Unite Commitment Solution in 3 Bus system

Prantik Datta Rintu Dua Sahali Dutta

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Narula Institute of Technology Narula Institute of Technology Narula Institute of Technology
prantikdatta5@gmail.com rintudua@gmail.com sahalidutta206@gmail.com

Swarupa Bose Sudhangshu Sarkar Bishaljit Paul

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Narula Institute of Technology Narula Institute of Technology Narula Institute of Technology
swarupa.bose.2001@gmail.com sudhangshu.sarkar@nit.ac.in paul1bishaljit@gmail.com

Reshmi Chandra
Abacus Institute Of Engineering &
Manage
resh.official20@gmail.com

I. Abstract starting up and shut-down schedule of a generating unit

The generated power is always sold in a fixed cost with
some terms and conditions but the power can be generated
in different cost in different times. For example if one unit
of electricity costs 6 Rs/- to consumer then it can be
generated around 2 to 3.5 Rs/- per unit depending on the
time period of the day. On the way to achieving the lowest
generating cost there are two main problems are faced
namely Unit Commitment (UC), Economic Load
Dispatch (ELD) problems. In a thermal generating station
the term unit means the combination of boiler, turbine and
generator. Unit commitment problem means connecting or
disconnecting a unit with the line according to load
demand by minimizing the network constrains. Economic
Load Dispatch means dividing loads between generators to
reduce fuel cost. The commitment of generating units and
network constrains of the power system are together called
Network Constrained Unit Commitment (NCUC).
II. Introduction
The industry and domestic load is not always constant
in every time period it changes with the time which makes
economical problems to the power system. For example if
a generator is started to supply two fans and one is turned
off then a excessive fuel expense will occurs. Similarly in
power system to reduce the extra expenses the unit
scheduling is done which is called unit commitment. There
are many algorithms have been invented in the past for
optimization of the UC problem, but still researchers are
working in this field to find new algorithms to make the
power system more efficient. The importance of UC is
increasing with the increase of constantly varying
demands.
The aim of a power system is to supply the power
reliably by generating sufficient energy, for example the
start-up cost of such thermal generating station which is
off-line for two or three days is very high for that reason the
should be set in such manner that the overall production
cost of the power is reduces as well as satisfying load
demand this process is called deciding unit commitment.
Once the unit is committed, our next problem is to
decide the output power of every generating station such
that the demands are satisfied in minimum cost by
complying the different technical constrains of the
generating station, here comes the term economic
dispatch. The main objective of economic dispatch is to
find out the output power of every generating unit for a
single period of time. We use the generating units from the
cheapest to the most expensive to supply the given
demand. However, in reality, this problem is more
complicated since demands and generating units are
located at the different nodes of an electric power network.
Thus, cheap generating units may not be used at capacity
due to network constraints. The objective of the ED
problem considering network constraints is to find out, for
a single period of time, the output power of every
generating unit so that all demands are satisfied at
minimum cost, while complying with the different
technical constraints of the network and the generating
units.
The UC problem determines the scheduling of each
generating unit with the aim of minimizing costs and
supplying all the demands in a power system. This UC
problem is solved by taking into account the technical
constraints of generating units. Then, once the scheduling
of each generating unit is decided, the ED problem
determines the power output of each scheduled generating
unit with the aim of minimizing operation costs, while
meeting the technical constraints of the power system,
including network constraints. However, when the UC
problem is solved, the technical constraints of the
transmission system is not considered, e.g., the
transmission-capacity limits. Similarly, when the ED
 problems solved, some technical constraints of generating  Start-Up Cost :- It is the cost required to starting upa
units are not considered, e.g., ramping limits. Thus, the unit, it increases exponentially if the unit is shut down
solution of both problems may be suboptimal and even and is expressed as :
infeasible. In this paper we are only focusing on the 𝒄𝑺𝑼 𝑺𝑼
𝒈𝒕 = 𝑪𝒈 𝒚𝒈𝒕
solution of UC problem. Where,
III. Description  𝑪𝑺𝑼
𝒈 is the start-up cost of generating unit g
 𝒚𝒈𝒕 ia a binary value it is 1 if the generating
For solving unite commitment problem a number of
station g is started up at the beginning of the time
generating units are consider which are used to supply the
period t otherwise it is 0.
demand in a given power system. The overall objective of
the UC problem is to determine the scheduling of
 Shut-Down Cost :- It is the cost required to shut down
generating units that is needed to minimize the total costs,
a generating station g at the starting of time period t,
supply the demand, and meet the different technical and
expressed as :
security constraints.
𝒄𝑺𝑫 𝑭
𝒈𝒕 = 𝑪𝒈 𝒛𝒈𝒕
 Planning Horizon : - A planning horizon is one day Where,
divided into 24 h. If time intervals are denoted by the  𝑪𝑺𝑫
𝒈 is the shut-down cost of generating unit g.
index 𝑡 then the planning horizon consists of the
 𝒛𝒈𝒕 ia a binary value it is 1 if the generating
following time periods:
station g is shut down at the beginning of the
𝒕 = 𝟏 , 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, … . , 𝑵𝑻 time period t

Here, 𝑵𝑻 is the number of time period, is typically

 Logical Expressions :- If a generating station is
equal to 24. online that can be shut-down but can’t be start-up,
 Generating Units :- The main objective of UC similarly if a generating unit is off-line that can be
problem is to determine the start-up and shut-down start-up but can’t be shut-down. This logic can be
schedule of a generating unit, for that the generating expressed as :
units are indexed by g. 𝒚𝒈𝒕 − 𝒛𝒈𝒕 = 𝒖𝒈𝒕 − 𝒖𝒈,𝒕 𝟏

𝒚𝒈𝒕 + 𝒛𝒈𝒕 ≤ 𝟏
 The cost of generating unit :- The cost of electricity
production of a generating unit can be expressed as :
𝒖𝒈𝒕 , 𝒚𝒈𝒕 , 𝒛𝒈𝒕 ∈ {𝟏, 𝟎}
𝒄𝒈𝒕 = 𝒄𝑭𝒈𝒕 + 𝒄𝑽𝒈𝒕 + 𝒄𝑺𝑼
𝒈𝒕 + 𝒄𝑺𝑫
𝒈𝒕 The first expression includes binary variables in both
time periods t and 𝒕 − 𝟏. Therefore it is necessary to
 Fixed cost :- It is the no load or fixed cost of the
rewrite these constrains for the first time period of the
generating station g at time period t and is computed
planning horizon as :
as:
𝒄𝑭𝒈𝒕 = 𝑪𝑭𝒈𝒕 𝒖𝒈𝒕 𝒚𝒈𝟏 − 𝒛𝒈𝟏 = 𝒖𝒈𝟏 − 𝑼𝒈𝟎
Where, Here, 𝑼𝒈𝟎 is equal to 1 if generating unit g is online in
the time period before to the beginning of the planning
 𝑪𝑭
𝒈 Is the no-load cost of the generating station g
horizon, and otherwise it is 0.
 𝒖𝒈𝒕 is a binary variable equal to 1 if generating
station g is on-line at time period t, otherwise it is  Power Bounds :- A generating unit has maximum
0. power output (capacity) and a minimum power output,
this technical constrain can be expressed as :
 Variable cost :- It is the cost of the generating station g
when it is generating electricity at time period t and 𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒈 𝒖𝒈𝒕 ≤ 𝑷𝒈𝒕 ≤ 𝑷𝒈 𝒖𝒈𝒕
computed as : Where,
𝒄𝑽𝒈𝒕 = 𝑪𝑭𝒈 𝒑𝒈𝒕  𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒈 is the minimum power output of
Where, generating unit g.
 𝑪𝑽
𝒈 is the variable cost of generating unit g  𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒈 is the capacity of generating unit g.
 𝒑𝒈𝒕 is the output power of the generating station  Ramping Limits :- At the transition of one time period
g at time period t to the next one, no thermal generating unit can increase
its power output above a maximum level which is
called the ramping-up limit. When a generating unit
starts up, it’s maximum power output in that time
period is limited by the so-called start-up
up ramping 𝑷𝒈𝟎 − 𝒑𝒈𝟏 ≤ 𝑹𝑫 𝑺𝑫
𝒈 𝒖𝒈𝟏 + 𝑹𝒈 𝒛𝒈𝟏
limit. This can be represented as :
𝑷𝒈𝒕 − 𝑷𝒈,𝒕 𝟏 ≤ 𝑹𝑼
𝒈 𝒖𝒈,𝒕 𝟏 + 𝑹𝑺𝑼
𝒈 𝒚𝒈𝒕
 Power Balance :- The available generating units that
Where, are connected to the system are used to satisfy the load
demand at each time period, this phenomenon ccan be
 𝑹𝑼 it of generating unit g
𝒈 is the ramping-up limit
expressed as :
and
 𝑹𝑺𝑼 𝑷𝒈𝒕 = 𝑷𝑫
𝒈 is the start-up
up ramping limit of generating 𝒕
𝒈
unit g.
Where,
 𝑷𝑫 𝒕 is the demand in time period t.
If 𝒖𝒈,𝒕 𝟏 = 𝟏 and𝒖𝒈𝒕 = 𝟏, then generating unit g
 Security Constrains :- For the security reason the total
is neither started up nor shutdown at the beginning of
power output available on the line should be larger than
time period t. Since 𝒚𝒈𝒕 = 𝒛𝒈𝒕 = 𝟎 (neither start-up
start
the load demand, this can be expressed as :
nor shut-down).
Hence, 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒈 𝒖𝒈𝒕 ≥ 𝑷𝑫 𝑫
𝒕 + 𝑹𝒕
𝒈
𝑷𝒈𝒕 − 𝑷𝒈,𝒕 𝟏 ≤ 𝑹𝑼𝒈
Which is called ramping-up limit. Considering the definitions of these previous expression
the formulation of UC problem is expressed, which shows
If 𝒖𝒈,𝒕 𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝒖𝒈𝒕 = 𝟏, then generating unit g the total generating cost of a day :
is started up at the beginning of time period t. 𝒚𝒈𝒕 =
𝟏 and 𝒛𝒈𝒕 = 𝟎 (start-up
up in time period t, but not
𝑪𝑭𝒈 𝒖𝒈𝒕 + 𝑪𝑽𝒈 𝒑𝒈𝒕 + 𝑪𝑺𝑼 𝑺𝑫
𝒈 𝒚𝒈𝒕 + 𝑪𝒈 𝒛𝒈𝒕
shutdown .
𝒕 𝒈
Hence,
𝑷𝒈𝒕 − 𝑷𝒈,𝒕 𝟏 ≤ 𝑹𝑺𝑼
𝒈
To overcome the maximum profit, the main work is to
Which is called start-up ramping limit. schedule the units such that the total generating cost is as
low as possible.
If 𝒖𝒈,𝒕−𝟏 = 𝟏 and 𝒖𝒈𝒕 = 𝟎, then generating unit g IV. Case Study
is shut-down
down at the beginning of time period t. Since
𝒚𝒈𝒕 = 𝟎 and 𝒛𝒈𝒕 = 𝟏 (shut-down in time period t, Let us take a example problem for a 3h planning
but not start-up. horizon. Three thermal
rmal generating units are used to supply
Hence, demands of 160 MW, 500 MW, and 400 MW in time
periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Required reserves in these
𝑷𝒈𝒕 − 𝑷𝒈,𝒕 𝟏 ≤ 𝑹𝑼
𝒈
time periods are, respectively, 16 MW, 50 MW, and 40
MW.
For the first time period of the planning horizon,
horizon the
above constrain of ramping limit becomes :
𝑷𝒈𝟏 − 𝑷𝒈𝟎 ≤ 𝑹𝑼 𝑺𝑼
𝒈 𝒖𝒈𝟎 + 𝑹𝒈 𝒚𝒈𝒕

Where, 𝑷𝒈𝟎 is the power output of generating unit g

just prior to the first period of the planning horizon.

Similarly, any thermal generating unit cannot

decrease its power output above a limit, which is called
the ramping-down limit. Therefore:
𝑷𝒈,𝒕 𝟏 − 𝑷𝒈𝒕 ≤ 𝑹𝑼 𝑺𝑼
𝒈 𝒖𝒈𝒕 + 𝑹𝒈 𝒛𝒈𝒕 IV. Data

Where, Generating unit # 1 2 3

 𝑹𝑫
is the ramping-down
down limit of generating Minimum power output 50 80 40
𝒈
[MW]
unit g and
Capacity [MW] 350 200 140
 𝑹𝑺𝑫
𝒈 is the shut-down
down ramping limit of Ramping-down limit 300 150 100
generating unit g. [MW/h]
Shut-down ramping limit 300 150 100
For the first time period of the planning hhorizon, the
[MW/h]
above constrains becomes :
Ramping-up limit [MW/h] 200 100 100
Start-up ramping limit 200 100 100 Operation. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL
[MW/h] (2008)
Fixed cost [$] 5 7 6 [5] ILOG CPLEX. www.ilog.com/products/cplex/
Start-up cost [$] 20 18 5 (2016)
Shut-down cost [$] 0.5 0.3 1.0 [6] Ostrowski, J., Anjos, M.F., Vannelli, A.: Tight
Variable cost [$/MWh] 0.100 0.125 0.150
mixed integer linear programming formulations
for the unit commitment problem. IEEE Trans.
V. Result Discussion Power Syst. 27(1), 39–46 (2012)
[7] Pérez-Arriaga, J.I., Meseguer, C.: Wholesale
Time table of commitment of generating station in
marginal prices in competitive generation
different time period :
markets. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 12(2), 710–
Generating unit/Time 1 2 3 717 (1997)
period [8] Schweppe, F.C., Caramanis, M.C., Tabors, R.D.,
#1 1 1 1 Bohn, R.E.: Spot Pricing of Electricity. Springer,
#2 0 1 0 New York, NY (1988)
#3 0 1 1 [9] Sioshansi, R., Conejo, A.J.: Optimization in
Engineering. Models and Algorithms. Springer,
Power output table of generating units in different time New York, NY (2017)
period : [10] Wood, A.J., Wollenberg, B.F., Sheblé, G.B.:
Power Generation, Operation and Control, 3rd
Generating unit/Time 1 2 3
edn. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ (2013)
period
#1 160 350 350
#2 0 100 0
#3 0 50 50

VI. Conclusion
In a power system to make the transmission line to
provide sufficient power to the load according to the
demand the output power is slightly higher than the
demand. But the demand increases and decreases with the
time, therefore the constant power output is not cost
efficient. To make the system economical, the power
generation is increased or decreased in different time
period by satisfying the load. This change in power output
is done by scheduling generating units or so called unit
commitment schedule. When the scheduling is done, the
loads are been distributed between generators. These all
process is executed by satisfying all economical and
technical constrains, which make the whole power system
to be a reliable power supply as well as economically
profitable.

VII. Reference
[1] A solution to the unit commitment problem—a
review(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s
11708-013-0240-3)
[2] Bertsimas, D., Weismantel, R.: Optimization
Over Integers. Dynamic Ideas, Belmont (2005)
[3] GAMS. www.gams.com/ (2016)
[4] Gómez-Expósito, A., Conejo, A.J., Cañizares,
C.: Electric Energy Systems: Analysis and