q15. On what factors does the Ionisation Potential
(iv) Is it a metal or a non-metal? depend? Explain.
(v) Is it a reducing agent or an oxidising agent? Q16. Name the elements with the highest and
(vi) Give its formula with hydrogen. lowest ionisation energies in the first three periods.
Q17. Arrange the elements of the second and third
Q7. Which is greater in size? period in increasing order of their ionisation energy.
(a) An atom or a cation Q18. Define the term Electron Affinity. State its
(b) An atom or an anion unit.
(c) Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ Q19. Arrange the elements of the second period in
increasing order of their electron affinity. Name the
Q8. Arrange the following: elements which do not follow the trend.
(i) Be, Li, C, B, N, O, F (in increasing metallic Q20. Define the term Electronegativity. State its
character) unit.
(ii) Si, Na, Al, Mg, Cl, P, S (in decreasing non- Q21. Consider the group of elements: Boron,
metallic character) Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium. Answer
the following:
Q9. State the trend in chemical reactivity: (a) Which element has the most metallic character?
(i) Across the period from left to right (b) Which element would be expected to have the
(ii) Down the group highest electronegativity?
(c) If the electronic configuration of Aluminium is
Q10. An element X belongs to 3rd period and 17th 2, 8, 3, how many electrons are there in the outer
group. State: shell of Thallium?
(i) Number of valence electrons in it (d) The atomic number of Boron is 5. Write the
(ii) Name of the element chemical formula of the compound formed when
(iii) Name the family to which it belongs Boron reacts with Chlorine.
(iv) Write the formula of the compound formed (e) Will the elements in the group to the right of this
when X reacts with ₁₃²⁷Y Boron group be more metallic or less metallic in
character? Justify.
 (iii) Halogens: Fluorine (F) and (iv) Formula with ₁₃²⁷Y
Chlorine (Cl) (Aluminium): AlCl₃
Periodic table (iv) Inert gases: Helium (He) and
Neon (Ne)
A1.
Modern Periodic Law: A11.
The physical and chemical properties Largest size: I⁻Size
of elements are the periodic functions A6. increases down the
of their atomic number. Element: ₁₆³²S (Sulfur) group: Cl < Br < I
(i) Electronic configuration: 2, 8, 6
(ii) Group: 16, Period: 3 Anion (I⁻) is larger than neutral atom
(iii) Valency: 2 (8 – 6)
(I)
(iv) It is a non-metal
A2.
(v) Acts as an oxidising agent
Change in Electronic
(vi) Formula with hydrogen: H₂S
Configuration: A12.
(i) Across a period: The number of (i) Cl⁻ > Cl: Gained electron
shells remains the same, but valence increases size due to less nuclear pull.
electrons increase by one. (ii) Ar > Cl: Full shells cause more
(ii) Down a group: The number of A7. repulsion; less nuclear attraction.
shells increases one by one; valence (a) An atomA cation is (iii) Ionisation potential increases
electrons remain the same. smaller due to loss of across a period due to smaller atomic
electrons and increased size and higher nuclear charge.
nuclear pull. (iv) Inert gases do not form ions due
(b) An anion to their stable configurations.
A3.
Explanation for Valency An anion is larger due to
= 1 in Group 1 and 17 gain of electrons and
Elements:Group 1 decreased nuclear pull. A13.
elements have one (c) Fe²⁺ (i) Neon (Ne)
electron in their (ii) Aluminium (Al)
outermost shell and lose Larger than Fe³⁺ as it has one more (iii) Phosphorus (P)
it to become stable electron, reducing nuclear attraction. (iv) Calcium (Ca)
(valency = 1). (v) Carbon (C)A14.
Ionisation Potential (I.P.):
The energy required to remove an
Group 17 elements have seven A8.
electron from a neutral isolated
electrons in their valence shell and (i) Increasing metallic character:
gaseous atom and convert it into a
gain one to become stable (valency = F < O < N < C < B < Be < Li
positively charged gaseous ion is
1). (ii) Decreasing non-metallic
called Ionisation Potential or
character:
Ionisation Energy.
Cl > S > P > Si > Al > Mg > Na
A4.
Characteristics of Last
Element in Each A15.
Period:Valency is zero. A9.
Ionisation Potential depends on:
(i) Across a period: (a) Atomic Size:
Chemically inert and Reactivity first Larger atoms have outer electrons
react only under special decreases, then farther from the nucleus. The
conditions. increases. attraction is weaker, so less energy is
(ii) Down the group:In required to remove an electron.
Have a stable electronic metals, reactivity Hence, Ionisation Potential decreases
configuration. increases. with increasing atomic size.
General Name: Inert Gases (b) Nuclear Pull (Effective Nuclear
In non-metals, reactivity decreases. Charge):
Greater nuclear pull results in
stronger attraction for outer electrons.
A5. More energy is needed to remove
(i) Alkali metals: Lithium (Li) and A10.
(i) Valence electrons: 7 them, so Ionisation Potential
Sodium (Na) increases with increasing nuclear
(ii) Alkaline earth metals: Beryllium (ii) Element: Chlorine (Cl)
(iii) Family: Halogens pull.
(Be) and Magnesium (Mg)
 Boron, Aluminium, With NH₄OH:
Gallium, Indium, CuSO₄ + 2NH₄OH →
A16. Thallium Cu(OH)₂↓ + (NH₄)₂SO₄
Helium has the highest ionisation (a) Most metallic
energy, and Sodium has the lowest character: Thallium In excess NH₄OH:
ionisation energy in the first three (metallic character Cu(OH)₂ + 2NH₄OH →
periods. increases down the [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄ (deep blue solution)
group) + 4H₂OA3.
(b) Highest (a) FeCl₃ + 3NaOH → Fe(OH)₃↓ +
electronegativity: Boron 3NaCl
A17.Second Period: (electronegativity (b) CuSO₄ + 2NH₄OH → Cu(OH)₂↓
Li < Be < B < C < N < O < decreases down the + (NH₄)₂SO₄
F < Ne group) Cu(OH)₂ + 2NH₄OH →
[Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄ + 4H₂O
(c) Electrons in outer
Third Period: shell of Thallium: 3
Na < Mg < Al < Si < P < S < Cl < Ar electrons (same as A4.
(a) Copper hydroxide
Aluminium, as they
(b) Zinc oxide
belong to the same
(c) Sodium hydroxide
A18. group) (d) Ammonium hydroxide
Electron Affinity (E.A.): (d) Chemical formula of (e) Na⁺, K⁺
The amount of energy released when compound with (f) Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺
a neutral isolated gaseous atom gains Chlorine: BCl₃Boron (g) Aluminium
an electron to form a negatively needs 3 electrons to (h) Zn(OH)₂ and Pb(OH)₂
charged ion. complete its octet. (i) PbO
(j) NH₄⁺
Unit:Electron volts per Each Chlorine atom (k) PbO
atom (eV/atom) donates one electron. (l) ZnO
(m) K₂ZnO₂
Kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) 3 Cl atoms bond with 1
It is represented by a negative sign B atom → BCl₃(e) A5.
as energy is released. Elements to the right of (a) Amphoteric oxides react with both
the Boron group are acids and alkalis forming salt and
water.
less metallicAcross a
A19. (b)
period, atomic size
Increasing Order of Electron ZnO + 2NaOH → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O
decreases and ionisation
Affinity (Second Period): PbO + 2NaOH → Na₂PbO₂ + H₂O
energy increases. (c) Sodium zincate (Na₂ZnO₂),
Li < B < C < O < F
Elements that do not follow the Sodium plumbite (Na₂PbO₂)
trend: So, these elements hold electrons
Neon (Ne), Nitrogen (N), Beryllium more tightly and are less likely to lose A6.
(Be) them, resulting in lower metallic (a) With NH₄OH:
character. Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2NH₄OH → Pb(OH)₂↓
(white ppt), Calcium salt: No ppt
Anlytical (b)
A20. Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2NH₄OH → Pb(OH)₂↓
Electronegativity: A1. (chalky white ppt)
The tendency of an atom in a (a) Iron (III) chloride — Yellow Zn(NO₃)₂ + 2NH₄OH → Zn(OH)₂↓
molecule to attract the shared pair of (b) Potassium nitrate — Colourless → soluble in excess
electrons toward itself. (c) Ferrous sulphate — Pale Green (c)
(d) Aluminium acetate — Colourless CuSO₄ + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)₂↓ (pale
blue ppt)
Unit:
FeSO₄ + 2NaOH → Fe(OH)₂↓ (dirty
Electronegativity is dimensionless A2.
green ppt)
(no unit), as it is a relative tendency, NH₄OH and NaOH can
(d)
not a measurable quantity like mass be distinguished using FeSO₄ + 2NaOH → Fe(OH)₂↓ (dirty
or volume. CuSO₄.With NaOH: green ppt)
CuSO₄ + 2NaOH → FeCl₃ + 3NaOH → Fe(OH)₃↓
Cu(OH)₂↓ + Na₂SO₄ (reddish brown ppt)
(e)
A21. Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2NH₄OH → Pb(OH)₂↓
Based on the group: (white ppt)
Fe(NO₃)₂ + 2NH₄OH → Fe(OH)₂↓
(dirty green ppt)
Q1. Write the probable colour of the following salts:
(a) Iron (III) chloride
(b) Potassium nitrate
(c) Ferrous sulphate
(d) Aluminium acetate

Q2. How will you distinguish NH₄OH solution from NaOH solution?

Q3. Write the balanced chemical equation for:

(a) Reaction of sodium hydroxide solution with Iron (III) chloride solution
(b) Copper sulphate solution with ammonium hydroxide solution

Q4. Name:
(a) A metallic hydroxide soluble in excess of NH₄OH
(b) A metallic oxide soluble in excess of caustic soda solution
(c) A strong alkali
(d) A weak alkali
(e) Two colourless metal ions
(f) Two coloured metal ions
(g) A metal that evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound when boiled with alkali solutions
(h) Two bases which are not alkalis but dissolve in strong alkalis
(i) A coloured metallic oxide which dissolves in alkalis to yield colourless solutions
(j) A colourless cation not a representative element
(k) A yellow monoxide that dissolves in hot and concentrated caustic alkali
(l) A white, insoluble oxide that dissolves when fused with caustic soda or caustic potash
(m) A compound containing zinc in the anion

Q5.
(a) What do you understand by amphoteric oxide?
(b) Give the balanced equations for the reaction of two different amphoteric oxides with a caustic alkali
(c) Name the products formed

Q6. Distinguish by adding sodium hydroxide solution or ammonium hydroxide solution to:
(a) Calcium salt solution and lead salt solution
(b) Lead nitrate solution and zinc nitrate solution
(c) Copper salt solution and ferrous salt solution
(d) Fe(II) salt solution and Fe(III) salt solution
(e) Ferrous nitrate and lead nitrate
 ACID BASE AND SALTS 15. (a) Dry HCl gas does not change the colour of
dry litmus paper. Why?
1. What do you understand by the water of (b) Is PbO₂ a base or not? Comment.
crystallisation? Give four substances which (c) Do basic solutions also have H⁺(aq)?
contain water of crystallisation and write their Explain why they are basic by taking an
common names. example.
2. (a) Define efflorescence. Give examples. 16. Complete the table:
(b) Define deliquescence. Give examples. Indicator – Neutral – Acidic – Alkaline
3. Give reasons for the following: Litmus
(a) Sodium hydrogen sulphate is not an acid, Phenolphthalein
but it dissolves in water to give hydrogen ions. 17. What do you understand by pH value? Two
(b) Anhydrous calcium chloride is used in a solution X and Y have pH values of 4 and 10
desiccator. respectively. Which one will give a pink colour
4. Distinguish between drying and dehydrating with phenolphthalein?
agent. 18. Difference between acidity of bases and
5. (i) A solution M turns blue litmus red, so it basicity of acids.
must contain (i) ............... ions; 19. Solution P has a pH of 13, solution Q has a pH
another solution O turns red litmus blue and of 6 and solution R has a pH of 2. Which
hence, must contain, (ii) ............... ions. solution:
(ii) When solution M and O are mixed together, (a) Will liberate ammonia from ammonium
the products will be (iii) ............... and sulphate on heating.
(iv) ............... . (b) Is a strong acid?
(iii) If a piece of magnesium was put into a (c) Contains molecules as well as ions?
solution M, (v) ............... gas would be 20. M is an element in the form of powder. M
evolved. burns in oxygen and the product obtained is
6. Define the term 'Neutralization'. soluble in water. The solution is tested with
7. State your observation when zinc granule is litmus.
added to copper sulphate solution. (a) If M is a metal, then the litmus will
8. Salt S is prepared by reacting dilute sulphuric turn ...............
acid with copper oxide. Identify S. (b) If M is a non-metal, then the litmus will
9. Define the term 'basicity' of an acid. Give the turn ...............
basicity of: nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and (c) If M is a reactive metal, then ............... will
phosphoric acid. be evolved when M reacts with dilute sulphuric
10. Name the acids present in: acid.
(a) Vinegar (d) If M is a metal, it will form ............... oxide,
(b) Grapes which will form ............... solution with water.
(c) Lemon (e) If M is a non-metal, it will not conduct
11. What do you understand by the statement electricity unless it is in the form of ...............
'acetic acid is a monobasic acid'?
12. What do you understand by the strength of an 21. Name:
acid? On which factor does the strength of an (a) A chloride which is insoluble in cold water
acid depend? but dissolves in hot water.
13. Explain the following: (b) A chloride which is insoluble.
(a) Carbonic acid gives an acid salt but (c) Two sulphates which are insoluble.
hydrochloric acid does not. (d) A basic salt.
(b) Dil. HCl acid is stronger than highly (e) An acidic salt.
concentrated acetic acid. (f) A mixed salt.
(c) H₃PO₃ is not a tribasic acid. (g) A complex salt
(d) Lead carbonate does not react with dil. HCl.
(e) Nitrogen dioxide is a double acid
anhydride.
14. Difference between chemical nature of an
aqueous solution of HCl and NH₃.
1. Water of crystallisation is the 6. Neutralization: Acid + Base PbO₂ + 4HCl → PbCl₂ + Cl₂
fixed number of water molecules → Salt + Water Indicat
Alkalin
or Neutral Acidic
chemically bound within the HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O e
crystalline structure of salts, Litmus
Blue
which can be driven off on 7. Blue CuSO₄ turns colourless, Purple Red
heating. copper precipitates:
Phenol
Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu phthale Colourless Colourless
Pink
Examples: in
• Sodium carbonate decahydrate 8. Salt S = Copper sulphate + 2H₂O
– Na₂CO₃·10H₂O – Washing (CuSO₄) (c) Bases have H⁺ in small
soda CuO + H₂SO₄ → CuSO₄ + quantity but OH⁻ dominates –
• Magnesium sulphate H₂O e.g., NaOH
heptahydrate – MgSO₄·7H₂O –
Epsom salt 9. 16.
• Sodium sulphate decahydrate – • Basicity: Number of H⁺ ions
Na₂SO₄·10H₂O – Glauber's salt one acid molecule can release. 17.
• Copper(II) sulphate Nitric acid = 1 • pH: –log[H⁺]
pentahydrate – CuSO₄·5H₂O – Sulphuric acid = 2 • Solution Y (pH 10) gives pink
Blue vitriol Phosphoric acid = 3 colour with phenolphthalein

2. 10. 18.
(a) Efflorescence: Loss of water (a) Vinegar – Acetic acid • Acidity of bases: OH⁻ ions per
of crystallisation when exposed (b) Grapes – Tartaric acid molecule
to dry air. (c) Lemon – Citric acid • Basicity of acids: H⁺ ions per
Examples: MgSO₄·7H₂O, molecule
Na₂SO₄·10H₂O 11. Acetic acid is monobasic –
(b) Deliquescence: Absorption donates one H⁺ per molecule. 19.
of moisture from air and (a) P (pH 13) – liberates
dissolving in it. 12. Strength of acid depends on: ammonia
Examples: NaOH, KOH • Degree of ionization (b) R (pH 2) – strong acid
• H⁺ concentration (c) Q (pH 6) – has molecules +
3. ions
(a) NaHSO₄ is not a typical acid 13.
but dissociates in water: (a) H₂CO₃ is dibasic – forms 20.
NaHSO₄ ⇌ Na⁺ + H⁺ + acid salt; HCl is monobasic (a) Blue
SO₄²⁻ (b) Dil. HCl ionises completely; (b) Red
(b) Anhydrous CaCl₂ absorbs conc. CH₃COOH is weak (c) Hydrogen
moisture – acts as desiccant. (c) H₃PO₃ has only 2 (d) Basic oxide; Alkaline
replaceable H⁺ → dibasic solution
4. (d) PbCO₃ + HCl → PbCl₂ (e) Graphite
• Drying agent: Removes (insoluble) – no reaction
moisture physically (e.g., CaO, (e) NO₂ + H₂O → HNO₂ + 21.
P₂O₅) HNO₃ → Double acid anhydride (a) PbCl₂
• Dehydrating agent: Removes (b) AgCl
water chemically (e.g., conc. 14. (c) BaSO₄, PbSO₄
H₂SO₄) HCl (aq): acidic, gives H⁺ (d) Pb(OH)Cl
NH₃ (aq): basic, gives OH⁻ (e) NaHSO₄
5. (f) NaKCO₃
(i) M: H₃O⁺ ions; O: OH⁻ ions 15. (g) Na₂ZnO₂
(ii) Salt and water (a) Dry HCl doesn't ionise → no (h) CaCO₃·MgCO₃ (Dolomite)
(iii) Hydrogen gas litmus change
(b) PbO₂ reacts with HCl, not a
base:
Question 2 consumed, what volume of Question 2 (h)
nitrogen monoxide is produced Calculate the relative molecular
(a) What do you mean by at the same temperature and masses of:
stoichiometry? pressure? (a) (NH₄)₂PtCl₆
(b) KClO₃
(b) Define atomicity of a gas. (c) CuSO₄·5H₂O
State the atomicity of Hydrogen, (d) (NH₄)₂SO₄
Phosphorus, and Sulphur. Question 2 (f) (e) CH₃COONa
LPG has 60% propane and 40% (f) CHCl₃
(c) Differentiate between N₂ and butane. 10 litres of this mixture (g) (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇
2N. is burnt. Calculate the volume of
carbon dioxide added to the
atmosphere.
Reactions: Question 2 (i)
Question 2 (d) C₃H₈ + 5O₂ ⟶ 3CO₂ + 4H₂O Define or explain the terms:
Calculate the volume of HCl gas 2C₄H₁₀ + 13O₂ ⟶ 8CO₂ + (a) Vapour density
formed and chlorine gas required 10H₂O (b) Molar volume
when 40 ml of methane reacts (c) Relative atomic mass
completely with chlorine at STP. (d) Relative molecular mass
Reaction: (e) Avogadro's number
CH₄ + 2Cl₂ ⟶ CH₂Cl₂ + Question 2 (g) (f) Gram atom
2HCl 200 cm³ of CO₂ is collected at (g) Mole
STP when a mixture of acetylene
and oxygen is ignited. Calculate
the volume of acetylene and
Question 2 (e) oxygen at STP in the original Question 3 (a)
Ammonia may be oxidised to mixture.
nitrogen monoxide in the Reaction: (a) What are the main
presence of a catalyst according 2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ ⟶ 4CO₂ + applications of Avogadro's Law?
to the following equation: 2H₂O
4NH₃ + 5O₂ ⟶ 4NO + 6H₂O (b) How does Avogadro's Law
If 27 litres of reactants are explain Gay-Lussac's Law of
combining volumes?
 Answer to Question 2 (a) 49×27=12 litres of NO\frac{4} (d) (NH₄)₂SO₄
Stoichiometry measures quantitative {9} \times 27 = \boxed{12\ \ = 28 + 8 + 32 + 64 = 132 a.m.u.
relationships and is used to determine the text{litres of NO}}94
amount of products/reactants produced or ×27=12 litres of NO (e) CH₃COONa
needed in a given reaction. Describing the = 12 + 3 + 12 + 32 + 23 = 82 a.m.u.
quantitative relationships among substances
as they participate in chemical reactions is
known as reaction stoichiometry. Answer to Question 2 (f) (f) CHCl₃
Propane = 60% of 10 L = 6 L = 12 + 1 + (3×35.5) = 12 + 1 + 106.5 =
Butane = 40% of 10 L = 4 L 119.5 a.m.u.

For Propane (C₃H₈): (g) (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇

Answer to Question 2 (b) C₃H₈ + 5O₂ ⟶ 3CO₂ + 4H₂O = 28 + 8 + 103.8 + 112 = 251.8 ≈ 252
Atomicity is the number of 1 volume of C₃H₈ → 3 volumes CO₂ a.m.u.
atoms in a molecule of an So, 6 L → 6 × 3 = 18 L CO₂
element.Atomicity of
Hydrogen = 2 For Butane (C₄H₁₀):
2C₄H₁₀ + 13O₂ ⟶ 8CO₂ + 10H₂O
2 volumes of C₄H₁₀ → 8 volumes CO₂ Answer to Question 2 (i)
Atomicity of Phosphorus = 4
So, 4 L → (4 × 8)/2 = 16 L CO₂
(a) Vapour density: Ratio of the mass of a
Atomicity of Sulphur = 8 given volume of gas to the mass of an equal
Total CO₂ = 18 + 16 = \boxed{34 L CO₂}
volume of hydrogen under the same
conditions.
Answer to Question 2 (c)
(b) Molar volume: Volume occupied by
Answer to Question 2 (g) one mole of gas at STP = 22.4 dm³
N₂ 2N
2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ ⟶ 4CO₂ + 2H₂O
Represents one Represents two
molecule of atoms of (c) Relative atomic mass: Mass of an atom
nitrogen nitrogen 4 volumes CO₂ come from 2 volumes of compared to 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-
C₂H₂ 12 atom.
Can exist Cannot exist
So, 200 cm³ CO₂ will be from:
independently independently
(d) Relative molecular mass: Mass of a
24×200=100 cm³ of C₂H₂\frac{2} molecule compared to 1/12th of the mass of
{4} \times 200 = \boxed{100\ \ a carbon-12 atom.
Answer to Question 2 (d) text{cm³ of C₂H₂}}42
CH₄ + 2Cl₂ ⟶ CH₂Cl₂ + 2HCl ×200=100 cm³ of C₂H₂ (e) Avogadro’s number: Number of
particles in 1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³
According to Gay-Lussac’s Law: Similarly, 4 volumes CO₂ come from 5
1 volume of CH₄ produces 2 volumes of volumes of O₂
HCl. (f) Gram atom: Mass of an element equal
So, 200 cm³ CO₂ will require: to its atomic mass in grams.
So, 40 ml of CH₄ will produce = 80 ml
HCl
Also, 1 volume of CH₄ requires 2 volumes 54×200=250 cm³ of O₂\frac{5} (g) Mole: Quantity of substance containing
of Cl₂. {4} \times 200 = \boxed{250\ \ Avogadro’s number of particles.
So, 40 ml of CH₄ will require = 80 ml Cl₂ text{cm³ of O₂}}45
×200=250 cm³ of O₂
Volume of HCl formed = 80 ml
Volume of Cl₂ required = 80 ml Acetylene = 100 cm³
Oxygen = 250 cm³ Answer to Question 3 (a)

(a) Applications of
Avogadro’s Law:Explains
Answer to Question 2 (e) Gay-Lussac’s law
4NH₃ + 5O₂ ⟶ 4NO + 6H₂O Answer to Question 2 (h)

(a) (NH₄)₂PtCl₆ Predicts atomicity of gases

From the equation:
4 volumes of NH₃ + 5 volumes of O₂ → 4 = (2×14) + (8×1) + 195 + (6×35.5)
volumes of NO = 28 + 8 + 195 + 213 = 444 a.m.u. Determines molecular
Total reactants = 9 volumes → 4 volumes formula
of NO (b) KClO₃
= 39 + 35.5 + (3×16) = 122.5 a.m.u. Relates molecular mass and
Given: 27 litres of reactants vapour density
So, (c) CuSO₄·5H₂O
= 63.5 + 32 + 64 + (5×18) = 63.5 + 32 + 64 Links gram molecular mass to gram molar
+ 90 = 249.5 a.m.u. volume(b) Avogadro’s Law states that
equal volumes of gases under same Since gases react in simple ratios by volume, this explains Gay-Lussac’s law of
conditions have equal number of molecules. combining v

olumes.