TheoryofStructures

HistoricalBackground Historical Background

HistoryofStructuralEngineering History of Structural Engineering

Th Thecurrentstructuralapplicationsweseenowadays t t t l li ti d areresultsofseveraldevelopmentsinmajorareasof StructuralEngineeringLike: g g
1. TheoriesofMechanicsofMaterialsandStructural Analysis. 2. Formulationandcomputationaltechniquesnecessaryto 2 F l ti d t ti lt h i t solvetheequationsofthesetheories. 3. Theapplicationoftheoriesandmaterialstothecreation pp ofnewstructuralforms. 4. Thedevelopmentofconstructiontechniques.

Some of the areas needed mathematicians scientists Someoftheareasneededmathematicians,scientists, orengineers todevelop.Othersneededartisticskillsof architectsorbuilders.

HistoricalfiguresofStructural Engineering
Greeks and Romans GreeksandRomans:
Mainlyusedexperienceand empiricalrulesforconstructing simpletomoderatestructures. simple to moderate structures Aristotle (384322B.C)and Archimedes (287212B.C) establishedtheprinciplesof statics. Romansintroducednew structuralformslike arch, vault dome and even wooden vault,dome,andevenwooden trusses. Someofthesestructuresexist nowadaysasmonumentsof thatera.Like:
GreekParthenon(438B.C) PontduGard (13B.C)

Aristotle

Archimedes

GreekParthenon

PontduGard

Historicalfigures(CONT). Historical figures (CONT)

MiddleAges:(500 1500):
IntroducedFlying Buttresseshighrising supportsorbracing. t b i Example:TheCathedral of Notre Dame ofNotreDame.
FlyingButtresses l i

TheCathedralof The Cathedral of NotreDame

Historical figures (CONT) Historicalfigures(CONT).

Renaissance:
Leonardo Davinci (14521519) LeonardoDavinci(1452 1519) formulatedthebeginningof StructuralTheory. Galileo (15641642)originated theMechanicsofMaterials. A.Palladio(15181580) LeonardoDavinci Galileo Palladio introducedthemoderntruss. R H k (1635 1703) t bli h d R.Hooke(16351703)established therulegoverningthelinear behaviorofelasticmaterials. Johann Bernoulli (16671748) JohannBernoulli(1667 1748) statedtheprincipleofvirtual displacement. DanielBernoulli(17001782) R.Hooke JohannBernoulli DanielBernoulli contributedtotheunderstanding ib d h d di ofelasticcurvesandthestrain energyflexure. Leonard Euler (17101783) LeonardEuler(1710 1783) examinedthecolumnbuckling LeonardEuler andenergymethods.

Historical figures (CONT) Historicalfigures(CONT).

Th G ld A (1800 TheGoldenAge(1800 1900):
Mostofthepresenttheories ofMechanicsofMaterials fM h i fM t i l andStructuralAnalysiswere developedinthisGoldenAge. In this Golden age new InthisGoldenagenew materials wereintroducelike thePortlandCementinthe early1800s,thefirst y reinforcedconcretebridge wasbuildbeforetheendof thatcentury,Ironrollingmills madeironmoreusable,and made iron more usable and quantitysteelproductionwas introducedbyH.Bessemer.

PortlandCement Portland Cement

ConcreteBridge

SteelSections

Historicalfigures(CONT). Historical figures (CONT)

Someexamplesofdevelopments:
S.Whipple (18041888),K.Culmann (18211881),andJ.E.Schwedler (18231894)formulatedtheprinciplesofstaticallydeterminate trusses. B.P.EClapeyorn (17991864)establishedthethreemomentequation. J.C.Maxwell (18311879)developedthemethodofconsistent displacementsandthereciprocaltheoremofdeflections. displacements and the reciprocal theorem of deflections O.Mohr (18351918)presentedthemethodofelasticweightsand workedoninfluencelines. A Castigliano (1847 1884) stated his thermo that will hold his name A.Castigliano (18471884)statedhisthermothatwillholdhisname forever. C.E.Greene (18421903)formulatedthemomentareamethod. H.MullerBreslau (18511925)publishedhisprincipleforinfluence lineconstruction. A.Foppl (18541924)workedontheareaofspaceframeanalysis.

Historicalfigures(CONT). Historical figures (CONT)

Th 20th C t The20 Century:
Inthisera,modestdevelopmentsinthetheorieswere introduced.Yet,significantadvancementstookplacein , g p solutiontechniques. Somematerialswereintroducedinthiscenturylike: aluminum,highstrengthconcrete,highstrengthsteel, aluminum high strength concrete high strength steel laminatedtimber,specialcements,plastics,and composites. S Somenewtechniqueswereusedlike:experimental t h i d lik i t l research,electricwelding,prestressed concrete,improved constructionmethods,andtheintroductionofelectronic computationinthe1950s. i i h Introduction oflongspanbridges,skyscrapers,andshells.

Historical figures (CONT) Historicalfigures(CONT).

Fewexamples:
G.Maney (18881947) introducedtheslope deflectionmethod. H C H.Cross (1885 1959) (18851959) contributedthemoment distribution method distributionmethod. R.Southwell (1888 1970)presentedthe )p moregeneralrelaxation method.
HardyCross

R.VSouthwell