Proceeding of the IEEE 28th

Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering

Halifax, Canada, May 3-6, 2015

A Homogenized-overload Model Applied for Infeasible

Security-Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) Problem
Chang He, Qixin Chen, Member, IEEE, Haiwang Zhong, Member, IEEE, Qing Xia, Senior Member,
IEEE, Lei Shi, Jing Zhang, Jianxun Song

Abstract—Out of step with the rapid growth of China’s generation units.

electricity load demand, the infrastructure of power grid in Power market, such as PJM market, has already applied
many areas is not strong enough to insure the security of power SCUC in the day-ahead market. The SCUC method takes the
system operation. In this case, considering the strict N-1 economical efficiency of cost minimum, the line congestion
conditions of lines and transformers, the situation that there is
constraints and N-1 constraints into account, and build a fault
no feasible solution for the security-constrained unit
commitment (SCUC) might occasionally occur. In order to set for dispatch [2], lines in which have to pass the N-1
address this issue, a homogenized-overload model based on constraint examinations. Thus, the market clearance process
SCUC is proposed in this paper. The homogenized-overload is in fact a unit commitment problem which takes the security
model could obtain a reasonable, suboptimal solution reducing constraints and N-1 constraints into account, and then
the security risks by lowering the average overload level and determine the locational marginal price (LMP). Therefore, it
reducing the number of overload lines without sacrificing the
is necessary to develop the SCUC model considering N-1
economy of unit commitment. To identify the overload line set,
an identifying method based on the Benders decomposition constraints which can be used in the large-scale calculation.
algorithm is also proposed. The homogenized-overload model Constraints which SCUC problem considers system
and the identifying method are tested respectively in a 6-bus constraints, which include load balance and system reserve
system case and a real provincial power system in China. constraints, unit technique constraints, which include the
Simulation results show the validity of the model and the upper and lower limit of the generation output, ramping rate
method.
constraints and the running and stopping time constraints, and
network constraints, which include line capacity constraints,
I. INTRODUCTION
interface power flow constraints and N-1 constraints [3-4].

A s the development of the economy and the rapid

increment of load demand in China, the construction of
the network has fallen behind, which leads to challenges for
Based on different requirements of unit commitment, the
objective function can be adjusted flexibly and new
constraints can be added. Then we can get various kinds of
the security operation of the power system. When faults occur unit commitment problems, such as unit commitment
in the power system, it is possible to cause severe blackout in considering the carbon emission [5], coal consumption
the region of high population density and thereby cause minimum [6], unit commitment with hydroelectric generating
serious loss of economy to society. To ensure the security of units considering electric production and vibration zone
power system operation, power system needs not only to constraints [7], unit commitment considering wind power
satisfy the power demand under the base state, but also to generation and demand side response [8-9], unit commitment
sustain the N-1 constraints. N-1 security constraints refer to which combine the reserve market and energy market [10].
security requirement that when any independent component There are many solving methods for SCUC, including the
of power system fails down there won’t be any static security heuristic algorithm, the dynamic programming method [11],
failure. It is called unit commitment [1] to determine the Lagrangian relaxation [12], the branch and bound method of
running or stopping state of generation units based on the load mixed integer programming [13], the Benders decomposition
changing during the operation of power system. By unit algorithm of mixed integer programming [14] and the genetic
commitment, the economic target of minimizing the coal algorithm [15].
consumption or generation cost can be reached on the premise There have been some researches on infeasible SCUC
of reliability of power system over a period of time. The problem. In references [16-17], the N-1 constraints are added
uncertainty of load demand and the peak regulation demand into the unit commitment model, and a SCUC calculation
of system are satisfied at the same time. Unit commitment can platform for large-scale power systems is developed.
determine the optimal unit status and the output level of Nevertheless, in practice, when the power system is under the
N-1 contingency conditions or heavy load conditions, the
This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation SCUC problem is likely to get no feasible solutions, and the
of China (No. 51325702) and Scientific Research Project of North China unit commitment problem cannot be solved. There are few
Power Grid.
Chang He, Qixin Chen, Haiwang Zhong, Qing Xia are with the methods to deal with the no-feasible-solution problem of
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 SCUC model. In the reference [18], a SCUC model of slack
China (e-mail: qxchen@[Link], wshhcc92@[Link]). constraints is proposed, which can always get a feasible
Lei Shi, Jing Zhang and Jianxun Song are with North China Grid
Company Limited, Beijing, 100053, China. solution with slack variables, but the solution may be not a

242
978-1-4799-5829-0/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
feasible or practical solution for original problem. In (2) System load constraints:
reference [19], the no-feasible-solution problem is dealt by N
loosing the output constraints of units, thus an adjustment œ p (t )  LP(t ), t  1, 2"T
i (2)
strategy for unit commitment is proposed. In reference [20], it i

is pointed out that it will influence too much on the LP (t ) is the load demand at period t of the system and
economical efficiency to consider all the N-1 constraints. equals to the sum of bus loads in N d load buses.
These existed paper only propose methods to solve
mathematical models, but cannot help to improve operation (3) The upper and lower limit of the unit output:
condition of power system or solve practical problems when pi,min ¸ xi (t ) b pi (t ) b pi,max ¸ xi (t ) (3)
SCUC model becomes infeasible .
This paper has proposed a homogenized-overload model to (4) Units minimum running and stopping time:
deal with infeasible SCUC problem and to give an practical £
¦ (ti ,t ,on  Ti ,on )( X i ,t1  X i ,t ) p 0
¦
¤ (4)
SCUC solution which couldn’t be obtained by former models. ¦
In the model, key line set could be recognized and overload ¥(ti ,t ,off  Ti ,off )( X i ,t  X i ,t1 ) p 0
¦
power flow could be homogenized by giving different ti ,t ,on and ti ,t ,off are respectively the running and stopping
dynamic weights to generation costs and overload extents in
the multi-objective function. Thus it makes SCUC results to time of unit i at period t . Ti , on and Ti , off are respectively the
sustain the secure and economic operation of the power minimum running and stopping time of unit i .
system by reducing the overload extent of transmission lines, (5) Ramp rate constraints of units:
as well as balance the number of overload lines and average
overload extent. di b pi (t )  pi (t 1) b ui (5)
(6) Spinning reserve constraints:
II. SECURITY-CONSTRAINED UNIT COMMITMENT MODEL N

œ(p i,max  pi (t )) p Res p (t ) t  1, 2 "T

(6)
A. Traditional SCUC Model Considering N-1 Constraints i 1
N
The mixed integer programming method is used in this œ ( p (t )  p i i,min ) p Resn (t ) t  1, 2 "T
paper to build the SCUC model. The SCUC optimizes the i 1

running and stopping mode and output of each dispatch (7) Start-up and shut-down cost constraints of units:
period of generation units based on the load prediction and
£Si ( xi (t ), xi (t 1)) p Cup ¸ ( xi (t )  xi (t 1))
¦
quotation of generation units for the following day, which ¦
¤ (7)
satisfies the load demands of power system, the line power ¦
¥Si ( xi (t ), xi (t 1)) p Cdown ¸ ( xi (t 1)  xi (t ))
¦
flow constraints and operation constraints of each unit. The
(8) The security constraints of transmission lines:
mathematic model is defined as follows:
N Nd
(1) Objective Function:  pl ,max b œ pi (t ) ¸Gli
T N T N i 1
œ LP (t ) ¸G
d 1
d l d b pl ,max (8)
min œœ C ( p (t )) œœ S ( x (t ), x (t 1))
i i i i i (1) (9) The N-1 constraints:
t 1 i1 t 1 i1
N
T is the number of time periodstime in a dispatch day.  pl ,max b œ pi (t ) ¸(Gl i Dlk Gk i )
(9)
N represents the number of generation units in the system. Nd
i 1

Ci is the cost function of generation unit i at period t . œ LP (t ) ¸(G

d 1
d ld Dl k Gk d ) b pl ,max

pi represents the output of generation unit i at period t . Gk i refers to GSDF at bus i to line k and Dlk refers
xi (t ) is the running or stopping status of generation unit i at
to Line Tripping Distribution Factors (LTDF) to line k .
period t , which is a integer variable. Si ( x) is the start-up and
B. Solving Method Based on the Benders Decomposition
shut-down cost of generation unit i , which is a constant value Algorithm
in this paper.
There are numerous security constraints of transmission
The cost function includes two parts: the operation cost of
lines and N-1 constraints in the SCUC model, but just a few of
generation unit output and the extra fuel and maintenance cost
the constraints work in the secure operation condition. If all
brought by the intraday start-up and shut-down of generation
the security constraints are integrally added to the SCUC
units. Only with the SCUC on the background of power
model, the solving efficiency will be badly influenced. To
market which is supposed to jointly optimize the energy
improve the solving efficiency, the Benders decomposition
market and the reserve market, the intraday start-up and
algorithm is used in this paper [20].
shut-down of units makes sense. Otherwise the start-up and
By the Benders decomposition algorithm, the solving
shut-down cost is much more expensive than generation cost
process is decomposed into the master problem and the sub
and makes no sense to the minimized objective function.
problem. In the master problem, the cost minimum DC power

243
flow SCUC model which considers the start-up and without considering N-1 constraints. On the other hand, if the
shut-down constraints and the ramp rate constraints of units is weight of the homogenization of the overload is too high, the
solved. In the sub problem, the line capacity feasibility and unit commitment problem is totally constrained by the
N-1 feasibility are examined. The overload transmission lines security constraints, and lose the economical significance.
are reflected in new constraints which are supposed to put Based on the load level and the overload severity
into the master problem, until the feasibility examinations are (including the number of the overload lines and the overload
all passed. Finally, the SCUC solution can be obtained, which extent) after N-1 contingencies, the suitable weight
takes the security constraints and N-1 constraints into coefficient is determined to balance the economical
account. efficiency and security. In this paper, the increment of the
generation cost and the overload extent of transmission lines
III. HOMOGENIZED-OVERLOAD SCUC MODEL are set comparable to obtain the valid solution of the unit
The optimization method based on the Benders commitment problem. In this way, we can minimize the
decomposition algorithm applied for infeasible SCUC summation of the average overload extent and the increment
considering N-1 constraints is proposed in this paper. As for extent of the generation cost and reduce the possibility of risk
relatively weak power system, it is necessary to consider the after N-1 contingencies without negative impact on the
N-1 constraints. It is likely that many lines cannot pass the economic efficiency.
N-1 examinations. Even some transmission lines will To make the optimization results comparable, the
overload to a severe extent, and lead to risk of the power increment of the objective function is expressed by
system under N-1 contingency conditions. But in practice percentage uniformly in this paper. First of all, the basic
operation, the main factors lead to risk are the lineswhose generation cost as referred in function (10) need to be
power flow cannot be adjusted lower than the security limit determined. And on this basis, the increment of the generation
by changing the output of generation units under N-1 cost can be determined as the first term of function (1). The
contingencies. Therefore, the homogenized-overload idea is biggest feasible generation cost during the Benders
proposed in this paper in the case of infeasible SCUC decomposition algorithm process can be chosen as the
considering N-1 contingencies to reduce the overload extent rational basic generation cost, namely the previous iteration
of transmission lines under N-1 contingencies, to ensure the result of the model solving process. It is because the
line power flow can be adjusted lower than the security limit, minimized generation cost obtained this way has practical
and avoid the occurrence of N-2 and N-3 contingencies. The significance, and the condition of the overload lines which
method proposed in this paper needs to be combined with the cannot pass the N-1 examinations under the present
integrated Benders decomposition algorithm. The main ideas optimization can be determined. And the result is the optimal
are to identify the overload lines after N-1 contingencies and solution obtained by the traditional SCUC method, which can
to homogenize the overload extent of the overload lines and be chosen as the basic state of the N-1 homogenized-overload
to. The homogenized-overload model is introduced in this optimization process. On the other hand, the average overload
chapter. extent of the lines chosen to be homogenized is a part of the
objective function. The overload extent sl , sl  of line set
A. The Objective Function
which are chosen to be homogenized is obtained by loosing
The homogenized-overload SCUC model is a
the corresponding N-1 constraints. Meanwhile, the
multi-objective optimization model which includes both
coefficients of overload extent of each line are supposed to be
minimum economic cost and homogenization of overload
proportional to the rate of utilization of the practical capacity
targets. To multi-objective optimization problems, a solution
of the lines of the previous iteration. So the weights will
optimal for each part of the multi-objective function does not
change with iteration to keep efficient and ensure line
exist usually, and every part of the multi-objective function
overload tend to be equalized
doesn’t have a unified measurement criterion. Therefore,
So, in the homogenized-overload model, the objective
there is no optimal solution for the problem. There are only
function can be expressed as:
valid solutions which are the balance of economical
T N T N
efficiency and security. Research methods include the
evaluation function method, the delaminating sequence
œœ C ( p (t )) œœ S ( x (t ), x (t 1))
i i i i i
min t 1 i1 t 1 i1
(10)
method, the interactive programming method, and the fuzzy BaseCost
algorithm [21]. powerflowl before
In this paper, a simplified dynamic linear weighted œ
l ‰ Av N Av ¸ pl ,max
( sl sl )
evaluation function method is used. Thus, the weight of the
economical efficiency and security in the objective function powerflowlbefore is the practical power flow of line l of the
will influence the rationality of the optimization results. If the
previous iteration. N Av is the number of the lines of the line
weight of the generation cost is too high, the objective of the
homogenization of the overload is difficult to achieve, and the set which are chosen to be homogenized.
optimization result is close to the unit commitment problem

244
B. Slack the Overload Line Constraints commitment result which is the most economical efficiency
Because of the network structure of power systems, the and satisfy the line capacity and N-1 constraints.
change of the unit commitment will influence the basic power As for the relatively weak power system of which the load
flow of all lines and the power flow under N-1 contingencies. is relatively high and the safety margin is low, SCUC problem
The solving thought of Benders decomposition algorithm is to is likely to have no feasible solutions. Then, the solving
add the constraints of transmission lines which do not pass the procedure comes into the homogenized-overload model to get
examinations of the basic power flow and the power flow a feasible solution. Specifically, after the solving procedure
under N-1 contingencies. Therefore, if there is no feasible coming into the homogenized-overload model, firstly, we
solution, the transmission limit of the overload lines need to should identify the condition in which the SCUC problem is
be loosed. The common practice is to add slack variables to staying, whether the no-feasible-solution condition is under
the constraints. The value of the slack variables reflect the the basic state or under N-1 contingencies. To the SCUC
overload extent of the corresponding lines. The value problem which is feasible under the basic state and infeasible
coefficients of the slack variables are supposed to be added to under certain N-1 contingencies, the line constraints of the
the objective function. basic state are never supposed to be loosed in the solving and
An example of an N-1 constraint which is loosed is iteration process of the homogenized-overload model. And
represented as: only the overload extent under N-1 contingencies is supposed
N to be homogenized to ensure the final optimization result can
 pl ,max b œ pi (t ) ¸(Gl i Dl k Gk i ) pass the security examinations under basic state. To the
(11)
i 1
SCUC problems which is infeasible under basic state, the N-1
Nd

œ LP (t ) ¸(G
d l d Dlk Gk d )  sl sl  b pl ,max examinations and adjustment are not considered in the
d 1 subsequent solving process, and only the overload under the
basic state will be homogenized to reduce the integrated risk
IV. THE SOLVING METHOD of the system. After the solving procedure comes into the
The objective function and constraints of the optimization homogenized-overload model, the Benders decomposition
model are introduced in previous section. The identification algorithm is still used and the line constraints, both basic
method of overload lines and the algorithm procedure are power flow and N-1 power flow, are examined in the sub
introduced in this chapter. problem to complement the homogenized-overload line set to
loose corresponding line constraints. The line constraints
A. The solving procedure of the model slack variables which are chosen to be homogenized are
The solving procedure introduced in this section have three added to objective function as introduced in Chapter III.
advantages: (1) The new solving procedure would not
B. The Identification of unadjusted overload lines
influence the solving procedure and speed of feasible models.
(2) The solving procedure doesn’t need complicated One of the cores of the solving method is the effective
identification method. (3) The solving time of the loop identification of overload lines which influence the feasible
iteration of infeasible models is saved. We only need to add solution of the model under basic state and under N-1
the homogenized-overload model to the traditional SCUC contingencies. The practical method used in this paper is to
model. observe the overload condition in the master problem, and at
the same time to separately record the line constraints which
Homogenized-overload Model Begin is newly added in this iteration. If the no-feasible-solution
infeasible Minimum feasible
condition occurs in the process of iteration, it is because the
Add benders Whether N-1
Cut constraints
Generation
Cost feasible region shrinks after the constraints being added or
Newly
added because the newly-added constraints is infeasible under the
constraints
Update
objective Add Benders
Overload present network structure or the generation resource
Line capacity Check
function Cut condition. Then, put the lines which is newly added in the
None overload lines iteration this time into the homogenized-overload line set as
Optimization
Capacity Check of economic Overload N-1 constraints unadjusted overload lines and loose the constraints of these
and security Check
lines in the model. The identification method proposed in this
None overload lines
End End
paper would not increase the complexity of solving the model
and can narrow the key line set which influence the feasibility
Figure 1. Solving procedure of the homogenized-overload model of the SCUC problem into a certain range. There are two
The optimization solving method can be divided into two advantages of homogenizing the overload extent of identified
steps as shown in Figure 1. The first step is to solving the lines. First, after homogenizing the overload, the number of
SCUC problem by Benders decomposition algorithm as usual overload lines would not increase considerably under basic
problems, whereas the new increased Benders cuts each time state or under N-1 contingencies. Second, the overload
need to be recorded. If the SCUC problems is feasible, the condition of many lines is usually caused by certain lines’
solving procedure come to an end in this step and the unit N-1 outage or constraints. So, the overload extent of these
lines can be adjusted by changing the output of generation
245
units. Lines within short electric distance can reduce the from 7 in Case1, but the average overload level goes down
overload extent of an heavily overloaded line effectively by from 28% to 15%. N-1 power flow becomes closer to the
share its power flow after adjustment. mean value, besides the most severe overload of Line4-Line5
and Line5-Line4 has been alleviated. The generation cost
V. CASE STUDY only rise 2.4% while the general overload situation is more
receptive to the security operation proving the effectiveness
A. Six-bus Case of the homogenized-overload model. The start-up and
A six-bus case is used to illustrate how the shut-down costs are not considered as initial states of units are
homogenized-overload model can make the overload not assigned beforehand.
condition better under N-1 conditions. CPLEX12.5 is used to TABLE III
solve the master mixed-integer problem of SCUC. The POWER FLOW OF OVERLOAD LINES BEFORE AND AFTER USING
topology of the six-bus system is shown in Figure 2 with bus HOMOGENIZED-OVERLOAD MODEL

numbers and line numbers on the picture. Some parameters of Overload

Fault line Case1 Case2
line
the system are listed in Table 1, the serial number of which is
Line2 Line4 -114.273 -107.093
in accordance with Figure 2.
Line3 Line4 -116.245 -111.578
%86 %86 /LQH %86
/LQH Line4 Line3 105.309 105.309
* * Line4 Line5 -156 -100
/LQH
Line4 Line7 125.3 125.3
/LQH %86 /LQH
/LQH Line5 Line4 -156 -100
/LQH
Line7 Line4 -125.3 -125.3
%86 %86
Line1 Line2 Not overloaded 100
*
Fig.2 Structure of Six-bus System B. Real Power System Case
To verify that the homogenized-overload model is
To directly display the effect of the homogenized-overload
applicable to the real power system both in optimization
model, this paper only compute one dispatch period SCUC
results and computational efficiency, this paper uses the
problem which is infeasible in this 6-bus system. Case 1
topology, line parameters, the 24 periods data of real bus load
shows the last result of SCUC before it goes infeasible while
data in one day and actual generation units data such as
Case 2 gives the solution of the homogenized-overload
capacity, bus topology and ramping data of a real power
model. (Case 1 and Case 2 refer to the same meaning in the
system in a province of China. The power system has 1329
whole paper)
buses and 1729 lines. It consists of a 500kV loop network
TABLE I with 56 buses and a 220kV loop network with 454 buses.
PARAMETERS OF SIX-BUS SYSTEM
There are also some virtual buses and 110kV buses
Minimum Maximum Quoted
Units Loads 1 period connecting to the transformers. Generation units in remote
output output price
G1 100 220 0.1787 Load3 62.5 ends of the power system have lower generating costs
G2 10 100 0.1465 Load4 68.2
compared to the high costs of the units in load centers. Most
generation units are distributed around the outer ring of the
G6 100 200 0.1302 Load5 125.3
power system and offer energy to the grid through several
line capacity is 100, only capacity of Line1 is 200 important transmission lines which are easy to be overloaded
After two times of iterations, we can get the SCUC result of under N-1 conditions, so as the transformers on the
Case1 and get the answer of Case2 after 3 additional times of transmission lines. Considering checking and adjusting lines
iterations. Comparing the data in Table2, power flow of each and transformers N-1 constraints which voltage level is above
line in the base condition is under its transmission capacity 220kV, the case needs to optimize on and off status as well as
and becomes more homogeneous in Case2 as Line4 and unit outputs of 24 periods one day for 169 units.
Line6 become closer to the average power flow. After 4 iterations under basic security condition and 1
TABLE II
iteration under N-1 constraints adding 75 base security
POWER FLOW, UNITS OUTPUTS, GENERATION COST UNDER BASE CONDITION constraints and 5418 N-1 security constraints, the second N-1
BEFORE AND AFTER USING HOMOGENIZED-OVERLOAD MODEL iteration is infeasible with newly added 90 N-1 security
Line1 Line2 Line3 Line4 Line5 Line6 Line7 G1 G2 G3 Cost constraints. So the SCUC result of the first iteration in N-1
condition is used as the base scenario of the
Case1 39 61 46.2 -86.3 -69.7 -7.2 39 100 0 156 38.18
homogenized-overload model in which we can get BaseCost
Case2 36.4 63.7 52 -77.9 -22.1 40.4 47.4 100 56 100 39.09 and N-1 power flow of the 90 overload lines to calculate the
When analyzing comparison in Table3, we can notice that value coefficient vector for the overload lines in the objective
overloaded lines under N-1 conditions go up to 8 in Case2 function. After 3 times of iterations each adding 90,13,2

246
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