SALIENT--POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

SALIENT
• A cylindrical rotor synchronous machines has a uniform air-gap,
therefore its reactance remains the same, irrespective of the rotor
position.
• However, a synchronous machine with salient poles has non-uniform
air-gap. Therefore, its reactance varies with the rotor position.
• Consequently, a cylindrical rotor machine possesses one axis of
symmetry (pole axis or direct axis) whereas salient-pole machine
possesses two axes of symmetry:

1. field poles axis, called direct axis or d-axis

and,
2. axis passing through the centre of the
inter-polar space, called the quadrature
axis or q axis,
 SALIENT--POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
SALIENT
• Obviously, two mmfs act on the d-axis of a salient-pole synchronous machine
i.e. field m.m.f. and armature m.m.f.
• whereas only one m.m.f., i.e. armature mmf acts on the q-axis, because field
mmf has no component in the q-axis.
• The magnetic reluctance is low along the d-axis and it is high along the q-axis.
• The above facts form the basis of the two-reaction theory proposed by Blondel,
according to which
1. armature current Ia can be resolved into two components Iad perpendicular
to Ef and Iaq along Ef
2. armature reactance has two components i.e. q-axis armature reactance Xaq
and d-axis armature reactance Xad.
• If we include the armature leakage reactance XL which is the same on both axes,
we get the two components of the synchronous reactance in the d- and q-axes:
 SALIENT--POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
SALIENT
• Xd = Xad+XL and Xq= Xaq+XL
• Since reluctance on q axis is higher, owing to the larger air gap hence
• Xaq<Xad or Xq<Xd

Iq Ef C
Xd,Xq
Ra δ
ϕ

Iq Xq
Ef V V
Id
Ia B
A IdXd

I d  I a sin  ; I q  I a cos  hence I a  I q / cos  O R cos   I q / I a

• In triangle ABC
BC BC I X
 co s  O R A C =  q q  Ia X q
AC co s  co s 
 SALIENT--POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
SALIENT
• From the vector diagram (Triangle OPC)
PC V s in   I a X q
ta n    fo r G e n e ra tin g M o d e
OP V cos   Ia Ra
V s in   I a X q
ta n   fo r M o to rin g M o d e
V cos   Ia Ra
• If angle found as above then
     fo r G e n e ra tin g M o d e
     fo r M o to rin g M o d e
• Also O Ef C
Ia X q cos 
ta n   δ
V  I a X q s in  ϕ V
 fo r G e n e ra tin g M o d e
 fo r M o to rin g M o d e

• Power Developed by synchronous Generator P

E 0V V 2  1 1 
Pd  s in      s i n 2 
Xd 2  Xq Xd 
 PARALLEL OPERATION OF ALTERNATORS
Reasons of Parallel Operation
• Several alternators can supply a bigger load than a single alternator.
• One or more alternators may shut down during the period of light loads. Thus,
the remaining alternator operates at near or full load with greater efficiency.
• When one machine is taken out of service for its scheduled maintenance and
inspection, the remaining machines maintain the continuity of the supply.
• If there is a breakdown of the generator, there is no interruption of the power
supply.
• Number of machines can be added without disturbing the initial installation
according to the requirement to fulfill the increasing future demand of the load.
• Parallel operation of the alternator, reduces the operating cost and the cost of
energy generation.
• It ensures the greater security of supply and overall economic generation.
 PARALLEL OPERATION OF ALTERNATORS
• The process of connecting one machine in parallel with another machine or
with an Infinite Busbar system is known as Synchronizing.
• The machine carrying load is known as Running Machines while the
alternator which is to be connected in parallel with the system is known as
the Incoming machine.
Necessary Conditions for Parallel Operation of the Alternator
• The phase sequence of the Busbar voltages and the incoming machine voltage
must be the same.
• The Busbar voltages and the incoming machine terminal voltage must be in
phase.
• The terminal voltage of the incoming machine and the alternator which is to be
connected in parallel or with the Busbar voltage should be equal.
• The frequency of the generated voltage of the incoming machine and the
frequency of the voltage of the Busbar should be equal.
 SYNCHRONIZATION OF ALTERNATORS
Steps to connect alternators in parallel or synchronization of alternators
• Consider an alternator-1. It is supplying power to bus bar at rated voltage and
frequency.
• Now we need to connect another alternator let it be alternator-2 in parallel
with the alternator-1.
• In order to match the frequency of alternator-2 with the frequency of bus-bar
or alternator-1 (since alternator-1 and bus-bar are already in synchronism) we
need to adjust the speed of alternator-2.
 SYNCHRONIZATION OF ALTERNATORS
• Now the voltage of alternator-2 is to be matched with the voltage of bus-bar or
voltage of alternator-1 (since alternator-1 and bus-bar are already in
synchronism). For this purpose we need to vary the field rheostat until the
voltage matches.
• The three phase voltages generated by alternator must be same as the three
phase voltages of bus-bar or alternator-1(since alternator-1 and bus-bar are
already in synchronism).
• This can be achieved by matching the phase sequence and frequency of
alternator-2 with bus bar or alternator-1(since alternator-1 and bus-bar are
already in synchronism) phase sequence and frequency.
 METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION
• There are three methods for synchronization of alternators. These methods
check whether the above mentioned conditions for synchronization of
alternators is satisfied or not. The three methods are.
1. Three dark lamps method.
2. Two bright, One dark lamp method.
3. Synchroscope method.
 METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION
Three dark lamps method.
• The prime mover of the incoming machine is started and brought up to near its
rated speed.
• The field current of the incoming machine is adjusted so that its terminal
voltage becomes equal to the bus voltage .
• The three lamp flicker at a rate equal to the difference in the frequencies of
incoming machine and the bus bar.
• If phases are properly connected , all the lamps will be bright and dark at same
time. If this is not the case , then this means phase sequences are not correct.
• The frequency of the incoming machine is adjusted until the lamps flicker at a
very slow rate, less than one dark period per second.
• After the finally adjusting the incoming voltage , the synchronizing switch is
closed in the middle of their dark period.
Since the voltage across the lamps varies from zero to twice the phase voltage , the lamps of suitable rating must be used.
 METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION
Three dark lamps method.

LOAD
. .
• Assume that alternator is .
connected to the load
...
supplying rated voltage and . . ..
frequency.
. .
• Now the alternator-2 is to
be connected in parallel
with alternator-1.
• Closed the synchronizing
switch is in the middle of ALTERNATOR-2 ALTERNATOR-1
their dark period.
 METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION
Three dark lamps method.
• Advantage of the dark lamp method
• The method is cheap
• The proper phase sequence is easily determined
• Disadvantages of the dark lamp method
• The lamps become dark at about half their rated voltage, it is possible that
the synchronizing switch might be closed where there is a considerable
phases difference between machines. this may result in high circulating
current to damage the machines.
• The lamps filament might burn out.
• The flicker of the lamps does not indicate which machine has the higher
frequency.
 METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION
Three bright lamps method.
• Instead of three dark lamp, three bright lamp method is also possible.
In this method lamps are connected across the phases , that is, R is connected to
Y, Y is connected to B and B is connected to R.
• If all the three lamps get bright and dark together , then the phase sequences
are the same. the correct instant closing synchronizing switch in the middle of
bright period.
• The brightest point in the cycle is easier to distinguish than the middle of a dark
period and avoid confusing letter with a lamp filament failure.

...
...
 METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION
• Two Bright one dark Lamp method
• In this method, one lamp is connected between corresponding phases while the
two others are cross-connected between the other two phases. that is, R is
connected to R, Y to B and B to Y. The prime mover of the incoming machine is
started and brought up to near its rated speed.
• The excitation of the incoming machine is adjusted in such a way that the
incoming machine induces the voltage EA1, EB2, EC3, which is equal to the Bus
bar voltages VA1, VB1 and VC1.
• The sequence of becoming bright and dark L1-L2-L3 indicates that the
incoming generator frequency is higher and L1-L3-L2 is lower than the bus bar
frequency.
• The correct moment to close the switch is obtained at the instant when the
straight connected lamp is dark, and the connected cross lamps are
equally bright..
 METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION
Three dark lamps method.

LOAD
. .
.
...
. .. .
. .

ALTERNATOR-2 ALTERNATOR-1
 METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION
Synchroscope Method
• It is similar to the two bright and one dark lamp method and indicates whether
the alternator frequency is higher or lower than the bus bar frequency.
• A synchroscope is used for better accuracy of synchronization and it consists of
two pairs of terminals.
• One pair of terminals marked as ‘existing’ has to be connected across the bus
bar terminals or to the existing alternator and other pair of terminals marked
as ‘incoming’ has to be connected across the terminals of incoming alternator.
• The synchroscope has circular dial over which a pointer is hinged that is
capable of rotating in clockwise and anticlockwise directions.
 METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION
Synchroscope Method
• After the voltage condition is checked, the
operator has to check the synchroscope.
EXISTING
• The rate at which the pointer rotates indicates
S F
the difference of frequency between the
incoming alternator and the bus bar.
INCOMING
• Also, the direction to which the pointer rotates
(to either fast or slow) gives the information,
whether the incoming alternator frequency is higher or lower than the bus bar
frequency and hence the pointer moves either fast or slow.
• The appropriate correction has to be made to control the speed of the alternator
so as to bring the rate of rotation of pointer as small as possible.
• Therefore, synchroscope along with voltmeters are enough for synchronization
process
 Shifting of Load on Alternators
• After closing the synchronizing switch alternator 2 is connected in parallel with
the alternator A. At this instant alternator 2 is not delivering any load (current)
to the bus bars.
• The load is shifted from the running alternator 1 to 2 by increasing the
mechanical power input to the prime-mover of alternator 2 and
simultaneously reducing the mechanical power input to the prime-mover of
alternator 1.
• In case of steam machines this can be readily done by opening the steam valve
of the alternator 2 and simultaneously closing the steam valve of alternator 1.
• The most important point, to be noted, is that the load cannot be shifted from
one machine to the other by adjusting the excitation.
• Once the alternator is connected to the bus-bars, the change in excitation only
changes the power factor of the alternator.
 Synchronizing Current and Power
• After proper synchronization of the alternators, they will run in synchronism.
• A synchronizing torque will be developed if any of the alternator drops out of
synchronism and will bring it back to the synchronism.
• Consider the two alternators shown in the Fig. which are in exact synchronism.
• Due to this they are having same terminal p.d. and with reference to their local
circuit they are in exact phase opposition.
• So there will not be any circulating current in the local circuit. The e.m.f. E1 of
alternator 1 is in exact phase opposition to that of alternator E2 .
 Synchronizing Current and Power
• With respect to external load, the e.m.f.s of the two alternators are in the same
direction although they are in phase opposition with reference to local circuit.
There will be no resultant voltage in the local circuit.
• Now assume that speed of alternator 2 is
changed such that its e.m.f. E2 falls by an E1
angle α. ISY
• But E1 and E2 are equal in magnitude (?). The
resultant voltage Er in this case will cause a Er
θ
current in the local circuit which is called
synchronizing current. α

• This circulating current is given by,

I SY  E r / Z s , Z s is S ynchronous Im pedance E2
E2
• The phase angle of ISY is given by an angle θ. And tanθ = Xs/Ra where Xs is
synchronous reactance and Ra is armature resistance. This angle is almost 90o.
 Synchronizing Current and Power
• Thus ISY lags Er by almost 90o and approximately in phase with E1.
• This current is generating current with respect to alternator 1 and it will be
motoring current for alternator 2 (?)
• This current ISY will produce a synchronizing
E1
torque which will try to retard alternator 1
whereas accelerate the alternator 2. ϕ1
• Hence, once the proper synchronization of the E
r ϕ2
alternators, they will always run in θ
synchronism. α
• Φ1~0 and ϕ2 ~180 are the angles as shown.
• The power output of alternator 1 supplies
E2
power input to alternator 2 and copper losses in E2

the local path formed by armatures of two

alternators.
 Synchronizing Current and Power
• Power output of alternator 1 = E1 ISY cosΦ1
• This power is approximately equal to E1 ISY as Φ1 is small and is almost in phase
with E1.
• This power is called synchronizing power. Similarly power input to alternator 2
is E2 ISY cosΦ2 which is equal to E2 ISY as Φ2 approximately equal to 180
• E1 ISY = E2 ISY + Cu losses in the local circuit
• Let E1 = E2 = E and the magnitude of resultant e.m.f. be Er which is given by,
E
E r  2 E cos[(180   ) / 2]  2 E cos[90  ( / 2)]

E r  2 E sin( / 2)  2 E  / 2  E    is sm all
Er 180-α
( Here angle α is in Electrical Radians)
α
Er E
I SY  Er / Z s    R a is negligible
2Xs 2Xs
E
 Synchronizing Current and Power
• Synchronizing Power
E E  E 2
PSY P erphase  E I SY    R a is negligible
2Z s 2Xs

• This is the power when two alternators are connected in parallel.

• Now in coming alternator is connected to infinite bus , the same expressions are
applicable but impedance of one alternator is to be consider .
• So E E  E 2
PSY P erphase  E I SY    R a is negligible
Zs Xs
Synchronizing Torque TSY
• When Two Alternators in Parallel PSY  E2 / 2Xs
T SY P erP hase   N -m
2 n s 2 n s
PSY E2 / Xs
• When alternator connected to Infinet bus T SY P erP hase   N -m
2 n s 2 n s
 Effect of Unequal Voltages
• Consider two alternators running in parallel and produce the equal voltages
exactly in phase (wrt external circuit).
E1
• Suppose by any reason E1 is increases than E2
• Resultant Voltage Er=(E1-E2) will develop in phase
with E1
Er
• Er will set up a local synchronizing current ISY ISY
which is almost lagging by 900 to Er
• ISY , synchronizing current is lagging to E1 and
leading to E2 by 900
• Lagging current produces demagnetizing effect to
M/c 1 and Leading current produces magnetizing E2
effect to M/c 2
• Due to above effect E2 will tends to increase and E1 tends to decrease. This two
effects act together and both voltages will equal and establish the stable
condition
 Distribution of Load on Alternators
• Amount of the load taken or shared by the alternator running in parallel is
solely determined by its driving torque (Steam supply in case of steam drive).
Excitation of the alternator will change the power factor of the alternator only.
• Since E1=E2 , Resultant Voltage Er=(E1-E2) =0 and no Synchronizing Current ISY
• When delivering a load, each alternator delivers the half load i.e.
kw1=kw2=kw/2 and kVAR1=kVAR2=kVAR/2, and ϕ1 = ϕ2
kVAR1 kVAR2

M/c-2
kW2
ϕ2

M/c-1
E1 E2 kW1
Φ1
 Distribution of Load on Alternators
• Now say excitation of alternator 1 is increased then magnitude of E1 will be
more than that of E2. This will cause resultant voltage Ēr = Ē1 - Ē2 that will
circulate the ISY in local circuit.
• This superimpose of ISY current distribution of alternator will change to I1 and
I2 at different power factor of cos ϕ1 and cosϕ2
• It can be seen that cosΦ1 is reduced whereas cosΦ2 is increased.

kVAR1 kVAR1 kVAR2kVAR2

M/c-2
M/c-2
kW2
ϕ2 Φ2

M/c-1
M/c-1
E1 E2 kW1
ΦΦ1
1
 Distribution of Load on Alternators
• Suppose the excitation of the two alternators kept constant and driving torque
of the M/c 1 is increased. Since M/c 1 can not overrun it its rotor advances by α
• Since E1 advanced to E2 , Resultant Voltage Er=(E1-E2) and Synchronizing Current ISY,
• Power of Mc/1 is increased by E1 ISY and reduced by the same amount of M/c 2.
• Load shared will be kw1>kw2 and kVAR1=kVAR2=kVAR/2, and ϕ1 ~ ϕ2

kVAR1 kVAR2
ISY E1
M/c-2
kW2 ϕM/c-2
2
α
kW2
ϕ2
Er M/c-1
kW1
M/c-1
kW1 ϕ1
E2
Φ1
 PROBLEM

Two identical 3 phase alternators work in parallel and supply a total load of 1500
kW at 11 kV at a power factor of 0.87 lagging. Each machine supplies half the total
power. The synchronous reactance of each machine 50 ohm per phase and
resistance is 4 ohm per phase. The field excitation of the first machine is so
adjusted its armature current is 50 A lagging. Determine the armature current of
the second and generated voltage of the first machine.
Solution:
1500 *1000
Total Load current at 0.867 lagging power factor is   9 0 .4
3 * 1 1 0 0 * 0 .8 6 7
Active Component= 90.4*cosϕ=90.4*0.867=78.5
90.4
Reactive Component= 90.4*sinϕ=90.4*0.498=45.2

Each Alternator supplies half the total load i.e. half of total current , half of active
component and half of reactive component
 PROBLEM
M/c-I Active Component= 45.2*cosϕ=45.2*0.867=39.52
45.2 A Reactive Component= 45.2*sinϕ=45.2*0.498=22.6
90.4
M/c-II Active Component= 45.2*cosϕ=45.2*0.867=39.52
45.2 A Reactive Component= 45.2*sinϕ=45.2*0.498=22.6

• The load current of the first machine is adjusted to 50 A ( Changed from 45.2 A)
• To get 50 A
• Active and reactive components both should change
• Only Active component change and Reactive component constant
• Only Reactive component change and Active component constant
• Active component will change when steam supply will change
• Reactive component will change when excitation will change
• In problem load current is adjusted by changing the excitation, so only reactive
component will change and active component will remain constant.
 PROBLEM
Active Component = 39.52 A
M/c-I 2 2
 50  3 9 .5 2  3 1 .1
50 A
Reactive Component == 31.1
Reactive Component ?

• Since total load is unchanged i.e. 90.4 A and p.f 0.867, its active and reactive
components are unchanged.
• Total Reactive component is constant i.e. 45.2
• Reactive component of second machine will be 45.2-31.1=14.1A
• Active component of both machines will remain same as 39.52 A
• Armature current of second machine will be  3 9 .5 2 2
 1 4 .1 2  4 1 .7 5 A
• Generated Voltage of First Machine
• Terminal Voltage per phase = 11000/√3= 6350 V
• Resistive Voltage drop of first M/c = IRa = 50*4 =200 V
• Reactive Voltage drop of First M/c =I Xs = 50 *50 = 2500 V
• Power factor of first M/c = cos ϕ=39.25/50 =0.785 and sinϕ =0.62
 PROBLEM
Induced Emf Per Phase E  (V c o s   I R a ) 2  (V s i n   I X s ) 2

E  ( 6 3 5 0 * 0 .7 8 5  2 0 0 ) 2  ( 6 3 5 0 * 0 .6 2  2 5 0 0 ) 2
E  8350
• Line Value = 8350*√3 =14450 V
• Vector Diagram:
22.6 45.2 22.6 31.1 45.2 14.1

M/c-II M/c-II
78.5 39.25

78.5 39.25

2500
M/c-I M/c-I
39.25

39.25

200

Vsinϕ
ϕ
Division of Currents Division of Currents Vcosϕ
Before Change After Change
METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION
Synchroscope Method
 PROBLEM
• Vector Diagram:
Division of Currents
Before Change

22.6 45.2 22.6

M/c-II
78.5 39.25

M/c-I
39.25

Division of Currents
Before Change