Chapter 8 - Introduction to 4G

4G – LTE {Long Term Evolution} VOLTE {Voice Over Long-Term

Evolution}.
It is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for
mobile phone and data terminals.
It is based on GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies,
increases the capacity due to the high-speed nature.

WiMAX {Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access} – 4G.

It is having IEEE standard -> 802.16
Supports Mobile, Fixed and Nomadic Wireless Application.
Expected to provide you -> 75Mbps with NLOS (non-line of sight)
But it provides you speed of Gbps if the connection is in LOS (line of
sight)
The principle behind any 4g network is OFDM – Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing.
The bandwidth allocation of WiMAX – 5-20Mhz
Features of 4G

a) Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and

other broadband services.
b) High Speed, High Capacity, and low cost per bit.
c) Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks.
d) Seamless switching, variety of services based on QoS requirement.
e) Better scheduling and call admission control techniques.
f) It also supports wireless personal area network (WPAN), adhoc
network and multi-hop network -> such as -> Bluetooth, HiperLAN,
802.11b.
Comparison of 3G and 4G

Parameters 3G 4G
Frequency band 1.8-2.5 GHz 2.8 GHz
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 5-20 MHz
Data Rates Upto 2 Mbps Upto 20 Mbps and
More.
Access Wideband CDMA Multi carrier
Modulation MCM or
OFDM, or OFDMA
Error Control Turbo Codes Concatenated Codes
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet

Review Question -> Give me some of the technology related to 4g

such as WIMAX, find any technology of 4g and explain it in brief.
Challenges of 4G / Issue in 4G

 Mobility Management (MM)

MM includes location registration, paging, and handover. MS

should be able to access the service at any possible place. The
handoff technique should be designed so that they make
efficient use of network and make sure that handoff is not done
that often.

 Congestion Control (CC)

There are two approaches based on the connection you are using –
Wired Connection - > Detection and recovery after the congestion
This thing needs to -> have better flow control mechanism.

Wireless Connection -> Avoidance and prevention of congestion.

This thing needs to -> scheduling techniques (allocation time of
station).

 Multiaccess Interface and Timing and Recovery.

 Complexity – error control, digital to analog conversion.
 Issue with another network -> adhoc network, Bluetooth,
802.11b
 Security.
Thursday  Find a technology of 4G  like introduction, working
and features.

Principle component of WiMAX  OFDM {Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiplexing}, OFDMA {Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access}.

OFDM works with  Physical Layer.

OFDMA works with  Data Link Layer.
How Interference is resolved by OFDM
Block diagram of OFDM.

Random Source -> It is a form of data which is needed to send to

receiver in the form of random bits, converted from the data. For
example,  1010101…

Serial to parallel Converter -> it is used to convert the serial data into
parallel, so that it converts it into matrix from.

Symbol Mapping – It is used as modulation where a number is going

to converted into complex number with real and imaginary part –
1+ij, 0+ij …

IFFT -> Inverse Fast Fourier Transform -> Till now the data is been in
the form of frequency domain, IFFT will convert that into time
domain signal. So, every complex number is now been time domain
signal.
Cyclic Prefix -> There is a problem in the channel as channel is noisy
and interference, therefore CP will copy the data from the first part
and paste it to the last part, so that when interference hits not all
data get deleted, but some of it deleted, still we have a copy of it.
Parallel to Serial Converter – The data we cannot send it in parallel
form, we need to convert again in serial form, and hence the block.

Channel – Any channel you can take – AWGN, Fading Channel.

Applications of 4G -

1) Multimode software Application

2) Mobile Gaming
3) Real Time Traffic Conditions
4) Low Latency
5) Location Based Service
6) Remote Patient Monitoring System.
7) Online Conferencing
8) Cloud Gaming
9) Google Stadia

Error Correction and Detection – Channel Coding – Channel Coders

-> Reed Solomen Codes, Convolutional Codes, Alamouti Codes,
OSTBC Codes…

Convolutional Code.