Vikash

REG. No.-11410993
Communication

 Modules of training:-
 (1)-Telecommunication
 (2)-Optical Fiber Communication
 (3)-Networking
Telecommunication

 Content of telecommunication:-
 Evolution of 1G,2G,3G,4G and 5G
 GSM Architecture
 Cell site structure
 RF planning
 Evolution of 1G,2G,3G,4G and 5G

1G
 Frequency: 150MHz / 900MHz
 •Bandwidth: Analog telecommunication (30KHz)
 •Characteristic: First wireless communication
 •Technology: Analog cellular
 •Capacity (data rate): 2kbps
 •From 1980 to 1990
 •Bad voice quality
 •Poor battery, cellphones
 •Big cellphones
 •Better than nothing, at least its wireless and mobile
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)-2G

 Frequency: 1.8GHz (900MHz), digital telecommunication

 •Bandwidth: 900MHz (25MHz)
 •Characteristic: Digital
 Works on TDMA
 •Technology: Digital cellular, GSM
 •Capacity (data rate): 64kbps
 •Allows txt msg service
 •Signal must be strong or else weak digital signal
 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)-3G

 Frequency: 1.6 – 2.0 GHz

 •Bandwidth: 100MHz
 •Characteristic: Digital broadband, increased speed
 •Technology: CDMA, UMTS, EDGE
 •Capacity (data rate): 144kbps – 2Mbps
 •From 2000 to 2010
 •Video calls
 •Fast communication
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)-3.5G

 HSUPA is basically denoted as High Speed Uplink Packet Access.

HSDPA is basically denoted as “H”. It is also named as release 5(R’5) using
HSDPA (High speed down package access).
It has uplink speed up to 14.4Mbps.
It has downlink speed up to 5.76Mbps.
Long Term Evolution (LTE)-4G

 Frequency: 2 – 8 GHz
 •Bandwidth: 100MHz
 •Characteristic: High speed, all IP
 •Technology: LTE, WiFi
 •Capacity (data rate): 100Mbps – 1Gbps
 Comparison
1G 2G 3G 4G
Period 1980 – 1990 1990 – 2000 2000 – 2010 2010 – (2020)
Bandwidth 150/900MHz 900MHz 100MHz 100MHz
Frequency Analog signal (30 1.8GHz (digital) 1.6 – 2.0 GHz 2 – 8 GHz
KHz)
Data rate 2kbps 64kbps 144kbps – 2Mbps 100Mbps –
1Gbps
Characteristic First wireless Digital Digital High speed, all IP
communication broadband,
increased speed
Technology Analog cellular Digital cellular CDMA, UMTS, LTE, WiFi
(GSM) EDGE
Cell Site Structure

 Cell site structure consist of following components

Global System for Mobile Communication
Call Routing
 OUTGOING CALL:
1.MS sends dialed number to BSS
2.BSS sends dialed number to MSC
 3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is allowed the requested service. If so, MSC asks BSS to
allocate resources for call.
5 MSC routes the call to GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to local exchange of called user
 7, 8,9,10 Answer back(ring back) tone is routed from called user to MS via
GMSC,MSC,BSS
INCOMING CALL
1. Calling a GSM subscribers
2. Forwarding call to GSMC
3. Signal Setup to HLR
4. 5. Request MSRN from VLR
6. Forward responsible MSC to GMSC
7. Forward Call to current MSC
8. 9. Get current status of MS
10. 11. Paging of MS
12. 13. MS answers
14. 15. Security checks
16. 17. Set up connection
Radio Frequency (RF) Planning on ATOL Software

 ATOL SOFTWARE: ATOL software is used for pre planning of

telecommunication network .
Control Channel
 There are three types of control channel in telecommunication:
1. Broadcast Channel
2. Common Channel
3. Dedicated Channel
Broadcast Channel: consist of three channel
1) BCCH (Signal level, Frequency no.,)
2) FCCH (Find the strong signal)
3) SCH ( to check the time slot frame)
Optical Fiber Communication

 Contents of Optical Fiber Communication

o History of Optical Fiber Communication
o Structure of Optical Fiber
o Types of Optical Fiber
o Installation of Optical fiber
o Finding of damage optical fiber
o Process Joining of two broken optical fiber
Introduction

 An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent

dielectric medium.
 The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made
of transparent dielectrics.
 Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distances.
Common Control Channel

 It also consists of three channel:

1. RACH: send the request to MS from BTS to make a call
2. AGCH : Permission is given by AGCH to RACH
3. PCH: paging is done by paging channel
Dedicated Control Channel

 It consist of four channel

1) SDCCH (make a connection between MS and MSC)
2) SACCH (
3) FACCH (For ringing porpuse)
Structure of Optical fiber
Structure

 Core – central tube of very thin size made up of optically transparent

dielectric medium and carries the light form transmitter to receiver. The
core diameter can vary from about 5um to 100 um.
 Cladding – outer optical material surrounding the core having reflecting
index lower than core. It helps to keep the light within the core throughout
the phenomena of total internal reflection.
 Buffer Coating – plastic coating that protects
the fiber made of silicon rubber. The typical diameter of fiber after coating is
250-300 um.
 Optical Fiber Communication System

Electrical
Information source Optical Optical Optical Electrical
Destination
source source fiber cable detector receive
 Optical fiber Communication:
 Information source- it provides an electrical signal to a transmitter comprising
an electrical stage.
 Electrical transmitter- It drives an optical source to give an modulation of the
light wave carrier.
 Optical source- It provides the electrical-optical conversion .It may be a
semiconductor laser or an LED.
 Information source- it provides an electrical signal to a transmitter comprising
an electrical stage.
 Electrical transmitter- It drives an optical source to give an modulation of the
light wave carrier.
 Optical source- It provides the electrical-optical conversion .It may be a
semiconductor laser or an LED.
 Optical Fiber Communication System
 Information source- it provides an electrical signal to a transmitter comprising an
electrical stage.
 Electrical transmitter- It drives an optical source to give an modulation of the light
wave carrier.
 Optical source- It provides the electrical-optical conversion .It may be a
semiconductor laser or an LED.
 Optical cable: It serves as transmission medium.
 Optical detector: It is responsible for optical to electrical conversion of data and
hence responsible for demodulation of the optical carrier. It may be a
photodiodes, phototransistor, and photoconductors.
 Electrical receiver: It is used for electrical interfacing at the receiver end of the
optical link and to perform the signal processing electrically.
 Destination: It is the final point at which we receive the information in the form of
electrical signal.
Splicing of optical fiber:

 Fiber optic splicing is an important method of joining two fiber optic cables
together. There are two method for splicing of optical fiber.
1. Fusion Splicing Method
2. Mechanical Splicing Method
Fusion Splicing Method: Fusion splicing is a permanent connection of two or more
optical fibers by welding them together using an electronic arc.
Steps for Fusion Splicing Method
Step 1: strip the fiber (Just removing the protective coatings, jackets)
Step 2: cleave the fiber ( to cut the fiber at right angle)
Step 3: fuse the fiber (to melt the fibers to permanently welding the two fiber
ends together using electric arc.)
Step 4: protect the fiber
Mechanical Splicing Method

 Mechanical Splicing Method: If you want the splices to be made quickly

and easily, the mechanical splicing is a better choice. A mechanical splice
is a junction of two or more optical fibers that are aligned and held in place
by a self-contained assembly. A typical example of this method is the use
of connectors to link fibers.
Steps for Mechanical splicing : For mechanical splicing steps are same as we
use in fusion splicing except heating is not used as in fusion splice.
Step 1: strip the fiber (Just removing the protective coatings, jackets)
Step 2: cleave the fiber ( to cut the fiber at right angle)
Step 3: mechanically join the fiber (Simply connecting the fiber ends together
inside the mechanical splice unit.)
Step 4: protect the fiber
Networking

 Contents of Networking:-
 Evolution of Networking
 Types of Topology
 Cisco Packet Tracer
 Mail Server
Types of Topology

 There ore four types of topology

 Bus topology
 Mesh topology
 Star topology
 Ring topology
 Bus topology

 In bus topology all the stations are connected through a cable.

 Ring topology

 All the station connected tin a ring type circle.

 Mesh Topology
In mesh topology all the stations are connected to each other
 Star topology

All the stations are connected through a central hub station. Data is shared
through hub only.
Straight through and crossover cable

 Straight Cable: Straight through cable is used to connect two different

types of devices.
 It can be used to connect:-
1) Connect a computer to a switch/hub's normal port.
2) Connect a computer to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
3) Connect a router's WAN port to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
4) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's uplink port. (normally used for
expanding network)
5) Connect 2 switches/hubs with one of the switch/hub using an uplink port
and the other one using normal port.
Color coding of Straight through cable
Crossover Cable

 It is used to connect two different types of devices. Such as :

1) Connect 2 computers directly.
2) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's normal port. (normally used
for expanding network)
3) 2 switches/hubs by using normal port in both switches/hubs.
Color coding of crossover cable
Project
 Small Office Network with common mail server and DNS.
Steps to make the Network.
Take one server and assign the IP address to the server ,default gateway and
DNS server.
Assigning IP address to the DHCP server
Assigning IP address to the DNS server
 For Email enter the user detail and domain name.
 Here the domain name is tallkin.com and the users are PC0,PC1 ….
Select the DHCP radio button to assign the IP address automatically.
Configure the mail in the all PCs with user details.
Adding Wireless Access Point with switch
Adding Security to the wireless access point.
Sending Mail from one PC to another PC
Complete Project