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1.4G Networks

4G networks, launched in 2012, utilize an all-IP architecture based on LTE standards, significantly enhancing radio and core network functionality. Key components include the Evolved NodeB for radio access management and various functional nodes like the MME and PGW for session management and data routing. While 4G supports high-speed applications and IoT, it falls short for ultra-low latency needs, prompting the evolution towards 5G technology.

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19 views2 pages

1.4G Networks

4G networks, launched in 2012, utilize an all-IP architecture based on LTE standards, significantly enhancing radio and core network functionality. Key components include the Evolved NodeB for radio access management and various functional nodes like the MME and PGW for session management and data routing. While 4G supports high-speed applications and IoT, it falls short for ultra-low latency needs, prompting the evolution towards 5G technology.

Uploaded by

herevicky19
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© © All Rights Reserved
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4G Networks

1. Introduction to 4G

• Launched in 2012 with speeds up to 12 Mbps.

• All-IP network with major changes in radio and core network architecture.

• Based on LTE (Long-Term Evolution) 3GPP standards for radio access and EPC (Evolved
Packet Core) for core network.

2. Changes in Base Station Functionality

• In 3G, the Radio Network Controller (RNC) centrally controlled radio resources.

• In 4G (LTE), the Evolved NodeB (eNodeB) manages both radio resource and mobility.

• This new architecture is known as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial RAN (E-UTRAN).

3. RAN (Radio Access Network) Evolution

• 3G RAN: Included NodeB and RNC.

• 4G RAN: Base station function split into:

o Baseband Unit (BBU) – Centralized processing.

o Remote Radio Head (RRH) – Antenna deployed near users.

• Centralized RAN (C-RAN) architecture improves performance.

4. Key Functional Nodes in LTE Architecture

1. Evolved NodeB (eNodeB)

o Manages radio access and resource allocation.

o Performs IP header compression, encryption, and routing to SGW.


2. Mobility Management Entity (MME)

o Handles signaling, authentication, session management, and mobility between


2G/3G and LTE.

3. Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

o Stores subscriber profiles, authentication credentials.

o Provides user profile to IMS Core for VoLTE registration.

4. Serving Gateway (SGW)

o Routes user data between eNodeB and PGW.

o Acts as a mobility anchor for handovers.

5. Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW)

o Connects LTE network to external networks (Internet, IMS, corporate networks).

o Handles IP address allocation, policy control, and traffic filtering.

6. Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)

o Controls QoS (Quality of Service) and charging policies.

o Enables flow-based charging and location-based services.

5. Enhancements in 4G

• LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) – Offers speeds up to 300 Mbps.

• LTE-M – Optimized for low-power IoT devices.

• Carrier Aggregation – Combines multiple frequency bands for higher speeds.

• OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) – Efficient data transmission.

• MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) – Improves capacity and efficiency.

6. Applications of 4G LTE

• High-speed mobile broadband – Video streaming, gaming, and social media.

• VoLTE (Voice over LTE) – HD voice calls over IP.

• IoT (Internet of Things) – LTE-M for low-power devices.

• Smart Cities & Industry 4.0 – Connected infrastructure and automation.

7. Limitations of 4G

• Insufficient for ultra-low latency applications (e.g., AR/VR, autonomous cars).

• Does not fully support massive IoT and mission-critical applications.

• Led to the development of 5G for better speed, capacity, and latency.

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