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UNIT COMMITMENT
Mr.S.Venkatesan
Asst.Professor /EEE
K.L.N College of Engineering,
Pottapalaym
12/07/21 Power System Operation and Control 1
UNIT COMMITMENT
• Human activity follows cycles
– systems supplying services will also experience usage cycles
• transportation, communication, and electric power systems
– electric power consumption follows a daily, weekly, and
seasonal cycles
• high power usage during the day and evening hours
– industrial and commercial operations and lighting loads
• lower usage on the weekends
• higher usage during the summer and winter
– greater temperature extremes
• Load cycles create economic problems for power
generation
– it is quite expensive to continuously run all generation,
which is needed to meet the peak power demands
1150MW Max
Total loading
1000MW
500MW
450MW Min
3 PM Time of day
9PM 3AM 9AM 3 PM
12/07/21 Power System Operation and Control 6
Load Demand Cycles
• Example
– use a brute force technique to obtain a “shut-down rule” for the range of loads from 1200
to 500 MW in steps of 50 MW
• when load is above 1000 MW, run all three units Load Unit1 Unit2 Unit3
• loading between 600 MW and 1000 MW, run units #1 & #2 1200 On On On
• loading below 600 MW, only run unit #1 1150 On On On
1100 On On On
1050 On On On
1500MW 1000 On On Off
950 On On Off
900 On On Off
Total loading
200MW Unit 3
1000MW 850 On On Off
800 On On Off
400MW Unit 2 750 On On Off
700 On On Off
500MW 650 On On Off
600MW Unit 1 600 On Off Off
550 On Off Off
3 PM 500 TimeOn
of day Off Off
9PM 3AM 9AM 3 PM
12/07/21 Power System Operation and Control 7
Constraints in Unit Commitment
• Primary constraints
– enough units are committed to supply the load economically
• Spinning reserve constraints
– spinning reserve definition
• Spinning reserve = Total amount of generation – (Present load + Losses)
•
the total amount of on-line, synchronized generation power committed
less the current loading and power losses supplied
– protects the network from an unexpected loss of one or more
generation units
– typical spinning reserve rules
• the reserve is a given percentage of the forecasted demand
• must be capable of making up the loss of the most heavily loaded
generation unit
– reserves must be spread around the system to avoid transmission
limitations (bottling) and permit parts of the system to run as
“islands”
12/07/21 Power System Operation and Control 8
Constraints in Unit Commitment
• Thermal unit constraints
– a thermal unit can undergo only gradual temperature changes
• results in a time period of several hours to bring a unit on-line
• minimum up time: it should not be turned off immediately
• minimum down time: once decommitted, the minimum time before a
unit can be recommitted
• crew constraint: at a multiple unit plant, there is usually only enough
personnel to start one unit at time
– a certain amount of energy is expended to bring a unit on-line
• to slowly bring up the temperature and pressure
• this energy does not result in any power delivered from the unit
• the energy cost is brought into the unit commitment problem as a
start-up cost
• banking
Cooling
– input sufficient energy into
C start-up
the boiler to just maintain
Break- even
the operating temperature point
king
– banking cost function: B an
C fixed
C =Cost o
Time
12/07/21 Power System Operation and Control 11
Constraints in Unit Commitment
• Other Constraints
– Hydro Constraints
• UC problem involves only thermal units. In hydro thermal
scheduling, to allocate max hydro units during rainy seasons
and to allocate thermal units during remaining periods.
Most run Constraints
– Some units like nuclear units are given a must run status during
certain times of the year to maintain the voltage in the
transmission system.
Fuel Constraints
» If thermal and hydro sources are available, a combined
operation is economic and advantageous. i.e, o minimize the
fuel cost of thermal unit over a commitment period.
N
X N
X X
Unit Pmax Pmin Incremental heat rate No load cost Full load average Min. Up Time Min. Down
(MW) (MW) (Btu / kWh) ($ / h) cost (h) time
($ / mWh) (h)
1 80 25 10440 213.00 23.54 4 2
• Case 2:
– complete enumeration (2.56 * 109 possibilities)
• fortunately, most are not feasible because they do not
supply sufficient capacity
– in this case, the true optimal commitment is found
• the only difference in the two trajectories occurs in hour 3
– it is less expensive to turn on the less efficient peaking unit #4 for
three hours than to start up the more efficient unit #1 for that
same time period
• only minor improvement to the total cost
– case 1: 73,439
– case 2: 73,274