Network

Communications
and New
Technologies
Multiple Access Technique

Spectral sharing in communication systems, also called multiple

access, is done by dividing the signalling dimensions along the time,
frequency, and/or code space axes
Multiple Access Technique
• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) each user is allocated a
unique frequency band or channel, no other user can share the same
frequency band.

• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) divides the radio spectrum into
time slots, and in each slot, only one user is allowed to either transmit
or receive.

• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) each user is assigned a special

code sequence (signature) to modulate its message signal, all users are
allowed to transmit over the same channel simultaneously and
asynchronously.

• SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) controls the radiated energy

for each user in space. SDMA serves different users by using spot beam
antennas.
 WIRELESS LAN
A system of network connectivity which uses
RF technlogy to transmit/receive data .

- The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers) released the 802.11 standard

- First released on June 1999

- used the 2.4 GHz frequency and supported a

maximum data rate of 1 to 2 Mbps
 802.11b
- 2.4 GHz range at 11 Mbps
- Longest range (70-150 feet)
ible

- More susceptible to interference

at
mp

802.11a
inco

- 5 GHz range at 54 Mbps

- Short range (60-100 feet)
802.11g
- 5 GHz range at 54 Mbps
- Better range than 802.11b (65-120 feet)
- More susceptible to interference

802.11n
- the newest standard
- 2.4/5 Ghz
- up to 600 Mbps
- indoor range of 230 f
WLAN Network Component
 WLAN Network Component
Access Point

- a device that links a wireless network to a wired

LAN.

-It increases the effective range of a wireless network

and provides additional network management and
security features.
 WLAN Network Component
Router

- A router is a device used for sharing a single

Internet connection across multiple computers.

- This is ideal in the home or office where multiple

computers and devices can be online at the same
time with only a single Internet connection.
 WLAN Network Component
Bridge
- used to logically separate network segments within
the same network.
- to make intelligent decisions about whether or not
to pass signals on to the next segment of a network.
 WIRELESS WAN

- Data Rates Above 1

IEEE 802.20
Mobile Mbps for Mobile Users
Broadband at Vehicular Speeds to
Wireless 250 km/hr
Access
- For mobile wireless
Internet access
networks

- uses cell towers to transmit a radio signal within a

range of several miles to a moving or stationary
device
 WIRELESS PAN

-a network used for communication among

computer devices close to one person.

- Few meters coverage range.

- PAN’s can be used for communication among the

personal devices themselves (intrapersonal
communication),

- or for connecting to a higher level network and

the Internet.
IEEE 802.15.1
-radio standard and communications protocol
primarily designed for low power consumption

- with a short range (1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters)

based around low-cost transceiver microchips in each
device

Bluetooth Created by
Ericsson
ISM band of
2.4 Ghz
Bluetooth Versions

Version Data Rate

Version 1.2 1 Mbit/s

Version 2.0 + EDR 3 Mbit/s

Version 3.0 + HS 24 Mbits/s

IEEE 802.15.4
Zigbee
-A type of WPAN technology operating at 2.4
Ghz and usually with the defined data rates of
250kbps.

- Best suited for periodic or intermittent data or

a single signal transmission from a sensor or
input device
 WIRELESS MAN
IEEE 802.16

• "Air Interface for Fixed Broadband

Wireless Access Systems“

• Provide high-speed Internet access to

home and business subscribers, without
wires.
Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX)
- wireless digital communications system, also
known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless
"metropolitan area networks

- can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up

to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10
miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations.

- designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second

data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1
Gbit/s for fixed stations
GLOBAL WIRELESS STANDARD
 SATELLITE NETWORKS

A satellite network is a combination of nodes,

some of which are satellites, that provides
communication from one point on the Earth to
another.

A node in the network can be a satellite, an

Earth station, or an end-user terminal or
telephone.

16.22
Satellite orbits
Satellite categories
Satellite orbit altitudes

Geostationary

Medium Earth Orbit

Lower Earth Orbit

Satellite categories comparison
Parameter LEO MEO GEO

Satellite Height 500-1500 km 5000-12000 35,800 km

km

10-40
Orbital Period 2-8 hours 24 hours
minutes

Number of Satellites 40-80 8-20 3

Satellite Life Short Long Long

Number of Handoffs High Low Least(none)

Very
Gateway Cost Expensive Cheap
Expensive

Propagation Loss Least High Highest

 MIMO
Tx1 Rx1

Tx2 Rx2

Principles, Theory, and Application

Antenna configurations and their nomenclatures
 What it MIMO
- Multiple Input Multiple Output
- a collection of signal processing techniques that
have been developed to enhance the performance
of wireless communication systems using multiple
antennas at the transmitter, receiver, or both
- improves communications performance by either
combating or exploiting multipath scattering in the
communications channel between a transmitter
and receiver
One of the key purposes of MIMO communications is to improve
communications reliability by combating multipath fading

It is achieved through the creation of spatial diversity.

Diversity refers to transmitting replicas of the same signal over a

fading channel in such a way that each replica fades
independently of the others
Each replica tends to fade at a different time, so the probability that all the
replicas fade simultaneously decreases as the number of replicas gets larger.

By combining the replicas, however, the depths of the fades, and, so too,
their adverse effects, can be significantly reduced because the fades do not
tend to occur at the same time.

Reducing the impact of fading through diversity, therefore, involves two

steps:
a) creating independent replicas of the signal; and
b) combining the replicas.
Frequency diversity - transmit the signal on different RF frequencies that
are spaced far enough apart that the fading occurs independently on
each carrier

Time diversity - involves transmitting the same signal at different times

Polarization diversity - to transmit the same information on signals

having different polarizations

Spatial diversity - transmitting the same information over different

physical paths between the transmitter and receiver.

One way to create spatial diversity is to transmit a signal from one

transmit antenna and receive it using multiple receive antennas. If the
receive antenna are far enough apart, the fading on each path will be
independent.
Ways to combine the replicas at the receiver.

Selective combining, which involves comparing the replicas at

each sample time and choosing the largest value for the output
of the combiner.

Equal gain combining, involves adding the replicas together.

Maximal ratio combining (MRC) - most common type of

combining scheme.
The replicas are added together in the same way as they are in
equal gain combining, but prior to being added they are first
scaled in proportion to the signal-to-noise ratio of each replica.
MIMO system for spatial diversity.

MIMO system for spatial multiplexing

• Spatial diversity refers to techniques that are
used to improve the reliability on a
communications link by combating fading.

• Spatial multiplexing refers to techniques that are

used to increase throughput without increasing
the required bandwidth by exploiting multipath.
– This is done by transmitting separate data streams
on each of the transmit antennas and by separating
those streams at the receiver using some form of
spatial demultiplexing.
Commercial wireless standards that use MIMO technology
 What is LTE ?
• In Nov. 2004, 3GPP began a project to define
the long-term evolution (LTE) of Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
cellular technology
– Higher performance
– Backwards compatible
– Wide application

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Evolution of Radio Access Technologies

802.16m

802.16d/e

• LTE (3.9G) :
3GPP release 8~9
• LTE-Advanced :
3GPP release 10+
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 LTE Basic Concepts
• LTE employs Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access (OFDMA) for downlink data
transmission and Single Carrier FDMA (SC-
FDMA) for uplink transmission

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Multi-antenna techniques

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 LTE Release 8 Key Features (1/2)
• High spectral efficiency
– OFDM in Downlink
– Single-Carrier FDMA in Uplink
• Very low latency
– Short setup time & Short transfer delay
– Short hand over latency and interruption time
• Support of variable bandwidth
– 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

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 LTE Release 8 Key Features (2/2)
• Compatibility and interworking with earlier 3G
PP Releases
• FDD and TDD within a single radio access
technology
• Efficient Multicast/Broadcast

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 Evolution of LTE-Advanced
• Asymmetric transmission bandwidth
• Layered OFDMA
• Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception
Techniques
• Enhanced Multi-antenna Transmission
Techniques
• Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-Advanced

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Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception
Techniques
• In LTE-A, the advanced multi-cell
transmission/reception processes helps in
increasing frequency efficiency and cell edge
user throughput
– Estimation unit
– Calculation unit
– Determination unit
– Feedback unit

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Enhanced Multi-antenna Transmission
Techniques

• In LTE-A, the MIMO scheme has to be further improved in

the area of spectrum efficiency, average cell through put
and cell edge performances
• In LTE-A the antenna configurations of 8x8 in DL and 4x4 in
UL are planned

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Enhanced Techniques to Extend Coverage
Area

• Remote Radio Requirements (RREs) using optical

fiber should be used in LTE-A as effective
technique to extend cell coverage

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 Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-
Advanced
• Peak data rates up to 1Gbps are expected
from bandwidths of 100MHz. OFDM adds
additional sub-carrier to increase bandwidth

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• LTE-A helps in integrating the existing
networks, new networks, services and
terminals to suit the escalating user demands
• LTE-Advanced will be standardized in the 3GPP
specification Release 10 (LTE-A) and will be
designed to meet the 4G requirements as
defined by ITU

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