1 Show the benefits of using mobile computing with 2 Understand CO1

examples.

Mobile Computing - Computing environment over physical mobility.

The user of mobile computing environment will be able to access data, information or logical objet from
any device in any network while on a move.

-------------------------------- Mobile Computing benefits - Advantage and Disadvantage

---------------------------1) Availability - System and its services are available at any time.

2) Location Flexibility - Use of portable device allowed many employees to continue their work,
regardless of the lo cation.

3) Increased Productivity - As MC allows to be available all time, there are higher rates of engagement
and productivity. (Fr eg - Application developed in Android) - Connectivity using Phone.

4) Cost Effective - As employee can work from their home, --> Overhead cost is low. For E.g. -> No need
of an equipment for an employee- (computer, desk etc.)

2 Relate the security concerns of mobile users with needs of 2 Analyze CO2
mobile user

Mobile Computing Security - (Wireless Network + Cellular Network)

1) User Authentication - It is a process which confirms user's identity, to ensure that user really is who
he claims to be. Authentication Factors

– 1.1) Knowledge Factors - (Something user knows) - Password, Passphrase, Personal Identification
number (PIN), Secruity Question.

1.2) Ownership Factors - (Something user has) - ID Card, Security Token, Implanted Device.

1.3) Inherence Factors - (Something user is or does) - DNA sequence, Fingerprint, Voice, Face, Signature,
Retinal Pattern.

*1.4) Something you do - typing speed, locational information, Captchas,

Types of Authentication –

1) Single Factor Authentication- User provide only username and password to get authenticate to use
any website.

2) Two factor Authentication - Combination of login credentials + something (Could be a PIN), later use
to authenticate yourself.

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 3) Multi Factor Authentication - Take more than one factor to authenticate ---> Username + password
with PIN and with biometric factor.

4) One Time Password (OTP) - automatic generated alphanumeric character, active for few minutes to
use, to authenticate yourself. Once that OTP is used it is going to be expire and never work.

5) API Authentication - API key Authentication - Google Webmaster - API Key

6) Open Authentication (Login with facebook). -> "Home work"

Security Attacks –

1) BruteForce Attack.

2) Dictionary Attack.

3) Password Sniffing (Wireshark, BRO, NMAP)

4) Man in the Middle Attack (DNS, ARP, Session Hijacking).

2) User Access Control (Authorization) - allows only those user to connect to network, who are
authenticated or per mitted access via network admin.

3) Data Privacy - Ensure the data transmitted over network is completely encrypted and not eavesdrop
by unauthorised person. HTTPS, SSH, RSA(Anonymous Network) --> Fingerprinting -> Grabbing
information from the activity doing over the internet. Cookie, Session, Social Engineering(trick your
mind), man in the middle attack, User String (Browser Version, Operating System, Encoding Styles) -->
"Enumeration Techniques".

4) Data Integrity - Check the message /data from sender to receiver in between it is not
altered/modified by the intruder.

5) key Management - Creation, protection and distribution of keys used for encrypting data.

3 Compare different propagation modes and enlist which 2 Analyze CO2

one is better in what scenario.

Different Propogation Modes-

*Guided Media - Wired -- > We will not cover ->

*Unguided Media - Wireless --> We will cover -> Medium - AIR

-> Transport electromagnetic waves without any physical conductor - "Wireless

Communication".

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 In electromagnetic spectrum - ranging from 3Khz - 900Thz is for wireless connection.

3 Propogation mode

1) Ground Wave (Below 2Mhz)- Radio wave travel through the lowest portion of the
atmosphere.

- Low Frequency signal emnate in all direction from the transmitting antenna and follow the
curvature of the planet.
—

- Distance depends upon the power of the signal (higher the power, larger the signal).

2) Skywave Propogation (2-30Mhz) — Higher frequencies radiates upwards into the ionosphere.
(DTH - Direct to Home).

3) Line of Sight (Above 30Mhz) - Very high frequencies , transmit in straight line, directly from
antenna to antenna

Antenna must be directional, facing each other, or either tall enough to not to be affected by the
curvature of the earth

4 Analyze different strategies for channel assignment 2 Understand CO1

Channel Assignment Strategies-

------------------------------

1) Fixed Channel assignment

2) dynamic channel assignment

3) handoff assignment

1) Fixed channel assignment -

channels are pre-allocated to different cell.

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 cell1 - 50Khz, cell2 - 40Khz, cell3 - 60Khz.

Following aspects -

-Any new call attempts in a cell, after all the channels of that cell become occupied. ---> New user is
going to be blocked.

- very simple and requires least of processing.

- Problem - New user can't handle

Resolve using -"Borrowing process"

- Cell in this channel is allowed to borrow channel from adjacent cell, if their channels are fully occupied,
while adjacent cell have free channels.

---> Borrowing Process --> can be handle by --> MSC -> Mobile Switching Centre. Big office (main office
of BSNL).

MSC -->

a) monitor the process and give permission to borrowing cells, to borrow channel on following aspects -

1) donating cells is not affected by the borrowing process.

2) No interference will occur by moving the channel from one cell to another.

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 ----------------------------------------------

Dynamic Channel Assignment Strategy

------------------------------------

- Channels are not pre allocated to any cells.

- Any channel can be allocated to any desired cell during the operation of the system, or if any cell is
asking for the channel.

Following aspects -

1) Each MSC monitors all cells and all channels.

2) Each time a cell request made, a MSC assings a channels to Base station(BS).

3) MSC has some processing algorithms -

Possibility of future blocking in cells.

frequency being used in the cell.

Reuse Distance of the channel.

4) MSC assigns a channel only if it is not used, and if it will not cause co-channel interference with any
cell.

5) MSC processing algorithm provides higher capacity --> less blocking.

6)But it requires high computational power.

7) MSC collects real time data of channel occupancy, traffic distribution, RSSI(Radio signal strength
indicator).

--------------------------------------------------------

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 3)Handoff/Handover strategy

---------------

process of transferring and active call from one cell to another cell as the mobile unit moves from first
cell to other cell, without disconnecting the call.

The amount of received power by mobile phone or the amount of received power by tower(acces
point), or both are usually need to determine, whether a handoff is necessary or not.

---------------------------- ***-------------------------------

5 Derive the equation for distance to frequency reuse ratio 2 Understand CO1

Let T = total number of duplex channels K cells = size of cell cluster (typically 4, 7,12, 21)N = T/K =
number of channels per cell

For a specific geographic area, if clusters are replicated M times, then total number of channels

– system capacity = M xT

– Choice of K determines distance between cells using the same frequencies – termed co-channel cells

– K depends on how much interference can be tolerated by mobile stations and path loss

Example: cell cluster size K = 7, frequency reuse

factor = 1/7, assume T = 490 total channels,

N = T/K = 70 channels per cell

Assume T = 490 total channels,K = 7,

N = 70 channels/cellClusters are replicated M=3 times System capacity = 3x490 = 1470 total channels

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6 Discuss GSM Architecture in detail with its 5 Understan CO1
suitable Diagram. d

GSM Architecture

----------------

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 There are three section of GSM Architecture

a) Radio Subsystem (RSS)

b) Network and Switching System (NSS)

c) Operating Subsystem OSS)

1) Radio Subsystem - MS + BSC

-----------------------------

- It mainly consist of MS (Mobile Station) - this MS consist of Mobile equipment (ME)(your device)
and SIM (Subscriber Identity Module).

ME --> IMEI

SIM --> IMSI

Base Transceiver System (BTS)

-----------------------------

- It is a radio transceiver system (transmit + receive), within the coverage area of cell.

- It allows MS to commmunicate with the network, through a radio link.

- Transmission and Reception at the BTS with the MS is done via - omnidirectional and directional
antenna.

- Major function is to transmit the signal of desired function with a proper format.

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 ---------------------------------------------------------

Base Station Controller (BSC)

- More than one BTS are connected and controlled by one BSC.

- Handles the switchover of a mobile user from one BTS to another BTS during roaming and handoff.

- It also controls the transmitted power.

- It uses Time division multiplexing (TDM) to communicate with BTS.

--------------------------------------------------

Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit (TRAU)

---------------------------------------------

It is a logical part of BSC, but resides very close to MSC, to reduce the significant transmission cost.

The most important role of TRAU is to convert the speech from 16Kbps to 64 Kbps over the PSTN or
ISDN network.

================================================================

b) Network Switching Subsytem (NSS)

Consist of MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) - has many database HLR(home location register) VLR (visiting
location register),

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

-Many BSC is going to be handle by one MSC.

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 - It plays a major role in supporting mobility of a user.

- It controls both switching and management together by controlling the number of BSC to it.

- it also does the registration and authentication of a user and its equipment

- When a request comes, MSC sends the request to the authentication center for the user information
and performs authentication.

- Once authentication done, only then the MSC registers the MS with its associated VLR.

- This information is updated with the HLR, that may reside in the same network.

- It also routes the call from one MSC to other MSC.

- It does the formatiing, if one end is using PSTN and the other end is using ISDN.

Home Location Register(HLR)

- It maintained all the information related to the mobile subscriber in its database.

- The database in HLR remains intact and unchanged until the termination of the subscription.

- HLR is a huge database, located with this home network, which stores the administrative information
of the mobile subscriber - Subscriber current location (give by VLR), type of subscription, IMSI.

Visiting Location Register (VLR)

- This gives the current location of mobile station.

- the database is temporary. , to which the subscriber currently registers.

- it is dynamic in nature, and interacts with HLR when recording the data of particular mobile subscriber.

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 - If a user under VLR makes a call then VLR precisely knows the position of the user in a single cell.

============================================================

c) Operation Subsystem (OSS)

Consist of AuC (Authentication Center) + EIR (Equipment Identity Register) + OMC (Operating and
Management Center)

Authentication Center (AuC) -

- It is a database that stores a copy of secret key that user's SIM card to enable the authentication and
encryption over the radio link.

Operating and Management Centre (OMC) -

Centrally monitors and contrls the network element, for smooth running of the network and guarantee
the best possible "QoS" in the network.

Perform

a) Network Monitoring

b) Network Measurement

c) Fault Management

d) Network Development.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR) - IMEI

It stores the IMEI of all valid mobile on the network.

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 This number checks by the network during a call.

7 Explain Call Routing of GSM with MTC and MOC 2 Analyze CO2

Call routing:

- Human voice is analog in nature, so we need to convert to digital signal for convienent transferring of
information.

* Mobile Originating Call (MOC).

* Mobile Terminating Call (MTC)

1) User(Friend) dials the phone number of GSM subscriber.

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 2)The phone gets to PSTN Network(with the help of destination number) gets to know the number
belongs to hte GSM network and forward that call to GMSC(Gateway MSC).

3) GMSC identifies the HLR of the subscriber(included in the phone number itself) and signals the
particular HLR, The HLR now checks whether the number exist and whether the user has subscribed the
requested service.

4) It will request and MSRN from current VLR.

5,6) VLR will feedback the HLR after getting the MSRN, here HLR will get to know (determine) the MSC
responsible for the MSC and forwars this information to the GMSC.

7) The GMS can now forwrds the call setup request to the MSC indicated by HLR.

8) It request the current status of the MS from VLR again.

9) VLR will send the current status(location) of the MS, and it the MS is available the MSC intiaites and
forward that call to all BSC+BTS.

10 - end step.) After BSS sends probe to that particular MS, the MS is going to respond to the BSS, and
from BSS to MSC.

8 Define all GSM Addresses and identifiers and write 2 Understand CO1
significance of each.

GSM Address and Idenitifiers.

----------------------------

GSM distinguishes explicitly between users and equipments, it also distinguishes between subscriber
identity and telephone. To deal with these many address GSM had created their own set of address
rules.

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 a) International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

--Every mobile device in the world had a unique identity - IMEI.

-- Allocated by equipment manufacturer and registered by network operator in a secure database

known as - EIR (Equipment Identity Register).

-- *#06# --> To check the IMEI.

b) International Mobile Subscriber Indentity (IMSI)

- when you register with GSM network, each subscriber get a unique identity.

- IMSI stored in the SIM, and secured by the network operator.

- Mobile station can only be operated , if you have valid IMSI.

3 decimal digit - Mobile Country Code (MCC) - India - 404.

2 decimal digit - Mobile Network Code (MNC) - Airtel, Delhi - 10.

Maximum 10 decimal digit - Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN) -

c) Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)

- Number is the real telephone number - known to external world.

- This number is the public information, whereas the IMSI number is the private to the world.

Country Code (CC) - 1-3 decimal digit- India +91

National Destination Code (NDC) - 2-3 decimal digit - BSNL- 94 and other 98.

Subscriber Number - Maximum 10 decimal digit.

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 d) Location Area Identity (LAI)

3 digit country code 404

2 digit mobile network code 94

5 digit location area code. 0011

e) Mobile station roaming number (MSRN)

When a user is roaming to another network, a temporary ISDN number is assigned to the user, it is
assigned by the VLR of the mobile station.

f) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

This is a temporary identifier assigned by the VLR.

Used in the place of IMSI for identification and addressing of MS.

TMSI is never gonna store in HLR, it is temporary store in VLR.

g) Location Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI)

Assigned by the VLR, stored also in HLR.

Used in searching and faster access to grab the user.

h) Cell Identifier

Within the Location Area, cell has a unique identity - know as Cell Identifier. (LAI+ CI)

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9 What is Handover/Handoff? Explain its types in brief 1 Remember CO1

Handoff/Handover strategy

---------------

process of transferring and active call from one cell to another cell as the mobile unit moves from first
cell to other cell, without disconnecting the call.

The amount of received power by mobile phone or the amount of received power by tower (acces
point), or both are usually need to determine, whether a handoff is necessary or not.

---------------------------- ***-------------------------------

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