Mobile Generations

0 G Wireless technology
0 G refers to pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology, such as
radio telephones that some had in cars before the advent of cell
phones.

Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile

telephony technology.
Since they were the predecessors of the first generation of
cellulartelephones, these systems are called 0G (zero generation)
systems.
First generation cellular communication
The original cellular telephone networks provided analog traffic
channels
These are now referred to as first-generation systems.

Since the early 1980s the most common first-generation system in

North America has been the Advanced Mobile Phone
Service (AMPS) developed by AT&T.

Each AMPS-capable cellular telephone includes a numeric

assignment module (NAM) in read-only memory.

The NAM contains the telephone number of the phone, which is

assigned by the service provider, and the serial number of the
phone, which is assigned by the manufacturer.
AMPS Parameters
Second-generation systems
Second-generation system was developed to provide higher quality
signals, higher data rates for support of digital services, and greater
capacity.

Key points of second generation system

 Digital traffic channels:
The most notable difference between the two generations
is that first-generation systems are almost purely analog, whereas
second generation systems are digital.

In particular, the first-generation systems are designed to support

voice channels using FM, digital traffic is supported only
by the use of a modem that converts the digital data into analog
form.
Second generation systems provide digital traffic channels.
These readily support digital data, voice signals are first encoded in
digital form before transmitting.

 Encryption:
Because all of the user traffic, as well as control traffic, is digitized
in second-generation systems, it is a relatively simple matter to
encrypt all of the traffic for security. whereas first-generation
systems send user traffic in the clear, providing no security.

Error detection and correction:

The digital traffic stream of second-generation systems also lends
itself to the use of error detection and correction techniques.
Resulted error free communication.
Second generation systems also provide multiple channels per cell,
but each channel is dynamically shared by a number of users using
time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple
access (CDMA).
Third Generation
Third-generation (3G) cell phones continued to use standard digital
voice techniques but also developed high-speed data capability.

New cell phones were developed to take advantage of the potential

applications.

This ultimately led to the desire for a complete industry standard,

which in turn led to the development of fourth-generation phones
and systems.

Fourth Generation
The fourth generation (4G) has brought about the creation of a single
standard or family of standards that all carriers could adopt.

This 4G technology is known as Long Term Evolution (LTE), and it is

slowly being adopted in one form or another by whole worldwide
carriers.
The 4G systems and phones have led to much higher data rates and
amazing new cell phone capabilities, particularly that of being able
to receive and generate video.

Technology advances have given us not only the high-speed data

capability necessary for video but also large, color touch screens,
making the cell phone a more popular consumer product than ever.

Fifth Generation
Though most of the technical features are available in fourth
generation mobile , the fifth generation mobile systems are being
developed to make the cellular and data services available over a
wider range and to provide even higher data speeds.
 IEEE 802.11 Standard
IEEE 802.11 standard provides architecture and specifications of
wireless LAN. WiFi or Wireless LAN uses high frequency radio waves
and hence users connected by WLANS can move around within the
network coverage.
The components of IEEE 802.11 architecture are as follows:-
1.Stations (STA)
2. Basic Service Set (BSS)
3.Extended Service Set(ESS)
4.Distribution System (DS)
IEEE 802.11 Architecture
 Components
 Station
 BSS - Basic Service Set
 IBSS : Infrastructure BSS : QBSS
 ESS - Extended Service Set
 A set of infrastrucute BSSs.
 Connection of APs
 Tracking of mobility
 DS – Distribution System
 AP communicates with another
 IEEE 802.11 Overview
 Adopted in 1997.
Goals
Defines; •To deliver services in wireless networks
 MAC sublayer •To achieve high throughput
 MAC management •To achieve highly reliable data delivery
protocols and services •To achieve continuous network
 Physical (PHY) layers connection.
 IR
 FHSS
 DSSS
Frequency Bands- ISM
• Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands
• Unlicensed, 22 MHzFMchannel
Short Wave Radio Broadcast
bandwidth
AM Broadcast Television Infrared wireless LAN
Audio Cellular (840MHz)
NPCS (1.9GHz)

Extremely Very Low Medium High Very Ultra Super Infrared Visible Ultra- X-Rays
Low Low High High High Light violet

902 - 928 MHz 2.4 - 2.4835 GHz 5 GHz

26 MHz 83.5 MHz (IEEE 802.11)
(IEEE 802.11) HyperLAN
HyperLAN2
 Standardization of Wireless Networks
 Wireless networks are standardized by IEEE.
 Under 802 LAN MAN standards committee.
Application
Presentation
ISO
OSI Session IEEE 802
7-layer Transport standards
model Network Logical Link Control
Data Link Medium Access (MAC)

Physical Physical (PHY)

Services
 Station services:
 authentication,
 de-authentication,
 privacy,
 delivery of data
 Distribution Services ( A thin layer between MAC and LLC sublayer)
 association
 disassociation
 reassociation
 distribution
 Integration
802.11 Physical Layer
• Issued in four stages
• First part in 1997
• IEEE 802.11
• Includes MAC layer and three physical layer specifications
• Two in 2.4-GHz band and one infrared
• All operating at 1 and 2 Mbps
• Two additional parts in 1999
• IEEE 802.11a
• 5-GHz band up to 54 Mbps
• IEEE 802.11b
• 2.4-GHz band at 5.5 and 11 Mbps
• Most recent in 2002
• IEEE 802.g extends IEEE 802.11b to higher data rates