1.
Present Simple
Structure:
(+) Subject + base verb / verb+s/es
(-) Subject + do/does + not + base verb
(?) Do/Does + subject + base verb?
Use:
1. Regular habits or routines
2. General truths and facts
3. Scheduled events (e.g. timetables)
Examples:
1. She walks to school.
2. They don’t eat meat.
3. Does he work here?
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2. Present Continuous
Structure:
(+) Subject + am/is/are + verb+ing
(-) Subject + am/is/are + not + verb+ing
(?) Am/Is/Are + subject + verb+ing?
Use:
1. Actions happening right now
2. Temporary actions
3. Future plans
Examples:
1. I am reading a book.
2. She isn’t working today.
3. Are they coming to the party?
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3. Past Simple
Structure:
(+) Subject + past form of verb
(-) Subject + did not + base verb
(?) Did + subject + base verb?
Use:
1. Completed actions in the past
2. Past habits
3. Specific time mentioned
Examples:
1. We visited Paris last year.
2. He didn’t call me.
3. Did you watch the movie?
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4. Past Continuous
Structure:
(+) Subject + was/were + verb+ing
(-) Subject + was/were + not + verb+ing
(?) Was/Were + subject + verb+ing?
Use:
1. Ongoing action in the past
2. Interrupted action
3. Setting the scene in storytelling
Examples:
1. She was cooking dinner.
2. They weren’t sleeping.
3. Was it raining then?
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5. Present Perfect
Structure:
(+) Subject + has/have + past participle
(-) Subject + has/have not + past participle
(?) Has/Have + subject + past participle?
Use:
1. Actions at an unspecified time
2. Experiences
3. Recently completed actions
4. Actions that affect the present
Examples:
1. I have seen that movie.
2. She hasn’t finished her homework.
3. Have you eaten?
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6. Present Perfect Continuous
Structure:
(+) Subject + has/have been + verb+ing
(-) Subject + has/have not been + verb+ing
(?) Has/Have + subject + been + verb+ing?
Use:
1. Actions that started in the past and continue now
2. Emphasizing the duration of an action
Examples:
1. I have been studying for two hours.
2. She hasn’t been feeling well.
3. Have they been working all day?
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7. Past Perfect
Structure:
(+) Subject + had + past participle
(-) Subject + had not + past participle
(?) Had + subject + past participle?
Use:
1. Action completed before another past action
2. Telling stories
Examples:
1. They had left before I arrived.
2. He hadn’t eaten all day.
3. Had you ever been to Japan before?
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8. Past Perfect Continuous
Structure:
(+) Subject + had been + verb+ing
(-) Subject + had not been + verb+ing
(?) Had + subject + been + verb+ing?
Use:
1. Duration of an action before another past event
2. Emphasizing ongoing nature before a point in the past
Examples:
1. They had been waiting for an hour before the bus came.
2. He hadn’t been sleeping well.
3. Had she been working there long?
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9. Future Simple
Structure:
(+) Subject + will + base verb
(-) Subject + will not (won’t) + base verb
(?) Will + subject + base verb?
Use:
1. Promises, predictions, decisions made at the moment
Examples:
1. I will help you.
2. She won’t agree.
3. Will you join us?
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10. Future (Going to)
Structure:
(+) Subject + am/is/are + going to + base verb
(-) Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + base verb
(?) Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + base verb?
Use:
1. Planned actions
2. Predictions based on evidence
Examples:
1. We are going to travel next week.
2. He isn’t going to study tonight.
3. Are you going to apply?
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11. Future Continuous
Structure:
(+) Subject + will be + verb+ing
(-) Subject + will not be + verb+ing
(?) Will + subject + be + verb+ing?
Use:
1. Ongoing action at a specific time in the future
Examples:
1. I will be working at 6 PM.
2. They won’t be waiting long.
3. Will you be coming to class?
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12. Future Perfect
Structure:
(+) Subject + will have + past participle
(-) Subject + will not have + past participle
(?)
Will + subject + have + past participle?
Use:
1. Action completed before a future point in time
Examples:
1. She will have finished the project by Friday.
2. He won’t have arrived by then.
3. Will they have left?
