EEE 2416 Synchronous Machines
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By: Siyoi. V.
A cylindrical rotor presents an almost uniform airgap, and the variation in the
airgap reluctance around its periphery owing to the slots is negligible.
On the other hand, a salient-pole rotor has a larger air-gap in the region
between the poles than in the region just above the poles.
We, therefore, expect that the reluctances of the two regions in a salient-pole
generator differ significantly.
In order to account for this difference, the synchronous reactance is split into
two reactances. 2
The component of the synchronous reactance along the pole-axis (the d-axis)
is commonly called the direct-axis synchronous reactance 𝑿𝒅 , and the other
component along the axis between the poles (the q-axis) is called the
quadrature-axis synchronous reactance 𝑿𝒒 .
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The armature current 𝑰𝒂 is also resolved into two components the direct
component 𝑰𝒅 and the quadrature component 𝑰𝒒 .
The direct component 𝑰𝒅 produces the field along the d-axis and lags 𝑬𝒂 by
𝟗𝟎𝟎 .
The quadrature component 𝑰𝒒 produces the field along the q-axis and is in
phase with 𝑬𝒂 .
If 𝑬𝒂 is the per-phase generated voltage under no load and 𝑬𝒅 and 𝑬𝒒 are the
induced emfs in the armature winding by the current components 𝑰𝒅 and 𝑰𝒒 ,
respectively, then the per-phase terminal voltage of the generator is:
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We can, express the induced emfs 𝐼𝑑 and 𝐼𝑞 in terms of 𝑋𝑑 and 𝑋𝑞 as:
Substituting the above expressions in Eq we obtain:
If we express 𝑗𝐼𝑑 𝑋𝑑 as:
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Then:
Where:
If we consider 𝑬′𝒂 as the effective generated emf (excitation voltage), then the
equivalent circuit of a salient-pole generator is SIMILAR to that of a round-
rotor generator.
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Based upon these equations, we can represent the salient-pole synchronous
generator with an equivalent circuit as shown in Fig:
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The phasor diagram for a load with a lagging power factor is given in Fig.
Fig: Phasor diagram of a salient-pole synchronous generator having finite
armature-winding resistance and lagging power factor.
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Fig: Phasor diagram of a salient-pole synchronous generator with negligible
armature-winding resistance and lagging power factor.
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Since E′a is in phase with Ea the phase angle by which E′a leads the terminal
voltage Va , is the power angle δ.
From the phasor diagram we can also obtain the following equation to
determine the power angle δ.
We can now obtain expressions 𝐼𝑑 and 𝐼𝑞 in terms of 𝐼𝑎 as:
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where 𝐼𝑎 is the rms value of the armature current.
The power output can now be computed as:
When the armature resistance is so small that it can be neglected, the power
output is the same as the power developed.
Thus
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Substituting expressions 𝐼𝑑 and 𝐼𝑞 in Eq for Power, Power developed (Output):
The torque developed by a salient-pole generator is:
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The d-axis and q-axis reactances on a per-unit basis of a salient-pole
synchronous generator are 0.92 and 0.54, respectively.
The armature resistance is negligible. When the generator delivers its rated
load at 0.8 pf lagging and rated terminal voltage, determine:
Voltage Regulation.
Per-unit Power Developed By Generator.
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END
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