XIII

Table of Contents

Fundamentals

1.1
1.1.1
1.1.1.1
1.1.1.2
1.1.1.3
1.1.1.4
1.1.1.5
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.5.1

Communication Technologies . . . . . . . . . .
Print Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Newspapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brochures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Printed Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electronic Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Distribution and Market Volume . . . . . . . . .
Trends and Scenarios for the Future . . . . . . .
Changes in the Traditional
Printing Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Integration of New Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
8
10

Production of Print Media . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Layout, Typography, Graphic Design . . . . . .
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Graphic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prepress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postpress/Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digital Production Equipment
in the Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Premedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
15
15
19
23
24
29
33

Printing Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Printing Technologies . . . . . . .
Printing Technologies with
a Printing Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Letterpress/Flexographic Printing . . . . . . . .
Gravure Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lithography/Offset Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Screen Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Technologies without
a Master (NIP Technologies) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrophotography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ink Jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Systems based on Non-Impact
Printing Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40
40

1.1.5.2
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.1.1
1.2.1.2
1.2.1.3
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.2.1
1.3.2.2
1.3.2.3
1.3.2.4
1.3.3
1.3.3.1
1.3.3.2
1.3.3.3

H a n d b o o k o f P r i n t M e d i a, H . K i p p h a n ( I S B N 3 - 5 4 0 - 6 7 3 2 6 - 1 )

10
11

35
38

41
45
48
52
55
58
60
63
65

1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4

Print Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color/Color Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color Image Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Halftone Process/Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quality Control/Measurement
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.4.1 Color Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.4.2 Color Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.4.3 Measurement of Gloss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.5
Surface Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.5.1 Characteristics of Surface Finishing . . . . . . .
1.4.5.2 Surface Finishing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.2.1
1.5.2.2
1.5.2.3
1.5.2.4
1.5.2.5
1.5.2.6
1.5.2.7
1.5.2.8

68
68
79
90
99
100
108
110
111
111
113
117
117
130
130
137
137
139
139
139
140

1.5.3

Print Media Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structure and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offset Printing Inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gravure Printing Inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flexographic Printing Inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Letterpress Printing Inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Screen Printing Inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pad Printing Inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inks for Non-Impact Printing
Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Varnishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.2.1
1.6.2.2
1.6.2.3

Printing Presses and Printing Systems . . . .

General Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Designs for Multicolor Printing . . . . . . . . . .
Sheet-fed Printing Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Web-fed Printing Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Packaging Printing Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

145
145
150
150
154
159

1.7
1.7.1
1.7.1.1
1.7.1.2
1.7.1.3
1.7.2
1.7.2.1
1.7.2.2
1.7.2.3
1.7.3

Drying Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical Drying (Absorption) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Infrared (IR) Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evaporative Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Problems in Practical Operation . . . . . . . . .
Chemical Drying/Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UV Drying/Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electron Beam Drying/Curing (EBC) . . . . .
Auxiliary Drying Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . .

166
166
169
170
172
173
173
173
175
176

140
142

XIV

Table of Contents

1.7.3.1
1.7.3.2
1.7.4

Powder Spraying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Silicone Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measuring Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

176
176
176

1.8

Products of Print Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . .

180

1.9

Aspects of Management and

Business Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
1.9.1
Production Options and Business
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
1.9.1.1 The Value-added Chain (Production
Depth and Product Range) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
1.9.1.2 Financing and Distribution Models . . . . . . . 188
1.9.1.3 Media Business as a Technical Service . . . . . 190
1.9.2
Coordination of Workflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
1.9.2.1 Lean Production and Lean Management . . . 190
1.9.2.2 Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
1.9.2.3 Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
1.9.3
Production Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
1.9.3.1 Material Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
1.9.3.2 Capacity Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
1.9.3.3 Personnel Deployment and Supply
of Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Printing Technologies with Permanent

Printing Master

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.1.1
2.1.1.2

Offset Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Plates, Printing Ink, Dampening
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inking Unit, Dampening Unit, Printing
Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Print Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sheet-fed Offset Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sheet Reversal/Perfecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Print Enhancement and In-line Finishing . .
Press Architecture (Special Designs) . . . . . .
Web-fed Offset Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Press and System Concepts (Components) . .
Web Travel (Infeed and Further
Processing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Folders and Print Product Variations . . . . . .
Newspaper Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Remote Control, Measurement and
Control Technology/Systems . . . . . . . . . . . .
Press Remote Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . .
Color Measurement and Control Systems . .
Register Measurement and Control . . . . . . .
Inspection of the Printed Image . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.1.3
2.1.1.4
2.1.2
2.1.2.1
2.1.2.2
2.1.2.3
2.1.2.4
2.1.2.5
2.1.2.6
2.1.2.7
2.1.2.8
2.1.3
2.1.3.1
2.1.3.2
2.1.3.3
2.1.3.4
2.1.3.5
2.1.4
2.1.4.1
2.1.4.2
2.1.4.3
2.1.4.4

206
206
206
209
213
223
226
226
229
237
244
247
251
254
257
260
260
276
281
286
292
297
298
300
307
308

2.1.4.5

In-line Print Quality Measurement and

Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.4.6 The State of the Art in Remote Control,
Measurement and Control Systems . . . . . . .
2.1.5
Automation in Print Media Production . . . .
2.1.5.1 Wash-up Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.5.2 Plate Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.5.3 Sheet Size and Paper Travel Adjustment . . .
2.1.5.4 Ink Feed Presetting in the Printing Unit . . .
2.1.5.5 Ink and Dampening Solution Supply . . . . . .
2.1.5.6 Makeready for Print Production . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.6
Examples of Offset Printing Presses and
Production Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.6.1 Sheet-fed Offset Printing Presses . . . . . . . . .
2.1.6.2 Web-fed Offset Printing Presses/Systems . . .
2.1.7
Potential for Further Development . . . . . . .
2.1.7.1 Print Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.7.2 Offset Printing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.7.3 Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.7.4 Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.1.1
2.2.1.2
2.2.1.3
2.2.1.4
2.2.1.5
2.2.1.6
2.2.1.7
2.2.1.8
2.2.1.9
2.2.1.10
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2

Gravure Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gravure Cylinder Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . .
Gravure Cylinder Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage and Changing of Gravure
Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Impression Roller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inking Unit and Doctor Blade . . . . . . . . . . .
Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Circumferential and Lateral Register . . . . . .
Magazine Turner Bars Superstructure . . . . .
Gravure Printing Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reel Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Examples of Gravure Printing Systems . . . .
Gravure Printing in the Packaging
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potential for Further Development . . . . . . .

312
317
319
320
321
323
325
328
329
333
333
338
354
354
355
356
357
360
360
360
363
366
368
369
372
372
374
374
377
377
384
391

2.3.4

Letterpress Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Letterpress Printing (Process and
Applications) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Flexography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Printing Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Examples of Flexographic Printing
Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Potential for Further Development . . . . . . . 407

2.4
2.4.1
2.4.1.1
2.4.1.2
2.4.2
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.2

Screen Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Basic Principles/Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Platemaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Printing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Screen Printing on Flat Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . 416
Screen Printing on Curved Surfaces . . . . . . . 417

2.3.3
2.3.3.1
2.3.3.2
2.3.3.3

H a n d b o o k o f P r i n t M e d i a, H . K i p p h a n ( I S B N 3 - 5 4 0 - 6 7 3 2 6 - 1 )

Table of Contents

2.4.3
2.4.3.1

Examples of Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equipment and Machinery for Flat-bed
Screen Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3.2 Screen Printing Machinery for Printing
on Curved Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3.3 Rotary Screen Printing Presses . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.4
Potential for Further Development . . . . . . .
Special Printing Technologies and
Product Specific Applications . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1
Security Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1.1 Bank Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1.2 Postage Stamps, Stamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1.3 Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2
Business Forms Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.3
Label Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.4
Pad Transfer Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.4.1 Printing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.4.2 Cliche Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.4.3 Pad, Ink, Object Holding Device . . . . . . . . .
2.5.4.4 Multicolor Pad Transfer Printing,
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

417
417
418
418
422

2.5

Prepress

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.1.1
3.1.1.2
3.1.1.3
3.1.1.4
3.1.2

Conventional Prepress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Word Processing, Typesetting . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typesetting Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manuscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Text Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Word Processing and Typesetting . . . . . . . . .
Text Output for the Production
of Film/Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Designs of Output Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Requirements on Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Photomechanical Image Processing/
Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Use and Importance of Analog
Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Principles, Tasks of Photomechanical
Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machines and Devices used in
Reproduction Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production of Film Copies for
Single-Color Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production of Film Copies for Multicolor
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electronic Reproduction Technology
(Repro Scanner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page Make-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sheet Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Proofs/Test Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Platemaking and Quality Control . . . . . . . .
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offset Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.2.1
3.1.2.2
3.1.3
3.1.3.1
3.1.3.2
3.1.3.3
3.1.3.4
3.1.3.5
3.1.3.6
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.5.1
3.1.5.2
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.7.1
3.1.7.2

H a n d b o o k o f P r i n t M e d i a, H . K i p p h a n ( I S B N 3 - 5 4 0 - 6 7 3 2 6 - 1 )

423
423
423
429
432
433
438
442
443
445
447
447

452
453
453
454
454
456
458
458
460
461
462
464
469
469
474
479
482
485
485
487
490
493
493
494

3.1.7.3
3.1.7.4
3.1.7.5
3.1.8
3.1.8.1
3.1.8.2
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.1.1
3.2.1.2
3.2.1.3
3.2.2
3.2.2.1
3.2.2.2
3.2.2.3
3.2.2.4
3.2.2.5
3.2.2.6
3.2.3
3.2.3.1
3.2.3.2
3.2.3.3
3.2.3.4
3.2.3.5
3.2.4
3.2.4.1
3.2.4.2
3.2.4.3
3.2.4.4
3.2.5
3.2.5.1
3.2.5.2
3.2.5.3
3.2.5.4
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.2.8.1
3.2.8.2
3.2.9
3.2.10
3.2.10.1
3.2.10.2
3.2.10.3
3.2.10.4
3.2.10.5
3.2.10.6
3.2.10.7
3.2.10.8
3.2.11

Letterpress Printing, Flexography . . . . . . . . . 497

Gravure Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Screen Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Color Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Processes for the Correction of Tone Values
and Color Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Offset-Gravure Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Digital Prepress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structure of Digital Printed Products . . . . . .
Technological Capabilities and
Workflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digital Description of the Printed Page . . . .
Digital Screening Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quality Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input and Output Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transferable Tonal Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dot Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tone Value Influences in Printing . . . . . . . . .
Color Management Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Image-dependent Effects and Corrections . .
Digital Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Origins of Digital Photography . . . . . . . . . .
Image Scanning with Digital Cameras . . . . .
Demands on the Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Features of Digital Cameras . . . . . . .
Digital Photography and
Color Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digitizing Originals (Scanner) . . . . . . . . . . .
Scanner Designs and Models . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drum Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flat-bed Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digitizing and Redigitizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sheet Assembly and Imposition . . . . . . . . . .
Page Make-up and Sheet Assembly . . . . . . .
Full-Sheet Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Imposition through Software . . . . . . . . . . .
Imposition Workflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Raster Image Processor (RIP) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Network Concepts and Components . . . . . .
Working with Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Image Reproduction Process
using Color Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production of Color Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structure of Color Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connection of Color Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rendering Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color Management and the
Production of Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color Management for Images
on the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color Management and Standardization . . .
Digital Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

503
503
503
505
508
513
514
516
517
518
519
519
520
520
521
523
524
525
525
526
529
529
531
532
533
533
534
537
540
545
547
547
549
550
555
555
555
557
558
560
561
562
562
562

XV

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Table of Contents

3.2.11.1
3.2.11.2
3.2.11.3
3.2.11.4
3.2.11.5
3.2.12
3.2.12.1
3.2.12.2
3.2.12.3

Digital Proofing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Soft Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hard Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color Management Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preflight Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Film Production and Platemaking . . . . . . . .
Computer to Film Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer to Plate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer to Film and Computer to Plate
in the Prepress Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

563
563
563
566
570
570
570
573

4.4.2.1 Concepts for Re-imageable Masters with

Material Application/Ablation . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2.2 Re-imageable Printing Plate Systems
without Material Application . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2

573
4.5.3

Computer to Technologies

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Survey of the Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Computer to Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer to Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer to Press (Direct Imaging and
Computer to Print) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Use of Computer to ... Technologies
and Networking for the Production
of Print Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.4

4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2

Computer to Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Principles and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Film Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.5.4
581
583
583
584
588
593
593
594

4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2

Computer to Plate/to Cylinder/to Screen . . 597

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Technology of Computer to Plate
Systems for Offset Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
4.3.2.1 Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
4.3.2.2 Imaging Methods and Plate Punching . . . . . 601
4.3.2.3 Computer to Plate Systems for Offset
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
4.3.3
Computer to Plate for Flexographic
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
4.3.4
Computer to Cylinder for
Gravure Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
4.3.5
Computer to Screen for Screen Printing . . . 611
4.3.6
Computer to Plate Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
4.3.7
Rise in Quality as a Result of Computer
to Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
4.3.8
Productivity and Economic Efficiency . . . . . 615
4.3.9
Printing Plates for Digital Imaging . . . . . . . . 616
4.3.10 Trends in Computer to Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
4.4
4.4.1

Computer to Press/Direct Imaging . . . . . . .

Computer to Press/Direct Imaging
with Removal of the Master for each
Print Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1.1 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging
Printing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1.2 Expansion and Comparison of Systems . . . .
4.4.2
Computer to Press/Direct Imaging
Printing Systems with Re-imageable
Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Printing Technologies without a Printing

Plate (NIP Technologies)

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2

Principles and Basic Components . . . . . . . .

Computer to Press/to Print Technology . . . .
Non-Impact Printing Technologies
(Overview) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Process and Functional
Components in NIP Technologies . . . . . . . .
Digitally Controlled Image Creation
in NIP Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Concepts/Architecture of
Computer to Print Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inks for Non-Impact Printing
Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Components for Computer to Print
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.7
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3

652

Computer to Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

Printing Systems based on
Electrophotography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Printing Systems based on Ionography,
Magnetography, and Ink Jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Design Principles of Computer to Print
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Digital Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

5.1.3

643

677
677
678
679
679
681
685
687

Electrophotography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Principle of Electrophotography . . . . . . . . . 689
Imaging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Inking Unit (Developing Unit)
and Toner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Fixing and Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Conception of the Printing Unit . . . . . . . . . 698
Ionography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Imaging System and the Principle
of Ionography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Unit Concepts and Printing
Systems based on Ionography . . . . . . . . . . . .

701
701
702
703

627
628

5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3

Magnetography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
Principle of Magnetography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
Imaging System for Magnetography . . . . . . . 708
Examples of Applications/Printing
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

5.5
5.5.1

Ink Jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Ink Jet Technologies
and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

628
638
641

711
711

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Table of Contents

5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5

Continuous Ink Jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drop on Demand Ink Jet Technologies . . . .
Structure of Ink Jet Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Systems based on Ink Jet
Technology for Multicolor Printing
(Selection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

714
715
723

731

5.6.2
5.6.3

Thermography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Thermography
Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermal Transfer Printing Systems . . . . . . .
Thermal Sublimation Printing Systems . . . .

731
734
738

5.7

Electrography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

742

5.8

Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

746

5.9
5.9.1
5.9.2
5.9.3
5.9.4

X-Graphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TonerJet Printing Technology . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elcography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Direct Imaging Printing Technology . . . . . .
Assessment of New Types of
NIP Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

749
750
752
754

5.6
5.6.1

725

756

Hybrid Printing Systems

6.1

Overview of Printing Methods and

Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

761

Combination Variants of Hybrid Printing

Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

763

6.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5

6.4

System Concepts and Examples of

Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hybrid Printing Systems combining
Conventional Printing Technologies . . . . . .
Hybrid Printing Systems combining
NIP Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hybrid Printing Systems combining
Conventional and NIP Technologies . . . . . .
Hybrid Printing Systems combining
Computer to Press/Direct Imaging
with NIP Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hybrid Printing Systems combining
Conventional Printing Technologies
with Computer to Press Technologies . . . . .
Hybrid Techniques for In-line and Off-line
Print Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Print Finishing Processes

7.1

Classification of Print Finishing

Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2

Process Steps and Procedures for

Print Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H a n d b o o k o f P r i n t M e d i a, H . K i p p h a n ( I S B N 3 - 5 4 0 - 6 7 3 2 6 - 1 )

765
765
765
766
768
769
771

7.2.1
7.2.1.1
7.2.1.2
7.2.1.3
7.2.1.4
7.2.2
7.2.2.1
7.2.2.2
7.2.2.3
7.2.3
7.2.3.1
7.2.3.2
7.2.4
7.2.4.1
7.2.4.2
7.2.4.3
7.2.5
7.2.5.1
7.2.5.2
7.2.5.3
7.2.5.4
7.2.5.5
7.2.6
7.2.6.1
7.2.6.2
7.2.7
7.2.7.1
7.2.7.2
7.2.8
7.2.8.1
7.2.8.2
7.2.9
7.2.9.1
7.2.9.2
7.2.10
7.2.10.1
7.2.10.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.1.1
7.3.1.2
7.3.1.3
7.3.2
7.3.2.1
7.3.2.2

775

7.3.2.3
7.3.2.4
7.3.2.5

782

7.3.2.6
7.3.2.7

Cutting and Die-Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782

Characterization of the Processes . . . . . . . . . 782
Cutting with Guillotine Cutters . . . . . . . . . . 782
Cutting Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Die-Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
Folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
Characterization of the Process . . . . . . . . . . 796
Folding with Folding Machines . . . . . . . . . . 796
Folding Bookbinding Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Characterization of the Process . . . . . . . . . . 811
Forwarding Process in Industrial
Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Assembling into Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Characterization of the Process . . . . . . . . . . 816
Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Gathering into Single-layer Blocks . . . . . . . . 821
Binding Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Characterization of the Process . . . . . . . . . . 825
Thread-Stitching Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
Perfect Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830
Thread-Sealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837
Wire-Stitching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Trimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842
Characterization of the Process . . . . . . . . . . 842
Trimming Book Blocks and Brochures . . . . 842
Edge Treatments on Books and
Brochures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
Characterization of the Process . . . . . . . . . . 844
Process Sections of Block Edge
Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Case Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Characterization of the Process . . . . . . . . . . 848
Producing Book Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
Book Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Characterization of the Process . . . . . . . . . . 853
The Process Sections of Book Finishing . . . . 855
Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
Characterization of the Process . . . . . . . . . . 857
Packaging of Books and Brochures . . . . . . . 858
Process Structuring in Print Finishing . . . .
Basic Principles of Process Structuring . . . .
Production Flow in Print Finishing . . . . . . .
Interlinking Modules in Print Finishing . . .
Temporary Storage of Folded Sheets . . . . . .
Production Lines in Print Finishing
(Examples) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cutting Lines for Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production Lines for Mailings and Folded
Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Newspaper Mailroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mailroom for Magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Binding Lines for Multi-layer
Brochures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production Lines for Hardcovers . . . . . . . . .
Finishing Short Print Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

862
862
862
863
867
870
870
873
876
882
886
887
891

XVII

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Table of Contents

7.3.2.8 Bag Production Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.3.2.9 Folding Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.1.1
8.1.1.2
8.1.1.3
8.1.1.4
8.1.1.5
8.1.2
8.1.2.1
8.1.2.2
8.1.2.3
8.1.3

Material and Data Flow

in Print Media Production
Material Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
Logistics around the Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
Supply of Printing Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906
Paper Reel Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
Ink, Dampening Solution, and
Air Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
Waste Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Paper Pile Logistics for Sheet-fed
Offset Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Logistics in Printing Companies . . . . . . . . . . 914
Procurement Logistics in Printing
Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Inventory Management in Printing
Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
Production Logistics in Printing
Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
Logistics in Publishing Houses . . . . . . . . . . 920

8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.2.1
8.2.2.2

Networking and Data Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Network Concepts and Interfaces . . . . . . . . .
Digital Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digital Workflow in Prepress . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digital Workflow and Digital
Printing (Computer to Press) . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.2.3 Digital Workflow: Advantages, Challenges,
and Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.3
CIP3 for the Computer-Integrated
Manufacturing (CIM) of Printed
Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.4
Production Management/Monitoring
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.4.1 Purpose, Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.4.2 Production Monitoring Systems . . . . . . . . . .

894
897

923
924
926
926
928
929
930
934
934
935

Production Strategies for Print Media

9.1
9.1.1

Production Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939

Strategic Orientation of
Printing Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
9.1.2
Centralized and Distributed
Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941
9.1.2.1 Centralized Production at One Site . . . . . . . 941
9.1.2.2 Distributed Production at Several Sites . . . . 943
9.1.2.3 Integrated Production, Interlinking
of Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944
9.1.3
Print on Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
9.1.4
Personalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
9.2

Production Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

952

10

Comparison of Printing and Production

Technologies for Print Media

10.1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

963

10.2

Overview of Methods and Technologies

for the Production of Print Media . . . . . . . .

965

10.3

Production Methods and Strategies . . . . . . 969

10.4

Criteria for the Selection of Printing

Technologies and Production Methods . . . .

973

10.5.1
10.5.2
10.5.3
10.5.4

Performance Criteria of Printing Systems

and Trends in Print Media Production . . . .
Quality and Productivity/Run Length . . . . .
Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production Costs per Printed Page . . . . . . . .
Trends in Print Media Production . . . . . . . .

975
975
976
976
978

11

Electronic Media and Multimedia

11.1

Media Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.5

983

11.2

Data Types, Data Structures and their

Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
11.2.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
11.2.2 Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
11.2.3 Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
11.2.4 Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
11.2.5 Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
11.2.6 Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
11.2.7 Virtual Reality (VR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
11.2.8 Augmented Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990
11.2.9 Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
11.2.10 Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.3
11.3.4

Data Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993

Hard Disk Storage Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
Rewritable, Removable Storage Units . . . . . . 993
CD-ROM and DVD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
Magnetic Tapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994

11.4
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3

Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
Intranet, Extranet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996
Broad Band Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996

11.5
11.5.1
11.5.2

Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998

Compressed Data Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
Compression Processes for Image
Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
Compression Processes for Audio . . . . . . . . 999
Compression Processes for Video . . . . . . . . . 999

11.5.3
11.5.4

H a n d b o o k o f P r i n t M e d i a, H . K i p p h a n ( I S B N 3 - 5 4 0 - 6 7 3 2 6 - 1 )

Table of Contents

11.6
11.6.1
11.6.2
11.6.3
11.6.4

Output Devices for Electronic Media

and Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Screen Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Projection Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stereo Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Projection Directly to the Eyes . . . . . . . . . . .

1001
1001
1002
1002
1003

13.2
13.2.1
13.2.1.1
13.2.1.2
13.2.1.3

11.7

Multimedia Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004

13.2.1.4

12

Print Media and Electronic Media

13.2.1.5

12.1

Examples of Print Media and

Electronic Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007

13.2.1.6

12.2
12.3
12.3.1
12.3.2

The Production of Print Media and

Electronic Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010
Electronic Books, Electronic Ink,
Electronic Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Electronic Books (E-Books) . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Electronic Ink (E-Ink),
Electronic Paper (E-Paper) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

12.4

Market Shares and Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020

13

Special Topics

13.1
13.1.1

History, Education, Research . . . . . . . . . . . .

History of Technology
(Press and Prepress) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offset Printing and Offset
Printing Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gravure Printing and Gravure
Printing Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Letterpress Printing and Letterpress
Printing Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Historical Relationship of the
Printing Press Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prepress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and Qualifications
(Career Profiles, Courses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Printing Industry as an Employer . . . . .
Educational Requirements and Options . . .
Vocational Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Course of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scholarships for International
Study Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heidelberg Print Media Academy . . . . . . . . .
Science and Research
(selected Examples) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subjects, Methods, and Cooperations . . . . .
Inking Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sheet Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Industrial Joint Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.1.1.1
13.1.1.2
13.1.1.3
13.1.1.4
13.1.1.5
13.1.2
13.1.2.1
13.1.2.2
13.1.2.3
13.1.2.4
13.1.2.5
13.1.2.6
13.1.3
13.1.3.1
13.1.3.2
13.1.3.3
13.1.3.4
13.1.3.5

H a n d b o o k o f P r i n t M e d i a, H . K i p p h a n ( I S B N 3 - 5 4 0 - 6 7 3 2 6 - 1 )

13.2.1.7
13.2.1.8
13.2.2
13.2.2.1
13.2.2.2
13.2.2.3
13.2.2.4
13.2.2.5
13.2.2.6
13.2.2.7
13.2.3

1029

1076
1076
1076
1078
1079
1080
1080
1080
1081
1083
1084
1084
1085
1086
1089
1091
1091
1093
1093

13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
13.3.5
13.3.6
13.3.7

Markets and Development Trends for

Print Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Newspaper Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Magazine Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Book Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Catalog Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising Printing Market . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Packaging Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOHO Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1048
1048
1049
1050
1052

14

Appendix

14.1
14.1.1
14.1.2

1056
1057

14.1.3

Explanation of Specific Terms . . . . . . . . . . . 1115

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
Abbreviations and their Meaning
(Selection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125
Abbreviations for Source References
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128

1059
1059
1060
1063
1067
1070

14.2

1029
1029
1032
1034
1041
1043

13.3

Environment, Safety, Standardization . . . . .

Environmental Protection in the Printing
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Protection in Offset
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Protection in Gravure
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Protection in Letterpress
and Flexographic Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Protection in Screen
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environment-oriented Business
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Support and Advice for Environmentrelevant Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Safety Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
International and European
Directives (Laws) and Standards . . . . . . . . .
Safety-conscious Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Requirements for Separating Protective
Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hazard Analysis, Risk Assessment . . . . . . . .
CE and GS Marks of Conformity . . . . . . . . .
Intended Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Industry Standards, Codes of Practice
and National/International Standards . . . . .

14.2.1
14.2.2

1102
1102
1105
1106
1107
1107
1108
1108

Physical/Technical Quantities
and Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130
Quantities and Units in the SI-System
(Selection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130
Conversion between the SI-System and the
Imperial System (Metric/Imperial) . . . . . . . 1133

XIX

XX

Table of Contents

14.3
14.3.1
14.3.2

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134
List of References to Readings on the
Chapters and Sections in this Handbook . . . 1134
Selected Literature on Print Media related
Topics (General Bibliography and
Individual Topics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135

14.5
14.5.1
14.5.2
14.5.3

14.4
14.4.1
14.4.2
14.4.3
14.4.4
14.4.5
14.4.6
14.4.7
14.4.8
14.4.9

Standards (Selection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prepress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Materials (Printing Plates, Blankets) . . . . . .
Printing Technologies and Printing
Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quality, Quality Specifications, and
Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Safety of Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Management . . . . . . . . . . . .

1137
1137
1138
1139
1140
1140
1141
1141
1143
1143

14.6
14.6.1
14.6.2

Research Associations and Educational

Institutions for the Graphic Arts Industry
(Selection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Research Institutes and Research
Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Institutions for Teaching/Training
and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1145
1145
1147
1150

Associations and Organizations in the

Printing and Publishing Industry
(Selection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
Associations and Organizations . . . . . . . . . . 1153
Industrial Joint Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166

14.7

International Conferences for the

Graphic Arts Industry (Selection) . . . . . . . . 1168

15

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173

H a n d b o o k o f P r i n t M e d i a, H . K i p p h a n ( I S B N 3 - 5 4 0 - 6 7 3 2 6 - 1 )