1 HYDRAULIC MACHINE

Force on a stationary plate- Q − Q

● Volumetric efficiency, v =
Plate is vertical to Fx = AV2 Q
the jet
S.P.
Plate inclined to the Fn = AV2 sin  ● Overall efficiency, 0 =
W.P.
jet Fx = AV2 sin2  ● Relation between efficiencies-
Fy = AV2 sin  cos 
hydraulic = nozzle  runner
Av2 sin 2
= overall = nozzle  runner  mech
2
Plate is curve Fx = AV2 (1 + cos ) S.P.
= m  h =
Force on moving plate W.P.

Case Force Work done Classification of Hydraulic Turbine Accurint

exerted and per second to the
its by the jet on 1. Type of energy at inlet
components the plate Energy
Type of
Plate is Fn = A (V – W = Fnu available at Example
Turbine
vertical to u)2 = A (V – u)2 inlet
the jet ×u Pelton
Plate is Fn = A (V – W = Fxu Impulse Only Kinetic Turbine,
to u)2 sin  turbine energy Turgo Cross
inclined = A (V – u)2
the jet flow
Fx = A (V – u sin 
2

u)2 sin  Francis,

Reaction Both Kinetic Kaplan,
Fy = A (V –
Both Kinetic and Girard,
u)2 sin . Cos
and pressure pressured Fourneyron
) energy energy propeller
Plate is Fx = A (V – W = Fxu Turbine
curved u)2 (1 + cos = A (V – u)2 2. Direction of flow through runner –
) u (1 + cos )
Type of turbine Example
R.P Tangential flow
● Hydraulic efficiency, h = Pelton turbine
W.P turbine
▪ Maximum Hydraulic efficiency of an Radial flow turbine Francis Turbine
1 + cos 
impulse Turbine- max = Axial flow turbine
Kaplan, Propeller
2 turbine
 = Angle of blade tip at outlet Modern Francis
Mixed flow turbine
S.P. turbine
● Mechanical Efficiency, m =
R.P.

1
3. Head available and discharge Shape Number N P/
S=
(gH)5/4
Type of Head
Discharge Example Unit Speed N
Turbine (m) Nu =
H
High Pelton
Low > 300
Head Turbine Unit Power P
Pu
Medium 60 – Francis H3/2
Medium
Head 300 Turbine Unit Q
Qu =
Kaplan Discharge H
Low &
High < 60 Discharge Through a Turbine
Head Propeller
Turbine Type of Turbine Discharge

4. Specific speed (Ns) – Pelton wheel 

Q = d 2  Cv 2gH
4
Suitable Francis Q = D1B1 × Vf1
Specific speed (Ns)
(
 2
)
Turbine Kaplan
Q= D0 − Db2  Vf1
M.K.S. Unit S.I. Unit 4
Pelton wheel Q
● Flow Co-efficient, CQ =
10-35 8.5-30 with single ND3
jet
H
● Head Co-efficient, CH =
Pelton wheel ND 2 2
35-60 30-51 with two or
P
more jet ● Power Co-efficient, CP = 3 5
ND
Francis
60-300 51-225 Degree of Reaction-
Turbine
● Maximum hydraulic efficiency of an
Kaplan or
impulse turbine-
300 – 1000 225-860 Propeller
Turbine 1 + cos 
max =
2
Model Law of Turbine-
 = Angle of blade tip at outlet
 H   H 
 2 2  = 2 2  Kaplan Turbine
 D N m  D N p
Runner Power mvw1 u1
 Q   Q 
●  3  = 3 
 D N m  D N p u1
Speed Ratio, (Ka) = (1.4 − 2.0)
2gH
 P   P 
●  5 3  = 5 3 
 D N m  D N p Vf1
Flow Ratio, () = ( 0.7 )
Model Relationship for Turbine 2gH

B1
Specific Speed
Ns =
N P
[M1/2L-1/4T-5/2] Breadth Ratio = ( 0.1 − 0.3)
5/4 D1
H
No. of Blades
4
(Generally)

2
 Degree of reaction (0.5 – 1.0)
I.P. / Mg I.P.
mechanical = =
Peripheral velocity D0 N S.P.
u1 = u 2 = S.P. / Mg
at inlet and outlet 60
Type of pump- Overall Overall efficiency = Power
efficiency output/Power input
Hm
overall =
S.P. / Mg
= manometric × mechanical
Note-
0 = h  m  v

Efficiencies of pump 0 = h  m (v = Neglected)

S.P. I.P.
  Hm Qact + Q + P
0 0
● %slip =
Mg Mg Q+th
Where, S.P. = Shaft power
● Slip = Qth – Qact
I.P = Impeller power
Model Relationship for Pumps-
0
M = Mass flow rate Dimension Dimensionless
Hm = Manametric head Parameter Parameter
Manometric Manometric efficiency H gH
CH = CH =
Hydraulic Manometrichead 2 2
ND 2D2
efficiency =
Impeller head Q Q
CQ = CQ =
manometric =
Hm ND3 D3
0
I.P. / Mg P P
Cp = CP =
Note-
3 5
ND 3D5
Impeller head = Manometric N Q  Q
head + Hydraulic losses Ns = Ns =
H3/4
(gH)3/4
Mechanical Mechanical efficiency = Power/
efficiency at the impeller/Power at the shaft