Civil Engineering

[Personal Note Book 04]

[Mahmudul Hasan Shakil] 1/11/24 [Civil Engineering Construction]

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 (Construction) :

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:
:

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:
:

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# :
:

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 :

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 :

#
:

 :

 :

 :

#
:

 (BIM) :

 :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 1
  : 3D

 (IOT) :

: :

 :

 :

 :

 :

: :

 :

 :

 :

a)
b)

 -

 -

B. -

 -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 2


:
=================

• - -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 3
 •

# ৪ ।

 -

 MDB, DB SB

 DB, SB

 -

 , ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 4


 - ,

 -

 ,

# -

 Unit Converter –

 Concrete Work Estimate – ,

 Brick Work Estimate- ,

 FAR & MGC (Beta) – . .

 Rebar Weight –

 RCC Slab Design – . . ,

 Plaster Work Estimate –

 Column capacity –

 Column Impose Load –

 Footing Design –

 SPT to Bearing – . .

 Singly Beam Design –

 Development & Splice Length –

 Electric Bill – ( )

 Shutter Weight –

 Concrete Mix Design –

 Pile Estimate –

# ,

 AASHO = American Association of State Highway Official.

 ACI = American Concrete Institute, USA.

 AISC = American Institute of Steel Construction, USA.

 AISE = Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, USA.

 AISI = American Iron and Steel Institute, USA.

 ANSI = American National Standards Institute, USA.

 ASME = American Society of Mechanical Engineers, USA.

 ASME = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, USA.

 ASTM = American Society for Testing Materials, USA.

 AWS = American Welding Society, USA.

 BOCA = Building Officials and Code Administrator International Ins, USA.

 BNBC = Bangladesh National Building Code.

 BSI = Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute, UK.

 BSTI = Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute, Bangladesh.

 BWDB = Bangladesh Water Development Boards, Bangladesh.

 CGSB = Canadian General Standards Board, Canada.

 FM = Factory Manual [Standard Laboratory, USA Department].

 ICBO = International Conference of Building Officials, USA.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 5
 ISO = International Organization for Standardization, Swizerland.

 ISSMFE = International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, USA.

#
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@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 6
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@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 7
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@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 8


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a.
b. -

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@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 9
d. , , ০০০ -

e. ০ -

f. -
g.
h. -
i. - ৪( )
j. -
k.
l.
m. - ,ঐ

n. - ০%
o.
p.

q. , - , - %

# :

 150 6

 2.75

 9.5

 2.4

 2.75

 5

 1.8

 2

 1.8

 2.2

 3

 2.4

 2.5 X5

 1 , 1.5 ,

 2

 250

 150

 ( ) 2.2

- -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 10
 (Building) :

,
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,

।
1.
2.

# - - : -

# - : , ,

# :

 -

 200

 ,

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 ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 11


# :

 200 100

 R.C.C.

 -

 -

 ,

 , R.C.C

a) -
-
b) -

c)

d)
e) ঐ
f) - -

g)

(Foundation) :

(Understand the principles of designing R.C.C. footing)

 :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 12
 :

 :

 :

(Function of foundation) :

-
a) (Reduction of load intensity) :

b) (Even distribution of load) :

-
c) (Provision of level surface) :

d) (Lateral stability) :

e) (Safe against undermining) :

f) (Protection against movement) :

 - -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 13


 -

 -

 -

(Remedial measures of foundation failures) :

=====================
- -

-
a) -
b)
c)

a)
b) -
c)
d)

:
-
a)
b)
c) 1.5 1
d)
e) 10

- -

-
a) 5.5 4.9

b) 50

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 14
 -

15
90

-
-
a)
b) - -
c) 1 :2:4

d)
e)
f) 60 90 -

(Unequal settlement of foundation) : -

-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. (Foundation be
11.

(Precautions necessary to prevent uneve settlement of foundation) :

- -

1.

2.

3.
4.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 15
5. -
6. -

a)
b) -
a)
1.

2.

3. -

4. - -

5.

: :
1.
2.

a) :

b) :
-

-
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 16
 –
a) (Deep Foundation)
b) (Shallow Foundation)

A. Deep Foundation) -

 (Pile Foundation)

 (Cofferdam)

 (Caisson or Well Foundation)

 (Pier Foundation)

1. Pile Foundation) :

(Caisson) :

3. (Cofferdam) :

(Pier Foundation) :

B. (Shallow Foundation) :
-

 (Spread Footing)

 (Combined Footing)

 (Strap or Cantilever Footing)

 (Mat or Raft Footing)

a)

b)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 17
c)

d)

(Advantages of shallow foundation) :

 -

 -

(Limitations of shallow foundations) :

 -

 -

 -

15
1:3:6 1:4:8

 3 15

 3 - 4.50 20

 4.50 - 6 25

 6 30

1. (Pile) :

― ‖

-
-
(Trestle-bridge- -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 18
# -

 -

 -

# (Classification of pile foundation) :

==========================
a -
1. (Bearing pile)
2. (Friction pile)
3. (Sheet pile)
4. (Anchor pile)
5. (Batter pile)
6. (Fender pile)
7. (Compaction pile)

b. —
1. (Timber pile )
2. (Concrete pile)
3. (Composite pile)
4. (Steel pile)
5. (Sand pile)

1) - (Pre-cast concrete pile)

2) - - (Cast-in-situ pile)
a) (Driven pile)
i) (Cased)
ii) (Uncased)
b) (Bored pile)
i) (Pressure pile)
ii) (Under reamed pile)
iii) (Bored compaction pile)
c) - (Pre-stressed concrete pile)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 19
 - -
1) Raymond pile)
2) - (Mac-arthur case pile )
3) (Monotube pile)
4) (Button bottom pile)
5) (Swage pile)

- -
1) (Simplex pile)
2) (Franki pile)
3) (Vibro pile)
4) (Pedestal pile)

1) - (H-Pile)
2) (Pipe pile)
3) - (Screw pile)
4) (Disc Pile)
5) (Sheet pile)

1) (Timber sheet pile)

2) - (Pre-cast concrete sheet pile)
3) - (Pre- stressed concrete sheet pile)
4) (Steel sheet pile)

(Method of construction) : —
1. - (Pre-cast pile)
2. - - (Cast-in-situ pile)

(Describe different types of deep foundation) :

===================

(a)

(b)

(c)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 20
(d) -

(e)
(f) -
-
(g)

==========================
(Wood pile) :

7.25- 30 50 30
50 15 18 20

 -

(Composite pile) :
-
- -
-

1. -
2.
3.
4.
5.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 21
 6.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(Sand pile) :

20 40
1
2 5

(Advantages) :

 -

(Disadvantages) :

(Concrete pile) :

1) -
2)

(Steel pile) : 6-7

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 22
A. - -

৪ ০

 -

 - ৪

- - - -

- -

 -

 -

- -

 -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 23
  - -

- -
====================
- - (Cased cast in situ concrete pile) :

-
1. (Raymond pile)
2. - (Mac-arthur cased pile)
3. (Monotube pile)
4. (Swage pile)
5. (Button bottom pile)

(Raymond pile) : - - ৪০ ০
০ ০

(Mac-arthur cased pile) :

-

(Swage pile) :

 -

(Button bottom pile) :

(Monotube pile) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 24
 - - (Uncased cast-in-situ pile) :

1. (Simplex pile)
2. (Franki pile)
3. (Vibro pile)
4. (Pedestal pile)

(Simplex pile) : ০

(Franki pile) : -

০ ০
-

(Vibro pile) :

০
-

(Pedestal or Bulb pile) : -

-

-
০৭

==============

 -

 -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 25
 

- - - :-
========================
- - -
1) - -
2)
3)

- -
1) -
2)
3)

(Screw pile) : ০ -
৪ ০

(Disc pile) :

(Pipe pile or Steel cylinder) : -৭

- ০

1.
2.
3. -
4.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 26


 6

4 -
1)
2)
3)
4)

:-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 27
 

10 35

10-15 40

12 30 x 30

15 36 x 36

18 40 x 40

21 46 x 46

40 20

(Methods of casting and placing concrete pile foundation) :

=================
- - - -

1.
৪
2.

3. -

4.

(b) -

- -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 28
 -

(Loads on piles) : -

 -

(Load carrying capacity of piles) : -

 (Dynamic formula)

 (Static formula)

(Conduct of pile load test) :

- -
-
- -

-
1.
2.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 29
 3.
4.
5. .5
6.
7. -

-
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

-
1. (Cyclic load method)
2. (Constant penetration method).
3. (Housel's method)
4. (Equilibrium method)

(Pile driving) :
-
1. (Pile frames)
2. (Pile hammers)
3. (Leads)
4. (Winches)
5. (Miscellaneous equipment)

(Pile frame) :

(Pile hammer) : —
a. (Drop hammer)
b. (Single acting steam hammer)
c. (Double acting steam hammer)
d. (Diesel hammer)

 (Leads) : -

 (Winches) :

 -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 30
 (Pile driving methods) : -
1) (By drop hammer)
2) (By steam hammer)
a) (Single acting)
b) - (Double acting)
c) (Differential acting)
3) (By water jet)
4)

(Drop hammer) : - - - -

(Steam hammer) :

- -

(Stroke length)
-
a) (Compact)
b)
c)
d)
e)

(Water jet) :

(Boring) :
-

(Methods of driving timber pile) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 31
 0.5

.5
-

===================

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6. 1:2:4/1:3:6
7.

:
=================
# Cutter
‘ ‘
‘ ‘ ‘
8 16

Tre
2 6 ‘

C 6 18

 [with stone chips & 70% Sylhet sand].

 Clear

 Cut o 600mm/ 2 feet.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 32
 6
-

 or 3.5 to 7.5 Cm o

# Maximum Tolerance:

• Pile Center Displacement: 75mm/ 3 inch.

• Vertically Inclination: 1:100 or 1 inch/ 10

- :

20 1/1.5

# Casing Driving : 18 20

# Pile Inclination :

# Consideration of Boring Time :

# Side Loosing or Side Caving or scouring :

Be

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 33
 ।

 Natural sodium bentonite

 Natural calcium bentonite

 Sodium-activated bentonite
Sand conten
In General 4-6 1000 40-60 15

# Workers Safety :

- (Bore pile) :
===========================================
# Wash : 30 45

10/15

15/20
10/15

# Reinforcement Checking :

=====================
# Shape Ring : 1.5 5
600mm/ 2 Feet, ‘
- - - - Inch.

# Core Dia :
Covering 75mm
420mm!

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 34
# Rebar to Rebar Distance :

# Welding : ‖
2 N

# Clear Cover : 1.5 5 3

# Rebar Cage Joint :

2‘
2/3

# Pile Hook :

 -) 2.4 8

 -) 1.8 6

 2 0.6

 -) 0.3 1

 1.8-0.3] = 1.5 5

 2.05 6 10 0.100 1.5 0.45

1.5 5 0.45
1.5 5
16

(Caisson) :

a)
b)

a)
b)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 35
 c)
d)

। । -
a)
b)
c)
d)

# (Types and shapes of caison foundation) :

, -
a) (Open caisons or Wells or Well foundation)
b) (Pneumatic caison)
c) (Box caison or Floating caison)

# , -

 (Single circular)

 (Twin hexagonal)

 (Twin circular)

 (Twin octagonal)

 (Dumb well)

 (Rectangular)

 - (Double-D)

1. (Open caisons or Wells or Well foundation) : ,

(Curb)
(Cutting edge) -

# (Curb) -
(Cutting edge) ,
৪
- , -
-
-
. ৪.
,
(Verticall)

 -

 -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 36
2. (Pneumatic caison) : ,
, ,

,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,

, ,
, ,
, ,
" " , ,

, ,
,

, ,
, , ,
, , ,

, ,

3. (Box caison or Floating caison) : ,

, ,

, , ,
,
,
, , , ,
,

,
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,
,

, ,

,
, ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 37
 ,

# :

 ( ) 3-7

 , 3-7

# :

 ,

 ,

 ,

 haunches .

(Cofferdam) :

 -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 38
a) (Earthen coffer dam)
b) - (Rock fill coffer dam)
c) (Sand bag coffer dam)
d) (Single walled coffer dam)
e) (Double walled coffer dam)
f) - (Rock-Filled crib coffer dam)
g) Concrete coffer dam)
h) Cellular coffer dam)
i) (Cantilever sheet pile coffer dam)
j) (Braced coffer dam)
k) Suspended coffer dam)

(Earthen coffer dam) :

- Rock fill coffer dam) : -

-
-
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 39
 -

-
-

(Sand bag coffer dam) :

d) (Single walled coffer dam) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 40
e) (Double walled coffer dam) :

f) - (Rock-Filled crib coffer dam) : -

g) (Concrete coffer dam) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 41
h) (Cellular coffer dam) :

i) (Cantilever sheet pile coffer dam) :

j) (Braced coffer dam) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 42
 4. (Pier Foundation) :

(Pier Foundation)

===================
(Drilled Pier) :

(Auger Cast-in-Place Pier) :

(Caisson Pier) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 43
 

 :

1. (Spread Footing) :

,
, ,
-
, RCC
, ,

# -
(a) (Strip footing)
1) (Simple footing)
2) (Stepped footing)
(b) (Reinforced concrete footing)
(c) (Isolated or pad footing)
1) .
2) .
3) .
(d) (Eccentrically loaded footing)
1) (Offsetting the footing)
2) (Strap footing)
(e) (Grillage foundation)
1) (Steel grillage)
2) (Timber grillage)
(f) (Inverted arch footing)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 44
(a) (Strip footing) : ,
০ ,
( - ) ০ (
)

# , -

 , -

 ( )

# , -
1) (Simple footing)
2) (Stepped footing)

1) : , - , ,
2) :
, ,

(b) (Reinforced concerte footing) : ,

৭- , -

(c) (Isolated or Independent or Pad footing) :

,
, , ,
-

1. (Footing for brick pillar) :

2. (RCC column footing) : ,

- -
, -

# , -
1) (Square footing of uniform thickness)
2) (Sloped square footing)
3) (Stepped square footing)
4) (Rectangular footing of uniform thickness)
5) (Sloped rectangular footing)

# -

 -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 45
  -

 -

3. (Stone pillar footing) :

(d) (Eccentrically loaded footing) : ,

,

(i) (Offseting the footing) :

(Regular) , -

(ii) (Strap footing) : -

,
,

(e) (Grillage foundation) : , Stanchion

# ' , -
1. (Steel grillage)
2. (Timber grillage)

1. Rolled Steel Joists (R.S.J's)-

- ০ (Spacer bar)

, -
০

০ -

# , ০
,

,
•
Steel column

2. (Timber grillage foundation) :

. / (omme/mt)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 46
 - ০

৪ ০
০ , (b = ০.৭ d)

(f) (Inverted arch footing) :

, ,
, - ,

# :

 - ,
,

 ,

# :

 ,

 ,

 ,

 ,

 ,
3 ksi < f'c < 4 ksi , 4 ksi < f'c < 8 ksi
,

# :
, :-

A=

, Qt q

# : , :-

 ,

 ,

 ,

 footings .

 - ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 47
 ,

 , .

# :

 ,

 ,

(Combined Footing) :

(Combined

1. (Rectangular Combined Footing)

2. (Trapezoidal Combined Footing)
3. (Continuous footing)

1) (Rectangular Combined Footing) :

2) (Trapezoidal Combined Footing) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 48
3) (Continuous footing) :

 (Reinforcement) :

1. -

2.
3.
4. - -

(Strap or Cantilever Footing) :

(Strap or Cantilever Footing)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 49
 (Strap Footing) :

(Cantilever Footing) :

===========

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 50
 

=============

4. (Mat or Raft Footing) :

- -

(Mat or Raft Footing)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 51
 :

# :

(Grade Beam) :

1. -
2. - -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 52
 

 *

 ৪ ৪ ৪

================

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 53
 

(Soling) :

:
- -
―80- ―90

a) (Brick Soling)
b)

(Brick Soling) :

a) (Flat Soling)
b) - (Herring-Bone Bond Soling)
c) (Diagonal Soling)

-









@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 54
 

 (Single Brick Soling) :

 (Double Brick Soling) :

(Stone Soling) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 55
 (Single Layer Stone Soling) :

 (Double Layer Stone Soling) :

 (Plain Stone Soling) :

 - (Hand-Packed Stone Soling) :

1)
2)
3)

a) :

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 56
 (Column) :

-
- (Unsupported length) -

-
-

—
a) (Short column)
b) (Long column)

a) (Short column) :

b) (Long column) :

80

# (Slenderness ratio) : - -

SR = =

r= √ , Imin = Ix + Iy Iz -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 57
 -
a) (Tied column)
b) (Spiral column )
c) (Composite column)
d) (Combination column )

a) (Tied column) : -
-
-

b) (Spiral column) :

c) (Composite column) : -

d) (Combination column) :

# (Pipe column) :

# (State the minimum size and minimum number of rod required for tied
column and sprial column) :


৪

(Determine the spacing of lateral ties and spiral of column) :

(a
(i)
(ii) ‚
(iii)

(b)

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 58
 (Arrangement of tie rod in column) :

 ‘
‘


‗ ‘

#
a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

৭ ৪

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 59
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

 –

 -

 ‘ ‘

 ACI ‗ ‘

 10 2 (4.5+4.5+1)

a) ,

3/4/5

b) ,

6/7/8

(Beam) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 60
# ।

==============

(Concrete Beams) :
(i) (Reinforced Concrete Beams) :

(ii) (Prestressed Concrete Beams) :

(i) - (I-Beams) : -

(ii) - (H-Beams) : -

(Wooden Beams) :
(i) (Solid Wooden Beams) : -

(ii) (Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams) :

2. :
a) (Simply supported beam) :
-

b) (Cantilever beam) :

c) (Overhanging beam)
d) (Fixed beam) :
e) (Continuous beam) :

(i) - (Semi-continuous beam) : -

(ii) (Fully continuous beam) :

3 :
a) (Girder Beams) :

b) (Lintel Beams) :

c) (Floor Beams) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 61
4 :
a) Span Beams) : (Short

b) (Long Span Beams) :

5.
a) : ঐ

b)

:
a) (Rectangular Beam) :

b) (T Beam) :

ঐ
- - - - (Flanged)
-
-

- -

 -

 -

 -

#
1. ∑H = 0
2. ∑

3. M=0

CC 3 -
a)
b)
c)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 62
 (Types of support) :
a) (Simple or roller)
b) (Hinged)
c) (Fixed)

a) (Simple support) : -

b) - (Rotation) -
-
c)

a) (Concentrated or point load)

b) (Uniformly distributed load)
c) (Non-
uniformly distributed load or Uniformly varying load or Triangular load)

a)

b)

c)
d)
-

e)

(Magnitude and effect of different types of loads on beam) :

-
a) (Dead load)
b) (Live load)
c)

a) (Dead load) :

b) Lv L

c) (Environmental load) : -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 63
AI

 ৪

 -

5 (Pouring of Concrete) :


৪

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 64


 :

 :

9.

 :

 :

 ‘

 -

 : Middle Third Span , Zone Negative Moment

 : One Third Span , Zone Positive Moment

 Spacer Bar 25mm [For Beam] Spacing ‘

 Main Bar Extra Bar ‘

a) ,

3/4/5

b) ,

6/7/8

a)

b)

c)

(Slab) :

(Floor)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 65
a) -
1)
2)
3) ( )

1. : , -
100 500 , ,

, ,
,
:

 , ,
, 21

 , ,

2. RCC

( ): " "
- -
[
, , , ,

, , ,

b) :-

1) (Ground Bearing Slabs)

2) (Roof slab)

1. : - , " - " " - - " ,

-

- :

 : 800
400 , ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 66
  : ,

2. : , -
:

 ,

 ,
-

 -

(R.C.C. floor slab) :

#
================
a) - —
1) (One-way solid slab)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2) (One way ribbed slab)
3) (Pre-

2. (Two way -
1) (Two-way solid slab)
(i)
(ii)
2) (Two-way ribbed slab)
3) (Beamless slab)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

# -
a) (One-way slab)
b) (Two-way slab)
c) (Flat slab)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 67
 d) (Ribbed slab)
e)

a) One way slab)

- -

b) Two way slab)

-
-

‗ ‘ ‗ ‘

c) (Flat slab) :

-
(i)
(ii)

(i) (Drop panel) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 68
 -
ঐ
(ii) (Column capital) :

(Flat plate slab) : ঐ

(Ribbed slab) :

- -
-


-

 :

 -

e) (RB slab) :
ঐ

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 69
 

(Level) :

1. Road Level:

1st floor level (+12'-6 12'-0

12'-6 12'-6
5 -)5'-0

2. Existing Ground Level (EGL

3. Parking Level:

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 70
 1‖-0‘ 2'-6
2'-0
2

। 2


1:6
3 18

4. Plinth Level (PL):

3 6 2'-0
2'-6‘ 2 6

(Floor) :

।
1. (Ground floor),
2. (Upper floor) :

# (Upper floor) :

(Component of floor) :
1. - (Floor base or sub-floor )
2. (Flooring or floor covering)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 71
1) - (Sub-floor) :
- -
2) (Floor covering) : -

- (Floor base or sub-floor or base course)

(i) (lowest layer)-
(ii) (Second layer)- (Lean cement concr

(iii) (Third layer)-

(Flooring or floor covering or floor finish)

(Mention the essential requirements of a floor) :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

(Requirement of upper floor) :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

(Name the suitable materials used for the construction of floor):

-
1. (Cement concrete)
2. (Lime concrete)
3. (Stone)
4.
5.

1. (Mud and muram)

2. (Flag stone)
3. (Terrazzo)
4. (Tiles)
5. (Wood or timber)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 72
 6. (Asphalt)
7.
8. (Concrete)
9. (Mosaic)
10. (Marble)
11. - (Rich concrete)
12. (Rubber)
13. —-
14. -
15. (Glass )
16. -
17. (Plastic or P.V.C.)

(Types of floors ) :
a) (Ground floor) :

b) (Basement floor) :

c) (Upper floor) : -
d) (Suspended floor) :

(Types of flooring) : -
1. (Mud flooring)
2. (Cement concrete flooring)
3. (Brick flooring)
4. (Mosaic flooring)
5. (Marble flooring)
6. (Timber flooring)
7. (Rubber flooring)
8. (Cork flooring)
9. (Plastic or P.V.C. flooring)
10.
11. (Muram flooring)
12. (Flag stone flooring)
13. (Terrazzo flooring)
14. (Tiled flooring)
15. (Granolithic flooring)
16. (Asphalt flooring)
17. (Linolium flooring)
18. (Glass flooring)
19. (Acid proof flooring)

 (Initial cost) :

 (Appearance) :

 - (Cleanliness) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 73
 (Durability) :

 (Damp resistance) :

 (Sound insulation) :

 (Thermal insulation) :

 (Fire resistance) :

 (Smoothness) :

 (Hardness) :

(Choice of construction for upper floor) :

1. (General type of building construction)
2. (Flooring loads or amount and type of floor loading)
3. (Plan of building)
4. (Initial cost)
5. (Fire resistance)
6. (Sound insulation)
7. (Weight and position of floor)
8. (Function or use of building)
9. (Type of ceiling)
10. (Wearing surface)

1. :

 (I-beem -
2.

3. -

4. -

5.

6.

7.
-
8.

9.

10. -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 74
 (Describe the construction procedure of the following type of floors) :
===================
(Brick flooring) :
-

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

a)
b)

(Flag stone flooring) :

-

1.
2.
3.
4.

1. -
2.

(Cement concrete flooring) : -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 75
(a) -
-
(b)

(c)

‚ ‚ ‚

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. -

1. -
2.

(Terrazzo flooring) :

(Decorative floor)- -

(separator)-

40%
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 76
 (Mosaic flooring) :
-

- -

- -

(Tiled flooring) :

(Marble flooring) : -
-
–

- -

8. (Timber flooring) :

।
a) (Strip floor covering) : -

b) (Planked floor covering) :

c) (Wood block floor covering) : –

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 77
d) (Fabricated wood block) :

- -
-

(Asphalt flooring) :
a) (Asphalt tiles flooring)
b) (Asphalt mastic flooring)
c) (Asphalt mosaic flooring)
d) (Acid proof mastic flooring)

(a) (Asphalt tiles flooring) :

‚

-
(b) (Asphalt mastic flooring) :

(c) (Asphalt mosaic) :

(d) (Acid proof mastic flooring) :

(Rubber flooring) :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(Cork flooring) :
- (Boili

-
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 78
 (Glass flooring) :
-3

(Plastic or P. V. C. flooring): -

(Epoxy paint floor) :

(Epoxy) :

•
Epoxy pr -
-

# Epoxy floor coating : -

-
(i) Self-levelling epoxy floors :
- -

(ii) Epoxy mortar floors : 100

(iii) Quartz filled epoxy floors :

(iv) Anti-static epoxy floors :

- -

(v) Epoxy flake floors : -

(Preparation of epoxy floor) : -

1. (Preparing the surface)
2. (Priming and filling)
3.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 79
(i) Prepare the surface :

(ii) Sweeping and cleaning of the floor : -

(i) Prime the floor with a suitable epoxy primer :

- Epoxy

(ii) Fill all cracks, holes etc. with epoxy grout :

(i) Application of the first coat of epoxy paint :

-
(ii) Apply the product with a roller :
24

(iii) Apply the final coat :

Epoxy - 40

(Classification and construction procedure of upper floor) :

1. (Timber floor)
a. (Single floor)
b. (Double floor )
c. Framed floor )
2. - (Pre-cast concrete floor )
3. (Jack arch floor)
4. (R.C. C. floor)
5. (Ribbed or hollow tiled flooring)
6. (Filler joist floor)
7. (Flag-stone floor resting on steel joists)

===========
(Single floor) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 80
#
1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3. -
4.
5.

(Double floor) : -

-
-

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. - -

:
1.
2.
3.
4.

(Framed floor) : -
-1 (Girder), 2 (Binder), 3 4

- N

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 81
1.
2. -
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.

- (Precast concrete floor) : -

- -

-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. -
10.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. -

(Jack arch floor) :

-
–
-
- -

(RCC Floor) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 82
 a) Simple slab flooring)
b) (Reinforced brick flooring)
c) (Beam slab flooring)
d)

(a)
-

-
(b)

(c)

(d)
-
-

(Drop panel)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1.
2.

(Ribbed or hollow tiled flooring) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 83
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.
2.

(Filler joist floor) : -

- ‚

(Flag stone floor) :

- -

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.

(Advantages and disadvantages of floor) :

=====================
-

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 84
 6) -

1) -
2)

(Hollow floor) :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.

1)
2) -
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

1)
2)
3)

-
1)
2)
3)
4)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 85
 (Stair) :

# (Introduction) : -

,
,

- ,

90 . 1.5-1.8 - 10-12 3
2.1-2.3

# (Stair and staircase) :

, (Stair)
,
, ,
(Stair case) ,

# (Mention the functions and location of stairs) : :

1.
2.
3.
4.

# : (Residential building) , (Public building)

' ' 90 - 1.50

# –
1.
2.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 86
 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

# (Define the technical terms used in stairs) :

(a) (Tread) : (Steps) ,
(Tread) 22 30 25
(b) (Rise) : ' (Rise) 12 19 ,
15
(c) (Riser) : ' , 12 19
15
(d) (Nosing) : (Nosing)
25-3-7
(e) (Line of nosing) : , Line of nosing

(f) (Scotia block) :

,
(g) (Going or run) : ,
(Going) ,
, = +
(h) (Landing) : ' (Flight) ,

, Half space landing Quarter space landing

(i) (Flight) : ' - (Flight) 11 12

15 3
(j) (Soffit) : (Soffit)
(k) (Pitch or slope) : ,
, 45°
30°-
(l) (String or stringer) : ,

'
(m) (Hand Rail) :
,
Hand rail

(n) (Baluster) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 87
(o) (Balustrade) : ,

(p) (Newel or Newel post) :

(q) (Walking line or line of travel) : 45

,

(r) (Head room) :

, 2.10
(s) (Carriers of Rough string) : ,

(t) (Step) : , '

(Step)
(Stair)
(u) (Spandril) :

# (Types of steps) :
a) (Flier step)
b) (Curtail or scrol step)
c) (Bull nose step)
d) (Winder step)
e) (Dancing step)
f) (Commode step)
g) (Splayed step)

(a) (Flier step) : (Flier)

(b) : ,
Round ended step
(c) (Half round) ,
(d) (Commode step) : ,
2 3
(e) (Winder step) :

(f) (Splayed step) : ' ,

(g) (Dancing step) : ,

# (Mention the requirement of a good stair) : -

(a) (Location) : -
, ,

(b) (Width of stair) : 90

1.5 1.8
(c) (Length of flight) : 10–12 3

(d) (Pitch of stair) :

30°45°

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 88
(e) (Head Room) : (Luggage)
2.1 2.3
(f) (Materials) : ,
(g) (Landing) : (Flight)
(h) (Winder) : (Winder)
(i) (Balustrade) : (Open well)

(j) (Step dimension) :

# (List the suitable materials for construction of stairs) :

,
a) (Timber stairs)
b) (Stone stairs)
c) (Brick stairs)
d) (Steel stairs)
e) . . . (RCC stairs)
f)
g)

1. (Timber stairs) : ,

2. (Stone stairs) :

# ,
1. (Rectangular steps)
2. (Spandril steps)
3. (Slab tread and riser steps)
4. (Cantilever tread slab steps)
5. (Builtup steps)

3. (Brick stairs) : (Solid) - (Arch)

'

4. (Metal stairs) : , , ,
- ' - (I-section chanel)
(Stringer) . . (R.S Joist)
Mild steel, Cast iron, Rolled steel

5. . . . (RCC Stairs) : . . . , ,
, 1:2:4 , Reinforcement
Waist slab, step, railing - - (Cast-in-situ)

1.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 89
 2. -
3. , ,
4.
5.
6. ,
7.
8.
9. (Framed structure) RCC stair

# . . .
a) (Stair with slab spanning longitudinally) :
. . (Mild steel bar)

b) (Stair with slab spanning horizontally) : . . .

-

c) : . . . . .

# (Mention the classification of stairs) :

==================
# ' ।
(a) (Straight flight stairs)
(b) (Turning stairs)

# -
=====
1. (Quarter turn stairs)
(i) (Newel quarter turn stairs)
(ii) (Geometrical quarter turn stairs)
2. (Half turn stairs)
(i) (Doglegged stair or Newel half turn stairs)
(ii) (Open newel half turn stairs)
(iii) (Geometrical half turn stairs)
3. (Three quarter turns tairs)
4. (Bifurcated stairs)
5. (Continuous or geometrical stairs)
(i) (Circular stairs)
(ii) (Spiral stairs)
(iii) (Helical stairs)

#
1) (Straight flight stairs) :
'
,
, ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 90
2) (Newel quarter turn stairs) : 90° ,
(Winders)
,
3) (Geometrical quarter turn stairs) : -
-
4) - (Dog-legged stairs) : 180°
, '
5) (Open newel half turn stairs) : ,

-
6) (Geometrical half turn stairs) :
, ,

7) (Three quarter turn stairs) :

, '

8) (Bifurcated stairs) : '

' ,
' '
- , ,
9) (Geometrical stairs) : ,
,
10) (Circular stairs) :
(Winder)
11) (Spiral stairs) : ,
-
. . . (RCC) (Metal) , ,
,
12) (Helical stairs) : . . . ,

# (Express the relation between tread and riser) :

1. 2 56 61 ( ) + 2x = 60 -
( ) 30 + 2 x 15 = 60
( ) 27 + 2 x 16.5 = 60
( ) 25 + 2 × 17.5 = 60

2. ' ( ) 400 450 ( )× = 400 450 -

( ) 30 x 15 = 450
( ) 27.5 x 16 = 440
( ) 25 x 17.5 = 437.5

3. ( ) 40 45 ( )+ = 40 45
( ) 30 + 15 = 45
( ) 27.5 + 16 = 43.5
( ) 25 +17.5 = 42.5

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 91
4. 14 30 2 1 :
( ) 15 × 28
( ) 16 x 26
( ) 17 × 24

 -16 x 26

 - 10 x 30

 - 27 × 15 30 × 14

 25 × 16

# (Design of stair) :
1.
2.
3. ,
4.

(a) -
1. =( / )
2. = -1
(b) -
1. +2× = 60
2. x = 400 450
3. + = 40 45
(c) -
1. 90
2. - 1.5 1.8.
(d) - - ।

# : -
25 40 ,

# ।
==============
# (American Standard) :

 + = 44 .

 x = 400-450 .

# (IndianStandard) :

 +2x =60 .

 x = 400-410 .

# AcI :

 AcI 15 18

 23-27 14-15 25-30

# :
, R= , .

 T= , .

 S= , .

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 92
  = S√ x

# : W = 12R / ,

 R=

 W=

# –



 -

# –
 250 400
 3 12
 6-7
 10-12

# :
 , 30 . 14 . 25 . 12-13 .

 75
 10 95 100 10
125
 , , 150
 300
 250 , 300
200 , 150
26 45 30 800 900

 2100 - - -

 1

 250
 2400
 15


 -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 93
 (Lift and Escalator) :

(Lift) :

1. (Bottom clearence) :

2. (Buffer) :

3. (Car or case) :

4. (Controller) :

5. (Counter weight or balance weight) :

6. (Diverting pulley) :

7. (Door closer) :
8. (Encloser) :

9. (Guide rail) :
-
10. (Driving sheave) :
11. (Travel) :
12. (Top clearence) :

13. (Suspension rope ) :

14. (Shaft or well) :

15. (Safety gear) :

16. (Position and direction indicator) :

17. (Pit) : 0
18. (Over speed governor) :

19. (Machine room) :

20. (Landing call push) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 94
21. (Electro-mechanical lock) :

============

a) (Passenger lift) :
b) (Goods lift) :
c) (Service lift) :

d) (Platform lift) :

a) (Gearless lift) :

b) (Geared lift) :

c)

d)

B. (Escalator or moving strair) : -

1. (Steel truss frame work)

2. (Hand rail)
3. (Belt with step)
4. (Motor driven sporket wheel)
5. (Roller chain)
6. (Driving maching)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 95
 (Wall) :

( ) ( ) ,

, ,
, ,

# ,

 (Strength and stability)

 (Weather resistance)

 (Durability)

 (Fire resistance)

 (Thermal insulation)

 (Sound insulation)

# , :
1.
2. -

1. : -
, ,

# :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) (115 , 225 )
(f)

2. - :
,
-
 -
 - 100 125

# - :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) (115 , 225 )

# , :
a)
b)
c)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 96
(a) :
,
,
(b) : , , ,

(c) :

# :











# :
==============================
1. :

। :
1.
2.
3.

2. : ,

3. :

4. :
,

5. : , ,

6. :
,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 97
7. : 3

8. :

# :











(Partition wall) :
========================

N -

 -

 -

(General features of partition wall) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 98
 (Function of partition wall) :

 -

(Types of partition walls) :

-

 (Brick partition)

 (Hollow block partition )

 (Glass partition)

 (Concrete partition)

 (Metal lath partition)

 (Asbestos sheet or GI. sheet partition)

 (Plaster slab partition)

 (Timber part

 - (Straw-board partition )

 (Wood wool slab partition)

 (Plastic board partition )

====================
(Brick partition wall) :

1. (Plain brick partition)

2. (Reinforced brick partition)
3.

(Reinforced brick partition):

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 99
 (Brick nogging partition) :
-

 (Sill)—

 (Head)–

 (Stud)–

 (Nogging picce)—

-
-

==================

 -

 -

(Glass partition) :
-

 (Glass sheet partition )

 (Hollow block)

a)

b) - -
-

(Concrete partition) :
- - -

- - - - -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 100

 - - -
:2:
-

=============

 (Common or stud partition)

 (Trussed or braced partition )

(a) (Strd partition) :

-

(b) (Trussed or Braced) :

- (inter-tie

===================

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 101

 

====================

 -

 -

=================

=================

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 102

 

(Cavity wall) :

। -

 -

 -

 -

- -

(Need for cavity wall) : -

a) (Damp prevention) :

b)

c) (Sound insulation) :

d) (Efflorescence prevention) :

e) (Economy) -

(General features of cavity wall) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 103



(Cavity wall at openings) : -

v v
1.

2.

3. -
4.
5.
6. -

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

(Different types and spacing of wall ties used in cavity wall) :

-
ঐ

(Construction of cavity wall) :

-
-
- -
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 104

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

9.
10. -
11.

# (Retaining Wall) :

# -

-
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

2
- -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 105

# -
a) - (Non-Surcharge Retaining Wall)

b) (Surcharge Retaining Wall)

(Back Fill)-
(Heel & Toe)-
Weep Hole)-
-

#
 , 4% 5%
 6-7
 (Heel) (Toe)
 6
 (Angle of Repose) 33°42° 1.5:1
 , Weep hole

 (stem) ( ) 20-30

 ( ) , (Non-surcharge)
0.4 0.65 0.55 0.75

 ,

 2

# . . . . . .
(a) (Base slab):
. . . = x x
= L × B × 'h
(b) (Stem):
. . . = x × ( )

=L×( ) × (H – h)

(c) (Back Fil):

= x x

= L × × (H – h)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 106

# . . . : 1:2:4 , , , ,
. . (M.S. rod) ( ) . . .

:
==================

#
1.
2.
a.
b.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a.
b.
8.
9.
10.
11.






(Stretcher bond) :

(Header bond) :

3. :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 107

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

6. ’

7.
8.

a)
b)

(Single flemish bond) : -

-

1.
2. - -

1.
2.
3.

(Double flemish bond) :

1.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 108

 2. - -
3.
4.
5.
6.

(Garden wall bond) :

—
a)
b)

a.

b.

(Facing bond) :

(Raking bond) :

—
a)
b)

a) (Herring bone bond) :

b) (Diagonal bond) :
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 109

 (Dutch bond) :

1.
2. (Qu
3. -

(English cross bond) :

1.
2. -
3.

- (Zig-zag bond) :

- - (Brick-on-edge Bond or Silver lock's bond) :

# :
-----------------------------------------------
# ।
1. Ordinary Brick Work : ,

2. Pointing Brick Work :

,

10

# - -

 1000 0.10 (1 )

 , , , 500 0.05 (72 )

 , , 10

#
=====================
# (Selection of bricks): , - ,
HP

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 110

# (Stacking of bricks) :

# (Wetting of bricks) : 24
, ,
;


 ,

# : ,
,

# : , / RCC [ 2- ‘
distance]

# : ,
, ,
 ‘ 1:4 1:5
 ‘ 1:6 1:5

# (Spreading mortar on foundations) : - 1.5

(Corner joint)

# (Laying first course of corner) : ,

1 1

# (Laying second course) : 1.5 ,

1 -

 1 1.5 ,

 1
 (Per-Pend) (Straight edge)


 (Finished)
 -

. : 45 1

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 111

# :
===============

 :
- ,

, RCC

,
, ‘ ‘

 : ‘ 4.5 ‘ 5

 : ,
, , 4.5

 : ‘ 12mm

 : , 7 ,

 : ,
, ;
(i)
(ii) ,
Allow ,

 : , ,

 : ,

 : ,
RCC

 : 90 ,

 :5 12/13
,
,

 : ,

 : ,

 : 7 14

# : :


 4
 ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 112

#
1. 6
2. PCC PCC

3.
4.
5. 5
6. 7

(Composite masonry) :

- -
-

—
1.
2.
-

।
। —

 -

 - -

(Types of composite masonry) : -

1. (Stone composite masonry)
2. (Brick stone composite masonry)
a)
b)
c)
3. (Cement concrete masonry)
a)
b)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 113

4. (Hollow clay tile masonry)
a)
b)
5. (Concrete block masonry)
6. (Reinforced brick masonry)
7.

(Brick backed stone slab masonry) : - -

-
- -

(Reinforced brick masonry) :

-
1.
2.
3.
4. -
5.
6. -
7.

। -
1. (Horizontally)
2.

(Longitudinal stee -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 114

 -

(Advantages and limitations of reinforced brick masonry) :

===================

 -

(Hollow clay block masonry) :

- -
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 115

 

 -

(Arch and Lintel) :

(State the meaning of arch an lintel) :

================
A. (Arch) :

(Purpose of arch and lintel) :

=============

1.
2.
3.

(Purpose of a lintel) :
1.
2.
3. -
4.

। -
1.
2.
3.
4.

(List the common terms used in arches) : -

(a) (Voussoirs) : -
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 116

(b) - (Key stone) : - -
-

(c) (Skew back) :

(d) (Intrados) : -

(e) (Soffit) :
-

(f) (Extrados) :
(g) (Back) : -
(h) (Crown) : -
(i) (Spandril) :

(j) (Springing point) :

(k) (Springing line) : ঐ

(l) Springing stone :
(m) (Arch ring) :
(n) (Abutment) :

(o) (Pier) :
(p) (Hunch) :
(q) (Span) :
(r) (Rise) : -
(s) (Depth or height) :

(Mention the different type of arches according to their shape, center and
material)
===================

(According to shape)
(According to number of centres )
(According to materials of construction)

1. (Segmental arch)
2. (Semi-circular arch)
3. (Horse-shoe arch)
4. (Pointed arch)
5. (Venetian arch)
6. (Florentine arch)
7. (Relieving arch)
8. (Stilted arch)
9. - (Semi-Elliptical arch)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 117

 10. (Inverted arch)
11. (Flat arch)
12. (Dutch or French arch)

======================
(One-centred arch)
(i) (Segmental arch)
(ii) (Semi-circular arch)
(iii) - (Horse-shoe arch)
(iv) (Flat arch)
(v) (Stilted arch)
(vi) (Wheel or Bull's eye arch)

(Two-centred arch)
(i) (Blunt arch)
(ii) (Equilateral arch)
(iii) (Acute arch)
(iv) - (Semi-elliptical arch)

(Three-centred arch)
(i) (Elliptical arch)
(ii) (Parabolic arch)
(iii) (Pointed arch)

(Four-centred arch)
(Ovoid sewer arch)
(Venetian arch)
(Tudor arch)

====================
(Brick arch)
(i) (Rough arch)
(ii) - (Axed or rough cut arch)
(iii) (Gauged arch)
(iv) (Brick flat arch)

(Stone arch)
(i) (Rubble arch)
(ii) (Ashlar arch)

(Concrete arch)
(i) (Concrete block arch)
(ii) (Monolithic concrete arch)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 118

a)

b)

c) - -
d)

e)

f)

g)

h)
i) -
j)

k)

l)

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

=======================
(i) (Brick arch) :
-
(ii) (Rough arch) :

(iii) (Acted arch) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 119

 (iv) (Gauged arch) :

― ‖

(v) (Stone arch) :

# ।
1.
2.

1) -
2)

1) -
- -

2) - -

(Lintel) :

-
1.
2.

3.

-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 120

 • -

(Describe various types of lintel) :

======================
(Timber lintel) : -

1.
2. –
3. -
4.

(Brick lintel) :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(Reinforced brick lintel) :

(Stone lintel) :

(Steel lintel) :

(R.C.C. Lintel) :

1.
2.
3.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 121

 - - -
- - -

(Describe the correct procedures of construction of arches and lintels) :

a)

b) -
c)

- –
(Prop

-
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 122

 -

(Stability of an arch) :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

a)
b)
c) -

 -

 -
d)

a)
b) N

a)

b) -

#
a)
b)

(Distinguish between arches & lintels) :

(Arch) (Lintel)

3 - -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 123

 5

10

11

12

13

1. -
2.
3.
4.

(Form Works / Shuttering) :

-
-

20 25

(State form works, centering and shuttering) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 124

 ।
1. (Timber form work)
2. (Plywood form work)
3.

।
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(Centering and shuttering) :

 (Centering) :

 (Shuttering) :

(Necessity of form works) : -

1. (Wall footing)
2. (Column footing)
3. (Column)
4. (Wall and corner of wall)
5. (RCC beam)
6. (RCC Slab)
7. (RCC stair)
8. (Shell roof structure)
9. (Dome structure).

(Name the components of form works) :

1. (Sheathing) :
2. Y k
3. (Wedge) :
4. (Cleat) :
5. (Batten orjoist) : -
6. (Ledger) :
7. (Bolt) :

(Essential requirement of a good form work) : -

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 125

 (Construction step of form work) :
1. (Propping and centaring)
2. (Shuttering)
3. (Provision of camber)
4. (Cleaning and surface treatment)

1)

2) -

3)

4)

(Process of making form work) :

====================
(Form work for column) :
(i) (Sheathing) :
-
(ii) (Wages) :
(iii) (Side yokes and end yokes) :
(iv) (Bolt) :

(Form work for beam) : -

(i) (Cleats) : ‚
(ii) (Side sheathing) :
(iii) (Bottom sheathing) :
(iv) (Ledgers) :
(v) (Head Tree) :

(Form work for stair) : -

(i) (Ledger) :

(ii) (Sheathing or decking) :

(iii) (Cross joint) :
(iv) (Riser plank) :
(v) (Cut string) :
(vi) (Hanger) :
(vii) (Stiffener joint) :

(d) (Form work for wall) :

(i) (Wages) :
(ii) (Side sheathing) :
(iii) (Bolt) :
(iv) (Bracing) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 126

 (v) (Sheathing) :
(vi) (Struts) :

(Cleaning and treatment of forms) :

(Stripping time) :

1 -

2 Slabs (props left under)

(Loads on form work) : -

a) (Dead weight of concrete)
b) (Hydrostatic pressure of the concrete)
c) (Live load due to working labourers )
d) (Impact effect at the time of pouring concrete into the form work)
e)

(Removal technique of form works) :

1.
2. (Sof
3.

# (Describe the methods for fair face concreting) : -

-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 127

 -

 ঐ

 1000mm x 1200mm

 1500mm

(Scaffolding) :

(State the meaning of scaffolding) :

(Necessity and uses of scaffolding) :

-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

- (Types of Scaffolding) :

(Types of scaffolding) :
1. (Single or Brick layer's Scaffolding)
2. (Mason's or Double Scaffolding)
3. (Cantilever or Needle Scaffolding)
4. (Ladder Scaffolding)
5. Chimney Scaffolding)
6. (Suspended Scaffolding)
7. (Staging)
8. (Gantrys)
9. (Steel Scaffolding)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 128

 (Single Scaffolding or Brick layer's Scaffolding) :

(Mason's Scaffolding) :

(Cantilever or Needle Scaffolding) :

(Beam bear

1.
2.
3.

(Ladder Scaffolding) :
-
-

(Chimney Scaffolding) :

(Suspended Scaffolding) :

(Staging) : -
-

(Gantrys) : -

।
(Gantry with a traveller or Crane)
(Plat Form gantry)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 129

a)
-

b)

90

(Steel Scaffolding) :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.

(Name the different components of scaffolding) :

================
a) (Standards) :

b) (Ledgers) : -

c) (Putlogs) :

d) (Braces) :

e) - (Toe-board) : -

f) (Guard rail) :
g) (Raker) :
h) (Working platform) :
i) (Transoms) :

v k

- -
1.
2.
3.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 130

 4.
5.

(Advantages of cuplock scaffolding) :

- -
-
1. - -
-
2.
3.
4.

(Installation process of ring lock scaffolding) :

-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.

(Installation process of cuplock scaffolding) :

—
1.
2.
3. 50 - 100
4.
-

(Compare the advantages and limitations of timber scaffolding

over steel scaffolding) :
===================

1. (Adaptability) :
-
2. (Availabilitis) :
3. (Simplicity) :
4. (Interchangeability) :
5. (Ease to erection) :
6. (Scrap value) :
7. (Strength) :
8. (Resistance to fire) :

1. (Initial cost) : -
2. (Fittings) :
3. (Connections with timber) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 131

4. (Skilled labour) :
5. (Painting) :

(Shoring) (Scaffolding)

1 1

2 2

3
3

(Safety requirement for scaffolding) :

-
a)
b)
c)
d) -
e)
f)
g)

(Room) :













1.
2.
3.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 132

 4.
5.
6.

#








(Size of rooms) (Standard type) (Ordinary type)

(Drawing room) ‚ ‚

(Dining room) × 4.8 ‚

(Bed room) ‚ ‚

(Office room) ‚ ---

(Guest room ) ‚ ---

(Kitchen) ‚ ‚

(Store) ‚ ‚

(Pantry) ‚ ---

(Dressing room) ‚ ---

(Bath and W.C) ‚

(W.C) ‚ ---

(Bath) ‚ ---

(Verandah)

(Garage) ---

(Room):

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 133

  -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 –

 -
-

(Room height):

(Single storeyed building) :

 -

 (Thickness of -

 -

 -

 -

 (Thickness of -

 -

 -

 - -

 - RCC (1 : 2:4)

 -

 –

 - RCC

 -

 -

 -

 -

 —

 – ‚

 - ‚ ‚

 - –

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -1

 -

 -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 134

 -

 -

& (Plastering, Pointing & Neat Cement Finishing) :

A. (Plastering) : -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

B. (Pointing) :

1:1
1:2 1:3

1. ঐ
2.
3.

1) (Background) : -
ঐ
2) (Blistering) :

3) (Cracking) :

4) (Crazing) :
5) (Dado) :

6)

7) (Dubbing coat) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 135

8) (Flaking) :

9) (Gauging) :
10) (Grinning) :
11) (Ground) : (P

12) (Hacking) :
13) (Keys) : -
-

14) (Laitance) :

15) (Peeling) :
16) (Straining) : -

(Types of plaster) :
-
a) (Lime plaster)
b) (Surki plaster)
c) (Lime-surki plaster)
d) (Cement plaster)
e) (Stucco plaster)
f) (Gypsum plaster)
g) (Mosaic or Terrazzo plaster)
h) (Moghal plaster)
i) (Chunam plaster)
j) (Lime punning or Neeru or lime putty)
k) (Sand rubbing)
l)

(Describe the various types of plaster) :

====================
(Lime plaster) :

(Surki plaster) :
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 136

 (Cement plaster) :

(Stucco plaster) :

।
1. (Scratch coat) :

2. (Brown coat) : -

3. (Finishing coat) :
-

(Gypsum plaster or plaster of Paris) : -

a)

b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

(Mosaic or Terrazo plaster) :

(Moghal plaster) :

(Chunam plaster) :

(Lime punning or Lime putty or Neeru plaster) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 137

 k (Sand rubbing) :

(Mud plaster) :

(Special materials used in plastering) :

1. -
2. –
3. - -
4.
5. -
6. -
7. (Martin's -
8. -
9. - -
10. -
11. - (Snow crete and colour crete c -

12. -

(Types of plaster finishes) :

a) (Smooth cast finish)
b) (Rough cast finish)
c) (Depeter finish)
d)
e) (Sand faced finish)
f) (Pebble dash finish)
g) (Scrapped finish)

(a) (Smooth cast finish) : -

(b) (Sand faced finish) :

7 4

(c) (Rough cast finish or spatter dash finish) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 138

 (Roug

(d) (Pebble dash or dry dash finish) :

-

(e) (Depeter finish) :

(f) (Scrapped finish) : –

-

(g) (Textured finish) :

1. (Flush or flat pointing)

2. (Recessed pointing)
3. (Rubbed or keyed or grooved pointing)
4. (Beaded pointing)
5. (Struck pointing)
6. (Tuck pointing)
7. - (V-pointing)
- (Inside V-pointing)
- (Outside V-pointing)
8. (Wea

1) (Flush pointing) :

2) (Recessed pointing) :

3) (Rubbed or Groove pointing) :

-

4) (Beaded pointing) :

5) (Struck pointing) : -

6) (Tuck pointing) :

ঐ
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 139

7) - (V-pointing) : -

8) Weathered pointing) :
-

(Purpose of plastering and pointing) :

====================
(Purpose of plastering) :
1. -
2.
3. -
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

19 0.75

12 0.50

R.C.C / 6 0.25

6 0.25

25.4 1.00

(Purpose of pointing) :
1.
2.
3.
4.

-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

-
1.
2.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 140

 3.
4.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(Mention the common tools used for plastering and pointing work
with their functions) :
1. (Gauging trowel)
2. (Wooden float or metal float)
3. (Floating rule)
4.

 (Pointe
-


Laying trowe

(Describe the process of applying plaster on now surface and old

surface) :
=======================
।
1. (Preparation of background)
2. (Preparation of mortar)
3. (Application of mortar )

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 141

 -

- -

-
– - -

(Process of pointing) :
==================
।
1. (Raking out of joints)
2. (Preparation of mortar)
3.

1) (Raking out of joints) :

-
Raking o
2) (Preparation of mortar) : -

3) (Application of mortar) :

=====================

1. (Combinations of undercoats and finishing coats)

a) (Mix based on cement and lime or hydraulic lime for strength)
b) (Mix based on lime gauged with a gypsum plaster)
c) (Mixes based on gypsum and anhydrite plasters)
d) (Number of coats)
e) (Number of coats)
2. (Type of surface finish)
3. (Resistance ot abrasion)
4. (Suitability for further decoration)
5. (Corrosive effect on metals)
6. (Effect of Atmospheric conditions)
7. (Effect of Vermin)
8. (Fire resistance)
9. (Acoustical materials)
10. (Number of coats)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 142

(a)
1.
2.
3. 6
4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3. -

-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. (Blistering) :
2. (Cracking) : -
a)
b)
c)
d)
e) -
f)
g)
3. (Crazing) :
4. (Efflorescence) :

5. (Flaking) :
6. (Peeling) :
7. (Popping) :

8. (Rust stains) :
9. (Uneven surface) :

(Defect of plaster can be rectified) :

1.
2.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 143

 3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

(Acoustics tiles) :
- - -

(Aluminium Cladding Panels- ACP) :

(Rustic tiles) : -

 -

 -

 -

।
=============================================
# -
=================
# Mortar Laying:- 5

N 1/2‘ 3/4‘
3/4

 1 1‘

 1.5

1/2

 1/2‘

 -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 144

 :-

 - 1

 Curing:-
7-14 2

# -
=============
# [Dry Mortar]:-

# -

# -

 90

 7

 100

# -
=======================
a) Blistering:-
b) Crazing:-
c) Cracking:-

C. (Neat Cement Finishing) :

-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 145

 

4.

-
1.
2.
3.

D.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 146

 (Curing)

# (Curing) : , 6 24

# :-
1.
2.
3.
4. Abrasion
5.

# :-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

# (Advantages and limitations of various methods of curing) :

======================
(a)
==========
# :
1.
2.
3.

# :
1.
2. ,

(b) :
=========
# :
1.
2. , , ,

#
1.
2. ,

(c) :
# :
1.
2. -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 147

# :
1.

(d) :
=========
# :
1.
2.
3.

# :
1.
2.
3.

(e) :
=========
# :
1.
2.
3.

# :
1.
2. ,

(f)
=========
# :
1.
2.
3. -

# :
1.
2. 22°c

# :

20 7

- 24 7

20 7

20 21

20 3

20 7

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 148

 20 21

20 7

15 7

20 7

12 7

20 7

24 7

12 16

. . . 20 21

15 7

, 20 7

20 7

. . 20 7

20 14

24 7

24 7


3/4/5


6/7/8

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 149

#


3/4/5


6/7/8

 L/4

 L/3

# (ACI) -
 As = 0.0025bd = 0.0025bt
 As = 0.002bd = 0.002bt
 As = 0.005bd
,b= ,
t= /
d= /
 5 45

# ACI -
1. 180° 4 6.5 cm (2.5 inch)
2. 90° 12

# -
 16mm (#5) 90° 6
 20 mm, 22mm, 25mm (#6, #7, #8) 90° 12
 25 mm (#8) 135° 6

f'c

Bar 32mm ∅ 28mm ∅ 25mm ∅ 22mm ∅ 20mm ∅ 16mm ∅ 12mm ∅ 10mm ∅ 8mm ∅

3500 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
Top Bar
(Horizontal)
3000 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘

3500 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
Bottom Bar
(Horizontal)
3000 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘

4000 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ---
Vertical Bar
of Column
3500 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ---

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 150

----------------------------------------------------
1.

2.
3.

4.
N
5.
6. ‘

(Covering) :

—
1.

2. -

3. -

# :

Beam
 (End covering) 5 (2 )
 (Side covering) 5 (2 )
 (Top covering) 5 (2 )
 (Bottom covering) 5 (2 )

Column
 (Side covering) 5 (2 )
 (Top covering) 4 (1.6 )
 (Bottom covering) 5 (2 )

Slab
 (End covering) 5 (2 )
 (Side covering) 5 (2 )
 (Top & Bottom covering) 2 - 2.5 (0.8-1 )

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 151

Footing
 (Side covering) 5 (2 )
 (Top covering) 2.5 (1 )
 (Bottom covering) 7.5 (3 )

Pile & Pile Cap

 (Side covering) 5 (2 )
 (Top covering) 7.5 (3 )
 (Bottom covering) 12.7 (5 )

Grade Beam
 (End covering) 5 (2 )
 (Side covering) 5 (2 )
 (Top & Bottom covering) 5 - 7.5 (2-3 )

Over Head Tank

 Water Face = 5 (2 )
 Outer Face = 4-5 (1.6-2 )

Lift Core & Shear wall

 (End & Side covering) 4 (1.6 )
 (Top & Bottom covering) 4 (1.6 )

Under Ground Water Tank

 Outer Side = 5 - 7.5 (2-3 )
 Inner Side = 5 (2 )

Septic Tank
 Outer Side = 5 - 7.5 (2-3 )
 Inner Side = 5 (2 )

Short Column / Pedestal

 (Side covering) 7.5 (3 )
 (Top covering) 7.5 (3 )
 (Bottom covering) 7.5 (3 )

Mat / Raft Footing

 (Top covering) 7.5 (3 )
 (Side & Bottom covering) 5 (2 )

Stair / Waist Slab

 (Side covering) 4 (1.6 )
 (Top covering) 2 (0.8 )
 (Bottom covering) 2.5 (1 )
 (End covering) 5 (2 )

Retaining Wall or Earth

 (End & Side covering) 5 - 7.5 (2-3 )
 (Top & Bottom covering) 5 - 7.5 (2-3 )

Sunshade
 (Side covering) 2.5 (1 )
 (Top covering) 2.5 (1 )
 (Bottom covering) 2.5 (1 )
 (End covering) 2.5 (1 )

Note: 7.5 3/4" 2 ,

±1

5 / 12.7

3 / 7.5

2 /5 16 18

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 152

 1.5 /4 5

1.5 /4 ( , ) : 14 18

0.75 /2 ( , ) 11

1.5 /4 ( ): ,

0.75 /2 6

0.5 / 1.5 5

( , ):8
1 / 2.5

( , ):9
2 /5

(Joints in structures) :

(Types of Joints) :
b. (Expansion Joints)
c. (Isolation Joints)
d. (Contraction Joints)
e. (Sliding Joints)
f.

1. (Expansion joint) :

(Wall) :
1.

2.

(Roof) : —

3.

(Frames)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 153

 

 - ‚ ---

(Materials used in expansion joints) :

(i) (Joint filler) : -

(ii) (Sealing compound) :

(iii) (Water bars) :

2. (Contraction joint) :

-
(i) (Complete contraction joint)
(ii) (Partial contraction joint)
(iii)

3. (Construction joints) :
ঐ

(Location of construction joints for different members) :

(i) (Slab) :


(ii) (Beam) :
(iii) (Column) :
(iv) (Wall) : -

4. (Sliding joint) :

5. (Isolation joint) :

(i) Locations of isolation joints between two building blocks

(ii) Details of isolation joints.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 154

 (Painting and Varnishing):

# (Painting) : (Paint)
, (Pigment) , (Binder)

, , , , ,
(Painting) , ,

# (Varnishing) : ( ) (Volative)
, , , ,
(Varnishing)

# (Purpose of painting and varnishing) :

=================
# :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

#
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. - ,

# (Name the ingredients of paint and varnishes) :

================
#
1. (Base)
2. (Inert Filler or Extender or Adulterants)
3. (Vehicle or Carrier or Binder)
4. (Solvent or Thiner)
5. (Drier)
6. (Pigment)

# (Ingredients of varnish) :
1. (Resins or reginous substances)
2. (Solvent)
3. (Driers)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 155

# (Mention the specific function of each ingredient of point & varnishes) :
===================
1. (Base) : ,
-
1.
2. (Covering poroer)
3. ,
4.
5.
6.

#
i. (White lead)
ii. (Zinc white)
iii. (Titanium white)
iv. (Aluminium white)
v. (Red lead)
vi. (Iron oxide)
vii. (Antimony white)
viii. (Lithopone)

(i) (White lead) :

a)
b)
c)
d) 4%
e) ,
f) , ,
g)
h)
i) ,

(ii) (Red lead) :

a)
b)
c)
d)
e) ,
f)
g)

(iii) (Zinc white) :

a)
b)
c) , ,
d) ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 156

(iv) (Iron oxide) :
a)
b)
c)

(v) (Titanium white) :

a)
b)
c)
d)

(vi) (Antimony white) :

a) ,

(vii) (Aluminium white) :

a)
b)
c)

(viii) (Lithophone) :
a)
b) ,
c)
d) ,

2. (Inert filler or extender or adulterante) :

a)
b) (Setting)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

#
a) (Baryet - Barium sulphate)
b) (Linthophone)
c) (Silica)
d) (Whiting)
e) (Gypsum)
f) (Magnesium silicate)
g) (Aluminium)
h) (Calcium carbonate)
i) (Charcoal)
j) (Talc)
k) (Diatomite)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 157

3. (Vehicle or carrier or binder) :
(Linseed oil) ,
(Film)

# -
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

#
1. (Linseed oil) :
(a) (Raw linseed oil)
(b) (Pale boiled linseed oil)
(c) (Boiled linseed oil)
(d) (Double boiled linseed oil)
2. (Tung oil)
3. (Popy oil)
4. (Nut oil)
5. (Caster oil)
6. (Fish oil)
7. (Cotton seed oil)
8. (Soyabean oil)

1. (Linseed Oil) :
a)
b) (Flax seed)
c) ,
d) , ,

(a) (Raw Linseed Oil) :

a) , , (Pale)
b)
c) 10%
d)

(b) (Boiled Linseed Oil) :

a)
b) 10%
c) ,
d)

(c) (Pale Boiled Linseed Oil) :

a) , (Dark)
b)
c)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 158

(d) (Double Boiled Linseed Oil) :
a)
b)
c)

2. (Tung Oil) :
a)
b)

3. (Poppy Oil) :
a) (Poppy seed)
b)
c) ,

4. (Nut Oil) :
a) (Walnut seed)
b)
c)

5. (Caster Oil) :
a)
b) -
c)

6. (Fish Oil) :
a)
b)

7. (Cotton Seed Oil) :

a)
b)

8. (Soyobean Oil) :
a)
b)

4. (Solvent or Thinner) : Vehicle- (Pigment)

, (Solvent)

1.
2. (Porous surface)
3.
4.
5.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 159

# :
(a) (Oil Paint)
1. (Turpentine)
2. (Naphtha)
3. (White Spirit)
4. (Bensine)
(b) (Spirit Laquer)- (Alcohol)
(c) (Cellulose Paint)- (Ethylamyl accetate)
(d) (Distemper)- (Water)

5. (Drier) : , Vehicle
(Litharge) (Lead monoxide)
-
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

# ।
1. (Litharge or Lead Monoxide)
2. - (Manganese Di-oxide)
3. (Lead accetate)
4. (Zinc Sulphate)
5. (Cobalt
6. (Manganese)
7. (Lead)

6. (Pigment) : , -
,
:
(i) (Natural colours) : (Ochres), (Umbers), (Iron oxide)
(ii) (Calcined colour) : (Lamp black), (Indian red), (Carbon black), (Red Lead)
(iii) (Precipitates) : (Prossion blue), (Chrome green), (Chrome yellow)
(iv) - ( (Lakes) : (China clay)
(v) (Metal powders) : , , ,

 (Black) : , , (Bone black), , , (Ivory black- )

 (Blue) : (Indigo blue), (Prossion blue), (Cobalt blue), (Ultra marine blue)

 (Brown) : (Umber), (Seinna),

 (Green) : (Paris green), (Crome green),

 (Red) : , (Venitean red), (Vermillion red),

 (Yellow) : , - (Raw Seinna), (Yellow occare),

 (White) : ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 160

#

 : + + (5:3 : 1.5)

 : + + + (0.25 : 2 : 0.25 : 1)

 : + + + (1:1.5: 2:0.125)

 : + + (2.5 : 1:0.125)

 : + + + (3:2:38 0.25) : + + (5: 2.5 : 1.5)

#
===================
1. (Resin) : , , , (Gurn dammer),
, (Lac or shellac) ,

2. (Solvent) : -

, ,

3. (Driers) : : (Litharge),
(White copper), (Lead acetate)

# (Describe the charcteristics of a good paint and varnishes) :

======================
#
1. (Spreading or Covering power)
2. (Consistency) ,
3.
4. (Adhere)
5. 24
6. , , , (Wear-resistance)
7. , ,
8.
9. (Fade)
10. , ,
11.
12.

# (Characteristics of good varnish) : -

1.
2. , ,
3.
4.
5.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 161

6.
7. (Fade)

# (State the varius defects in painting and varnishing) :

================
# :
1. (Blistering) :
2. (Bloom) : (Dull patches)
3. (Sagging) : Sagging
4. (Fading) :
5. (Flaking) : (Poor adhesion)
6. (Flashing) : , (Glossy patches)
7. (Grinning) :
8. (Running) :
9. (Wrinkling) :
10. (Saponification) : (Soap patches)

# (Defects in varnishing) : :
1. (Blistering) :
2. (Bloom) : (Dull patches)
3. (Sagging) : Sagging
4. (Fading) :
5. (Flaking) : (Poor adhesion)
6. (Flashing) : , (Glossy patches)
7. (Grinning) :
8. (Running) :
9. (Saponification) : (Soap patches)
10. (Wrinkling) :

# (Describe the factors that should be considered during the supervision of

quality painting and varnishing work) :
1. (Quality of paint)
2. (Condition of surface)
3. (Preparation of surface)
4. (Workmanship)
5. (Praperness of painting brush)

1) :
(Wrinkling), (Fading)

2)

3)
(Knotting)
4)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 162

5)

(Bristle)

# (Supervision of varnishing work) :

1. (Condition of surface)
2. (Quality of paint)
3. (Preparation of surface)
4. (Workmanship)
5. (Praperness of painting brush)

1)
(Wrinkling), (Fading)

2)

3)
(Knotting)
4)

5) :

(Bristle)

# (Types of paint and varnishing) :

a) (Oil paint)
b) (Water paint)
c) (Alumnium paint)
d) (Asbestos paint)
e) - (Anti-corrosive paint)
f) (Bituminous paint)
g) (Cellulose paint)
h) (Cement based paint )
i) (Bronze paint)
j) (Casien paint)
k) (Emulsion paint)
l) (Colloidal paint)
m) (Graphite paint)
n) (Enamel paint)
o) (Plastic paint)
p) (Silicate paint)
q) (Synthetic rubber paint)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 163

1. (Oil paint) : (Vehicle)
, , , , ,
, , - ,
, ,
, - , , ,

2. (Water paint) :
(
) - ,
,

3. (Aluminium paint) : , ,
, , , ,
,

#
a) (Weather resistance)
b) (High heat reflective)
c) (Water proof)
d) (Corrosion resistance)
e) (High electrical resistance)
f) (High covering capacity)
g) (Visibility in darkness )
h) (Better appearance) |

4. (Anti corrosive paint) : , , , ,

5. (Asbestos paint) : (Leakage)

(Basement) (Fibrous asbestos)

6. (Bituminous paint) : , , , ,

7. (Bronze paint) :
(Radiator)

8. (Cellulose paint) : , - , ,

, ,
' '

9. (Casien paint) : (Milk curd) , ,

, ,
,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 164

10. (Cement based paint) :
- (Snow-Cem)
,

11. (Colloidal paint) :

12. (Emulsion paint) : , ,

13. (Enamel paint) : : (White lead or zinc white) ,

, , , ,
, , (Porch), , ,

14. (Graphite paint) : , , ,

15. (Plastic paint) : , (Covering

power) (Acrylate) ,
1.4 0.20 , 0.50 , 0.10
0.60 15 ( ) - ,
,

16. (Silicate paint) :

,

17. (Synthetic rubber paint) : ,

# (Types of varnish) :
a) (Oil vernish)
b) (Sprit varnish)
c) (Turpentine vernish)
d) (Water varnish)
e) (Asphalt vernish)
f) (Spar vernish)
g) (Flat vernish)

(a) (Oil varnish) : , ,

, -

(b) (Sprit varnish) : (Lac) (Shellac)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 165

(c) (Turpentine varnish) : (Mastic), (Gum dammer),

(d) (Water varnish) : , , , (Shellac) ,

(e) (Asphalt varnish) :

(Fabricate)-
(f) (Spar varnish) : (Spar)
,

(g) (Flat varnish) : , (Wax) , (Metallic soap)

# (Describe the procedure of application of the following on new and old

surfaces) : ‗ ‘
(Under coat)

# (Painting or different Surfaces) :

(a) (Painting on new wood work) :
1. (Preparation of surface)
2. (Knotting)
3. (Priming)
4. (Stopping)
5. (Under coating)
6. (Finishing coat)

1. (Preparation of surface : 15

3 ,

2. (Knotting) : ,
,

# ,
(i) (Ordinary or size knotting) : 2 15 225 ,
(Knote) 10

(ii) (Patent knotting) : 125 ( ) 0.5 15

(iii) (Lime knotting) : (Knote) 24

3. (Priming) :
, ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 166

 Red lead = 0.25 kg Red lead = 0.04
Base
White lead = 3.5 kg White lead = 4.5 kg Base

Boil linseed oil = 0.5 litre - -

Row linseed oil = 0.5 litre Vehicle Row linseed oil = 2.25 litre Vehicle

Litharge = 0.5 litre Drier Litharge = 0.09 kg Drier

4. (Stopping) : ,
, Stopping
( )
- - Hard stopping

5. (Under coating) :

6. (Finishing coat) :
,

(b) (Repainting old wood work) : (Blister)

:
1. (Caustic soda)

2. , (Potash) (Quick lime)

24
3.
4.
5.
6. , , ,

( - ) ( - )

(c) (Painting new iron and steel work) :

:
1. , , ,

2. (Adhesive)
3. 3

4. ― '
3 ,5
5.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 167

(d) (Repainting iron and steel surfaces) : :
1.
2. ,
3. (Flame-cleaning)
4.
5.

(e) (Painting plastered surface) : -

1. , 3 6 ,

2. ' (Hydration)
(Primer)

3. (Effloresence) , (Brushed off)

,
,
(Permeable)

(f) (Painting concrete surface) :

24

(g) (Painting damp wall) : 6.4 (Pale resin), 11 (Paraffin) 9

11 ( ,

# (Process of varnishing) : ,
=======================
1. (Preparation of surface) : 15
,

2. (knotting) :
(i) : 2.5 15 225

(ii) : 125 (Shellac) 0.5 15

(iii) : 24

3. (Stoping) :
, ,
(Stopping) ( )

4. (Coat of varnish) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 168

# :
==================
(a) (White wash) : , , , ( : , )
,

# ।
1. -
2. -
3.
4.
5.

# (White wash) :
1. (Stone lime)
2. (Gum or glue)
3. (Water)
4. (Slaked lime)
5. (Blue)

(b) (Colour Washing) : (Blue)

(Yellow oxide)
,
1.
2. ,
3.
4.

(c)
=======================
# (Distemper) : (Thinner)
50% 90%
4% 5% (Distempering)

(i) (Oil Bound Distemper) : ,

(ii) (Water Bound Distemper) :

60

# (Properties of distemper) :
1. (Oil bound washable paint), (Washable oil free distemper),

2.
3.
4.
5. (Porous surface)
6. (Colour)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 169

#
1. (Carrier) -
2. (Pigment) - ,
3. (Base) -
4. (Binder) -

# (Snowcem washing) : (White cement)

50 25 5
2 1 1
100 50

(d)
============
# (oil based) (Water based) -

1 1

2 (Base) , ,
2 ,

3 3

# -
(a) (Base) : , ,
(b) (Carrier) : , ,

(c) (Thinner) : ,
(d) (Drier) : ,
(e) (Pigment) : , ,

# ।
(a) (Base) : ,
(b) (Carrier) :
(c) (Pigment) : , ,

(d)

1 - , , 1 , , , ,

2 2

3 3

8 , , ,
4 (Covering Power)

# (Procedure of application) :
=============================
(1) (White washing) : , , , , | (Blue) ( :
) ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 170

# (Process of white washing) : :
(a) (Preparation of white wash)
(b) (Preparation of surface)
(c) (Application of white wash)

(a) (Preparation of white wash) : (White Stone Lime) (Shell Lime)

(Unslaked) (Slaked)
( ) 24
37 ( ) 250
4

(Blue) 1.3
4 ( )
(Capper sulphate) (Alum)

(b) (Preparation of surface) :

,

,
, , (Smoke)
(Yellow Earth)
, 15 , 60
500

(c) (Application of white wash) : ( )

# -
1.
2.
3. ,
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9. , ,

(2) (Colour wash) :

, ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 171

# ।
1) - (Buff Colour Wash) : (Peeli or Multani Mitti or Remray)
2) (Green Colour Wash) : (Boiled Mango Bark) (Tootia)

3) - (Blue Colour Wash) : (Burnt Coconut Shell)

4) - (Slate Colour Wash) : (Lamp black) ( )
5) - (Yellow Colour Wash) : (Yellow Earth or Ochre)
6) (Pink Colour Wash) : (Vermillion)

(3) (Process of Distempering) :

1. (Preparation of Surface)
2. (Applying Prime Coat)
3. (Applying Distemper)

1. (Prepartion of Surface) : :
a) ,
b)

c)
d) , ,
e) 10

f) (1 to 50) 24

g)

2. (Applying Prime Coat) :

3. (Applying Distemper) :
,
,

#
1.
2. ,
3.
4.
5. (Film) (Spray pistol)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 172

# (Properties of Distemper) :
a)

b)
c)
d)
e) (Film)

f)

(4) (Cement Based Paint) : , ,

(Shade)
, (Damp)

# (Coat)
,
, (Chalky) 24
,

# :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. ,
6.

#
1.

2.

3.
.
4.
5. ,
6. (Fade) (Light shade)

(5) (Plastic Emulsion Paint) :

- - ,

1955
(Vinyl acetate) (Acrylate)

-
(Binder) 0.20
(Pigment) 0.50
(Other solids) 0.10

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 173

 (Water) 0.60

= 1.40

,
15 0.04

# :
1) (Application) : , , , , , -

2) (Base surface) :

3) (Brushes) : (Sponge roller) ,

4) (Colour of paint) :

5) (Diluting the paint) : ,

6) (Metallic surface) : (Water based)

7) (Moisture resistance) :
4
8) (Nature of surface) :
9) (Thickness of coat) :
10) (Washing) :

(6) (Epoxy paint) : (Acrylic ,

(Epoxy)
(Acrylic) , ,
, (Polyamine)

#
1. Low shrink during cure
2. Excellent moisture resistance
3. Excellent chemical resistance
4. Good electrical properties
5. Increased mechanical and fatigue strength
6. Impact resistant
7. Long shelf life.

# :
1. General purpose adhesives
2. As the binder in cement and mortars
3. Rigid foams
4. Non-skid coatings
5. Solidifying sandy surfaces in oil drilling
6. Industrial coatings
7. Fiber reinforced plastics.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 174

 (Water-based paint) , , -
, -
1. Solvent (Liquids)
2. Resins (Binder)
3. Additives
4. Pigments.

# (Resins) :

 Latex, Alkyd, Polyurethane,

 (Epoxy resins ) - Thermosets copolymer

 (Binds or glues ingredients) - Pigments and additives

# (Additives)-
1. Easy of brushing, mould resistant, scuff resistance, drying and sag resistance.
2. Low odorless additives.
3. Low solvent additives.
4. Gives paint its smooth texture, driers, anti-setting agents, anti-skinning agents.
5. Enhance performance.

#
1. (Surface is clean) :
Liquid hand soap
2. (Add the epoxy) :

3. (Leave to dry) : 24

4. (Finishing) :

# -

 /

# : 45
, , -

# :
45
,

# :
1 1 25

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 175

# : 2-3 7 , -
, 3 20%
15% , 20% 50%

(Roof) :

(Introduction) :
-

(Classification of roof) : -
1.
2.
3.
a) (Shelled roof)
b) (Domed roof)

-
-

(Basic forms of pitched roof) :

1. - - (Lean-to-roof)
2. (Gable roof)
3. (Hip roof)
4. (Gambrel roof)
5. (Mansard of curve roof)
6.

1) - -

2)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 176

3)
4)
5)
6)

(Types of pitched roof) :

==============
।
===========
(Single roof) :
1. - - (Lean-to-roof)
2. (Couple roof)
3. (Couple close roof)
4. (Collar beam or coller tie roof)
5.

(Double or purlin roof) :

(Triple membered or Framed or Trussed roof) :

1. (King post roof truss )
2. (Queen post roof truss)
3. (Mansard roof truss )
4. (Belfast roof truss )
5. (Composite roof truss )
6. (Laminated roof truss )
7. (Truncated roof truss )
8.

a) -

b)

c) (Trussed Roof) : -

(Flat terraced roof) :

1. (Terraced roof)
2. (Jack arch roof)
3.

C (Curved roof) :
1. (Shell roof)
2.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 177

  12.5 12.5

 10 25 X 25

(Function of roof) :

1.
2.
3.
4.

(Requirements of a good rocf) :

1) (Stength and stability) :

2) (Weather resistance) :
3) (Heat or thermal insulation) :
4) (Fire resistance) :

5) (Sound insulation) :
6) (Damp proofing) :

(Define the technical terms used in roofs) :

1) (Common rafter) :

- -
Mortise and Tenon join
2) (Purlin) :
(Gable w -

3) (Hip rafter) : -

4) (Valley rafter) : -

5) (Jack rafter) :

6) (Ridge piece) :

7) (Dragon tie) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 178

8) (Eaves) :

9) (Barge board) :

10) (Batten) :

11) (Purlin cleat) :

-
12) (Wall plate) :

13)

14) (Post plate) :

15) (Gutter) :

-
16) (Valley gutter) :

17) (Trimming) : - ঐ

18) (Template) :

19) (Span) :

20) (Verge) :
21) (Rise of roof) :
22) (Valley) : acute angle
23) (Principal rafter) :

(Compare the advan tages and limitations of that vodfover pitched roof):
==============

1.
2. -
3.
4.
5.
6. -
7.
8.
9.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 179

 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

(Describe the construction procedure of a lean -to-roof) :

=================
- - L - -
- - - -

(King post truss) :

-
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

1)

2) Mortice
‗

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 180

3)

4)

5)
-

(Queen post truss) :

:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e) (Straining beam)
f)
g)

(Straining sill)

(Mansard truss) : -
-
-

(Bel fast truss) :

-

(Laminated roof truss) :

(Truncated roof truss) :

(Composite truss) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 181

 (Steel truss) :
-
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

1. (Open truss )
2. (Bow string truss )
3. (Cantilever truss )
4. (Saw tooth truss )
5. (Scissors truss )
6. (North light truss )
7. (Arched rib truss and solid arched ribs)
8. (Hammer beam truss )
9. (Fink truss )

(Advantages of steel truss over wooden truss) :

====================

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

(List the materials for roof covering) : -

1. (Thatch covering)
2. (Wood singles)
3. (Tiles)
4. (Asbestos cement sheets)
5. (Galvanised iron corrugated sheets)
6. (Slates)
7. (Light weight roofing)
(Sheeting)

(Decking)

(Straw board)
(Aluminium alloy and steel decking

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 182

 (Selecting roof covering) :

1. (Type of building)
2. (Type of roof frame work)
3. (Initial cost)
4. (Maintenance requirements)
5. (Fabrication facilities)
6. (Appearance and special features of the locality)
7. (Durability)
8. (Availability of the material)
9. (Climate of the locality)
10. (Weight of the roof covering)
11. (Slope of the roof)
12. (Heat insulation)

1 ) 1 : 40 1 : 80

2 1 : 40 1 : 60

3 1:6 1:8

4 1:3 1:8

5 1:2 1 : 2.5

6 1:1 1:2

 81

- (Built-up section and rolled section) : - -

- - -
-
-

(Rolled section) : -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 183

 :
a) Angle Sections
b) Channel Sections
c) T-Sections
d) I-Sections
e) Round Bars
f) Square Bars
g) Flat Bars
h) Corrugated Sheets
i) Expanded Metal
j) Plates
k) Ribbed Mild Steel Bars
l) Ribbed (HYSD) Bars
m) Thermo-Mechanically Treated Bars
n) Welded Wire Fabrics.

4-8 21

48-72

 4.5 7
 4.5 14

 6 14 14
 6 21

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 184

 

(Door and Window) :

A. : - ,
, - - ,
, ( )
40 100 , -

# :
1. -
2. -
3. -
4.
5.
6.

# :
1. -
2. ,
3.
4.
5.

# (Door and window frames) : , —

 (Timber)

 (Steel section)

 (Aluminium section)

 (Concrete)

 (Stone)

# -
(a)

 57 x 76 ( )

 57 x 114 ( )
(b)

 57 x 57

 57 x 102

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 185

# : -
1. ,
2. ( 10 )

3. ( )
4. , -
5.
6.
7. , ,

# , , (Mention the factors to be considered in

detenmining the size, shape, Location and numbers of doors in a room) :
============
(a) (Location of door) :
1.
2.
3. ,
4. , ,
5. , -

# :

 = + (1.20 ) 2 1.80

 0.4 0.6 × 40 120

# । -
# -
1. - (1.0 .x2 .) (1.10 .x2 .)
2. - (0.9 .×2 .) (1 .×2 .)
3. WC - (0.7 .x2 .) (0.8 .x2 .)
4. -( 2.25 .× 2.25 .) ( 2.25 .× 2.40 .)

# , , —

 1.2 . x 2.0 .

 1.2 . x 2.1 .

 1.2 . x 2.25 .

# (Designation and sizes of doors) : ,

# (Width) : (First number) (Module) 10

# (Type) : (Middle letter) - -

D = Door
S = Single shutter
T = Double shutters (Two shutters)

# (Height) : (Last number) 10

- 10 DT 20

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 186

  (First number) : 10, 10 × 10 = 100 cm

 (Middle letter) : DT ,D= T=

 (Last number) : 20, 20 × 10 = 200 cm

# (Label different parts of doors) :

(a) (Frame):
(Enclosure)
(b) (Shutter) : , ,
, (Hinge)

(c) (Head) :
(d) (Horn) : (Head and sill)
10 15
(e) (Sill):
(f) (Jamb) :
(g) (Reveal) :
(h) (Style or stile):
(i) (Top rail) :
(j) (Lock rail) : , - ,
(k) (Bottom rail) :
(l) (Cross rail or intermediate rail):
(Frieze rail)
(m) (Panel) :
(n) (Mullion): ,
(o) (Transome): ,

(p) (Sash) : , (Sash or sash bar

or glazing bar or astragal)
(q) (Rebate) : , , 12

(r) (Hold fast) : (Z) 30 x6

20

# (List different types of doors) : , ,

(a) (Arrangement of components) :

1. (Battened and ledged doors)
2. , (Battened, ledged and braced doors)
3. , (Battened, ledged and framed doors)
4. , , (Battened, ledged, braced and framed doors)

(b) (Method of construction) :

1. (Framed and panelled doors).
2. (Glazed or sash doors)
3. (Flush doors)
4. (Louvered doors)
5. (Wire gauged doors)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 187

(c) (Working operations ) :
1. (Revolving doors)
2. (Sliding doors)
3. (Collapsible steel doors)
4. (Rolling steel shutter doors)
5. (Swing doors)

(d) (Metal doors) :

1. (Mild steel sheet doors)
2. (Corrugated steel sheet doors)
3. (Hollow metal doors)
4. (Metal covered plywood doors)

(e)
1. , - -
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

2. , -
1.

3. -
1.
2.

# (Mention the advantages and limitotions of the following) :

=====================
(a) (Framed and panelled door) : ( ) ( )
(Flat) (Raised)
, , , . .
' (Shutter) (Single shutter)-
(Mullion or Muntins)
,

# :
1.
2. ,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. (Timber beading)
8. 40
9. 10 15

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 188

 10. , 15 1.5 0.5

#
#
1.
2.
3.

#
1. -
2.
3.

(b) (Flush door) : , ,

, , ,

# ।
1) (Solid or laminated core type)
2) (Cellular core type)
3) (Hollow core type)

1) : , , ,
,
2.5 5 6
(Lock block)
(Hinge block)
2) 7.5 , 3.5
25 40%

3) : 7.5 , ,
2.5 500

(c) (Glazed or sash door) : ,

- , , ,
, - (Shopping) (Display centre), (lobbies), (Entrance hall),

(d) (Fire proof door) :

# :
1.
2.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 189

#
1.
2.

(e) (Auto censor door) :

# :
1.
2.

#
1.
2.
3.

(f) (Composite doors) :

#
1.
2.
3.

#
1.
2.

(g) (Louvered of Venetain door) : ,

(Louvered) 45°
, ' :
45°
(Pivot) , -
, ,
# :
1. -
2.
3.
4.
5. -

(h) (Miled steel sheet door) : -

# :
1.
2.
3.

# :
1.
2.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 190

(i) (Sliding door) :
,

, , ,

(j) (Swing door) : (Double action spring hinge) ,

(k) (Collapsible door) :

20 x 10 x2 ' (
10 12 1 2 0.5
(T) ..
, ,

(l) (Rolling steel shutter door) : 1 1.25 (Steel sheet)

(Lath) (Slate)

20 30
, , , ,

(m) (Revolving door) : , , , ,

(n) (Plastic door) : :

#
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

#
1.
2. 3

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 191

# (Describe the methods of fixing doors frame) :
:
1. (Hold fast)-
2. (Horn)
3. (Dowel bar)

- ' ' (Z) ,

' -

# (General specification) :

1. ,
2.
, ,

3. ,
4. 15 - 4
10 15

5. , ,

6. -
7. - 3 2 300
, ' -

8. 3
9. (Flat)
10. , ,

B. : -

# :
1. -
2.
3.
4.

# , , (Mention the factors to be considered to

determine the size, shape, location and number of windows in a room) :
======================
#
1. ,
2. -
3. ,
4. 70 40

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 192

# , , । —
1. (Size of the room)
2. (Location of the room)
3. (Utility of the room)
4. (Direction of wall)
5. (Direction of wind)
6. (Climatic condition)
7. (Requirements of exterior view)
8. (Architectural treatment of the exterior of the building)

# -

 = 1/8 ( + )

 10 – 20% (Opening)

 30 40

 20%

 8-10% (Glazed panel)

# :
1. : 1.10 1.20
2. : = 0.4 0.6 x
3. : (Width) = 0.4 to 9.6 x (Height) 90 ,
2.0
4. (Designation and sizes of doors) : (Width), (Type) (Height) (Symbol)

5. (Width) : (First number) 10

6. (Type) : (Middle letter) -

W = Window.
V = Ventilator
S = Single shutter
T = Double shutter

P = Prssed steel frame

C = Centre hung shutter
F = Fixed glass panes
H = With horizontal glasing bars
N = Without horizontal glasing bars
S = Side hung shutters
T = Top hung shutters

# (Height) : (Last number)

10
: 6 WS 12

 (First number) : 6, = 6 × 10 = 60cm

 (Middle number) : Ws, w = Window S = single Shutter

 (Last number) :12, = 12 × 10 = 120 cm

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 193

 : 6WS 10/11 DT20/6WS 10

 , = 11 × 10 = 110 , = 20 × 10 = 200 ' , =6

× 10.60 = 10 × 10 = 100

# (List different types of windows) : , ,

1. (Fixed windows)
2. (Pivoted windows)
3. (Double hung windows)
4. (Sliding windows)
5. (Casement windows)
6. (Sash windows)
7. (Louvered windows)
8. (Metal windows)
9. (Bay windows)
10. (Clerestorey windows)
11. (Corner windows)
12. (Dormer windows)
13. (Gable windows)
14. (Lantern windows)
15. (Skylights)
16. (Fanlights)
17. (Ventilators)

# (Label different parts of windows) :

:
(a) (Frame) :
(Enclosure)
(b) (Shutter) : ,
, , (Hinge)

(c) (Head) :
(d) (Horn): (Head and sill) 10
15
(e) (Sill) :
(f) (Jamb):
(g) (Reveal) :
(h) (Style or stile):
(i) (Top rail):
(j) (Lock rail) : , -
(k) (Bottom rail) :
(l) (Cross rail or intermediate rail):
(Frieze rail)
(m) (Panel) :
(n) (Mullion): ,
(o) (Transome) : ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 194

(p) (Sash) : , (Sash or sash bar
or glazing bar or astragal)
(q) (Rebate): , , 12

(r) (Hold fast) : (Z) 30 x6

20

# (Movement)
(a) (Fixed type) :
(b)
(c)
(d) ,
(e)
(f) :
(g) : '
(h) :

# (Describe the various types of windows) :

==========================
(a) (Fixed window) :

(b) (Pivoted window) :

(c) : UPVC

#
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

#
1. PVC
2. UPVC

(d) (Sliding window) : -

, ,

(e) (Casement window) :

, , ,

(f) (Sash or glazed window) : , -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 195

(g) (Louvered or Venetian window) : -
' , ( )
45° ,

(Venetian blind)

(h) (Metal window) :

, ,
,

#
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. -
8.

(i) (Bay window) : , ,

, , -

(j) (Clerestorey window) : , - - ,

'

(Chhajah)

(k) (Corner window) : ' '

-

(l) (Dormer window) : -

(m) (Gable window) :

(n) (Lantern window) : - sloping

ঐ , ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 196

# , , (Skylight, sunlignt, fanlignt and ventilator) :
(a) (Skylight) :
2 5 22.5 27.5
12.5 x 6.25 15 x 3.75

(b) (Fanlight) :

(c) (Ventilator) : 30 50
,

(d) (Sunlight) :
-

(e)
, ,
,
(f) UPVC (UPVC channel window) : (Vinyl chloride)- UPVC
UPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride) , (Polyethylene) (Polypropylene)
UPVC- (Rigid PVC) PVC-
UPVC (Capping),
(Sliding track), (Edging trim) -

# UPVC :
1. Energy Saver
2. Thermal Insulator
3. Corrosion Resistance
4. Weather Proof
5. Water Proof Materials
6. Noise Insulation
7. Termite Resistance
8. Wind Resistance
9. High Durability
10. Great Contributor to Aesthetics
11. Low Maintenance.

# (Methods of fixing windows) :

a) (Hold fast)-
b) (Horn)
c) (Dowel bar)

- ' ' (Z) ,

' -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 197

# (Compare among the wooden steel and aluminum grazed window) :
-
1.
2.
3.

4.
5. -
6. (Finish)
7.
8.

, -

(Water Tank) :

1 :
a) (Plastic Water Tank) :

b) (Steel Water Tank) :

-

c) (Concrete Water Tank) :

d) (Fiberglass Water Tank) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 198

2 :
a) (Above Ground Water Tank) :

b) (Underground Water Tank) :

3
a) (Cylindrical Water Tanks) :

০০ ০ ০০০

b) (Rectangular Water Tanks) :

a) (Rainwater Harvesting Tank) :

b) (Mobile Water Tank) :

:
a)

b) :

c) :

d) : -

e) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 199

f) :

g) :

h) :

i) :

(Saptic Tank) :

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

:
- -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 200

 :

-
-

:
-

# :

 2 8

 1:3:6 1:2:4

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 201

 

 1:3 12

 60 1

(Dampness of Building) :

(Introduction) :

(Mention the causes and ill effects of dampness in building) :

-
========================
(Moisture rising up the walls from ground) :

(Rain beating against external walls) :

ঐ -

(Rain travel from wall tops) :

(Condensation) :

(Miscellaneous causes) :
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

(Ill effect of dampness) :

1)
2) -
3)
4)
5)
6)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 202

 7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12) -

(Describe the methods of damp proofing of building) :

-
1) (Depending upon the nature of surface)
2) (Location of the structure)
3) - (Sub-soil water table)
4)

1) (Membrane damp proofing)

2) (Integral damp proofing)
3) (Surface treatment)
4) (Cavity wall construction)
5) (Guniting)
6)

(Membrane damp proofing) :

।
1)
2) -
3)
4)
5)
6)

(Integral damp proofing) :

-
1)
2)
3)
4)

(Surface treatment) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 203

 (Guniting) :

(Pressure grouting) : (Fi -

-

(Cavity wall construction) :

(Define efflorecence) :

(Describe remedial measures against efflorecence) : —

1)
2) 1:5
3)
4)
5)

(Requirements of an ideal damp proofing materials) :

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

=================
(Flexible materials) :
(i) (Hot bitumen or Hot asphalt )
(ii) (Bituminous or asphaltic felt)
(iii) (Bituminous sheet)
(iv) (Plastic sheet-Polythene sheet)
(v)

- (Semi-rigid materials) :
(i) (Combination of sheets and bituminous felts)
(ii) (Mastic asphalt)

(Rigid materials) :

(Stones)
(Cement concrete)
(Mortar)

(a)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 204

(b)

(c)
-

(d)

(e) -

(f)

(g)

(h)
(i)

(j)

(D.P.C. treatment for basement) :

-
(Provision of foundation drains and D.P.C)
(Provision of RCC raft and wall slab)
(Asphalt tanking)

(a)

-
(b)

(c)

C- (Mention the function of PVC felt used in basement) :

 C PVC Felts) :
-

 C (Combination of sheet and PVC felts) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 205

 (Describe the function of rubber stopper to prevent the leakage of water) :
3 10

-
20 × 20 30 × 30 45 × 45

(State the function of water proofing agent) :

==========================
(Water proofing) :

Wa
Damp proofing.

1)

2) —

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

(Termite in Building) :

(Introduction) :

(Identify different types of termite) :

1. (Dry wood termites)
2.

1. -

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 206

2.

# (Explain the damages due to termite in building on economic point of

view):
-

 (Bridging) : -

 (Cost) :

 (Floor joint) :

 (Method of termite proofing) :

 (Construction materials in foundation) :

 (Site clearance) :

 (Treatment of super structure) : - -

(Chemical used for anti-termite treatement) :

#
Chemical Concentration by weight
I. DDT 5%
II. BHC 0.5%
III. Aldrin 0.25%
IV. Heptachlor 0.25%
V. Chlordane 0.5%

(Methods of anti-termite treatement) :

1. (Pre-construction treatment)
2. (Post-construction treatment)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 207

 (Pre-construction treatment) :

(Site preparation)
(Soil treatment)
i. (Treatment of excavated foundation trenches)
ii. (Treatment of back fill soil)
iii. (Treatment of filling at plinth level)
iv. (Treatment of soil along the external periphery)
(Structural barrier)

(Site preparation) :

Chemical Concentration by weight

DDT ... 5%
BHC ...... 0.5%
Aldrin .......... 0.25%
Heptachlor........ 0.25%
Chlordane........... 0.5%

(Soil treatment) :

Chemical Concentration by weight

(i) Aldrin .... 0.5%
(ii) Heptachlor........... 0.5%
(iii) Chlordane ... 1.0%

 -1 :

 -2 :

 -3 :

 -4 :

(Structural barriers) : -
-

(Post-construction treatment) :
-
1. (Inspection) :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 208

2. (Soil treatment of foundation) : - -

3. (Soil treatment under floor) :

4. (Treatment of voids in masonory) :

5. (Treatment of wood work) :

1.
2.
3.
4. -

5.

1.
2.
3.

। ।
1. Concrete Jacketing of Columns
2. Steel Profile Jacketing of column
3. Addition of Shear Wall
4. Addition of extra Structural Member
5. Ferro-cement Jacketing
6. Fiber Reinforced Polymer Wrapping

# Concrete Jacketing of Columns :

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 209

 :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

:
1.
2.

# Steel Profile Jacketing of column :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.

# Addition of Shear Wall : -

1. - -
2.

# Ferro-cement Jacketing :

1.
2. (7500C for 48 hours)
3. 40-50
4.

# Fiber Reinforced Polymer Wrapping :

:
1.
2.
3.
4.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 210

 :
1.


1.
2.

3.
4. 30-50 1.5-2
5.

 Adding Wing Wall

 Adding Infill Wall

 Adding Bracing

 Wall thinckening

 Mass reduction

 Base Isolation

 Mass Dampers

 Footing Retrofitting

(Insulation of Building) :

# (Define thermal and sound insulation) :

, (Thermal insulation)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 211

# :
=================
# (Acoustics) : , , Acoustics
, , , ,
-
(Noise) (Sound absorption)
,
,
, Musical sound , , (Noise)
,
(Sound insulation)

# (Velocity of sound) : , (Velocity of sound) -

1. (Medium)
2. (Wind direction)
3. (Moisare content)
4. (Temperature and pressure)
5. (Frequency)
340 ,

# (Noise) : (Noise) (Frequency)

(Intensity) ,

# :
1. ,
2. , ,
3. ,
4. ,
5.

# (Classification of noise) :
===========
(a) ৎ ' ।
1. (Outdoor noise) : : , , , ,

2. (Indoor noise) : - , , , ,

(b) ' ।
1. (Air borne noises or sounds) :
, , , (Key hole)
,
2. (Structure borne noise or impact noise) :
: , , ,

# (Reflection of sound) :
(Incidence angle)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 212

#
1. (Concave)

2. (Convex)
3. (Flat surface) (Wave front)- (Spherical)
4.
5. -
6. ,

# (Reverberation) : ,

10

# । (Acoustics of room and reverberation time) :

Acoustics Riverberation time in seconds

Very bad Above 5 Seconds

Bad 3-5 Seconds
Fairly good 2-3 Seconds
Good 1.5-2 Seconds
Very good/Excellent 0.5-1.5 Seconds

# (Sound absorption) :

# ।
1.
2.
3.
4. , ,

# (Characteristics of audible sound) : (Audible)

1. (Intensity and loudness)
2. (Frequency and pitch)
3. (Quality or tone)

1. (Intensity and loudness of sound) : (Wave energy)

(Intensity) (Progpagation) ,
ঐ (Vibration) (Amplitude) I a A2 (Loudness)
,

L ∝ Log 1 (Sound energy) (Intensity

Loudness)
2. (Frequency and pitch of sound) : (Sounding body)
(Frequency) (Pitch)
(Quality of sound) (Sensation of pitch)
(Cycles) 20 15000 20000
20000-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 213

3. (Quality or timbre) :
(Pitch) (Note) ,
n (Tone)
(Over tone) (over tone) (Note)

# (Behaviour of sound in enclosures) : ,

1.
2. (Absorb)
3. ,

# (State the necessity of thermal and sound insulation in building) :

(Transmission)

# (Advantages of thermal insulation in building) : :

1. (Comfort) :
2. (Fuel saving) : ,

3. (Prevention of condensation) : ,
( )
4.
(Hot water system)-

# (Necessity of sound unsulation in building) :

-
1.
2.
3.
4.

# (Advantages of sound insulation in building) :

1. Planning against indoor and outdoor noise :
2. Constructional measures : , ,
3. Reducing sound transmission through wall partions : , (Non- homogeneous) ,

4. Reducing sound transmission through floor : ,

5. Sound insulating materials : , - , ,

6. Using insulating sanitary fittings : W.C. , ,

# (Perocess of heat transfer in building) : (Building materials)

, ' , ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 214

# ।
a) (Conduction)
b) (Convection)
c) (Radiation)

a. (Conduction) : -
1. (Temperature difference between outside and inside surfaces),
2. (Thickness of solid medium),
3. (Area of exposed surface),
4. (Time for which heat flow takes place),
5. (Rate of heat transfer or conductivity of the medium)
6. (Density of the medium)

# (Important terms) :
==============
# (Thermal conductivity) : I°C , ,
K (Porosity), , ,
2
{(K.Cal cm)/(m h.degC)} K

# — Values of Thermal Conductivity (K) for different building materials and insulating materials :

No Materials Density in kg/m3 Thermal conductivity (K) K Cal/m2h.deg C

Part A-Building Materials:

1 Asbestos cement sheeting 1520 0.248
2 Asphalt 2240 1.052
3 Brick work common 1760 0.695
4 Concrete 2240-2280 1.240
5 Glass 2510 0.905
6 Plastering 1280-1600 0.495
7 Fibrous plastering 1150 0.332
8 Roofing felt 800 0.496
9 Slate 2720 1.612
10 Stone
(i) Granite 2640 2.520
(ii) Lime stone 2180 1.315
(iii) Sand stone 2000 1.115
11 Terra 330 2430 1.363
12 Timber 480-720 0.124

Part B-Insulating material:

1 Asbestos felt 114 0.067
2 Asbestos slab 72-136 0.041-0.046
3 Cork 120 0.041
4 Fibre glass 48 0.029
5 Cellular glass 168 0.061
6 Hair felt 80 0.034
7 Magnesia (85%) 192 0.050
8 Rubber cellular (soft) 144 0.037
9 Ebonite cellular 64 0.025
10 Cellular plastics 96 0.032
11 Saw dust 192 0.050

# (Thermal resistivity) :

# (Thermal conductance) : , , (Thermal transmission)

2
( ) C {(K.Cal)/(m h.degC)} Kilo Calories/sq. m
hr. °C

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 215

 - Thermal conductance for air gaps :

No Thickness of air gaps Thermal conductance K Cal/m2hr.degC

1. Closed space, 1.88 cm wide or more :

(i) Bounded by ordinary building materials 4.88
(ii) One or both side faced with reflective insulation 2.44
2. Closed space, 0.62 cm wide :
(i) Bounded by ordinary building materials 7.52
(ii) One or both side faced with reflective insulation 4.88
3. Open space, 1.88 cm wide or more 7.52
4. Closed space, 1.88 cm min, one face corrugated 5.44

# (Thermal resistance) :
R

R= =

# (Surface Co-efficient) :
(Unity) ,
(Surface Coefficient) , , {(Kilo
calories)/(m2h.degC)}

# (Surface resistance) :
(Surface Coefficient) (Reciprocal)

# (Total surface resistance) : - Total

surface resistance
RT = Total surface resistance
R1, R2, R3’

= Outside surface resistance

= Inside surface resistance

RT = R1 + R2 + T3 ’ )

# (Thermal transmittance) : (Thermal

transmission) (Steady state)
{(Kilo calories)/(m2h.degC)} U

# U- : Recommended Thermal Transmittance (U) Values:

Thermal transmittance Value in K

No Surface
Cal/m2hr.degC
External walls
Ground floor 1.0
1 Roof and top floor ceiling : 1.0
2 (i) Flats and houses in which the rooms on the top floor are generally
3 heated' 1.0
(ii) Houses in which the rooms on the top floor are unheated of only 1.5
occasionally heated.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 216

# (Thermal damping) :
D

D= x 100

To = Outside temperature range

T2 = Inside Temperature range

# (Thermal time constant) :- T= Q=

# (Convection) : (Convection) (Heat insulator)

# (Radiation) : ,
(Absorb)
(Reflect)

# (Transmission of noise) : :
1. (Through air)
2. (By vibrations of structural members)
3. (Through structural members)

# (List various types of materials usedfor thermal and sould insulation) :

================
#
1. (Slab or block insulation),
2. (Blanket insulation)
3. (Loose fill insulation)
4. (Bat insulating materials)
5. (Insulating boards)
6. (Reflective sheet materials)
7. (Light weight materials)

1. , , , , ,
60 ∞ 120 2.5
2. , , ,
1.2 4
3. : , ,
4. : 5 ,
7.5 9
5. : (Pulp of wood), (Lining)

6. : (High reflectivity) (Low emissibility)

, ,

7. : , ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 217

# (Choice of thermal insulating materials) : -
1. (Cost of materials)
2. (Area to be covered)
3. (Cost of heating or cooling)
4. (Standard of insulation required)

# :
1. (It should have high thermal resistance)
2. (It should be reasonably fire proof)
3. (It should be insect proof)
4. (It should be durable)
5. (It should be non-absorbant of moisture)
6. (It should cheaper)
7. (It should be readily available)

# (Sound insulating material) : (Building materials)

(Sound absorbing) -
1. , , , ,
2. - , , (Porosity) (Frequency)
, ,
3. -
4.
5. - (Cover) ,

6. (Acoustical condition)
,
7. ,

# (Types of sound absorbing materials) : (High sound absorption coefficient)-

:
1. (Straw board)
2. (Hair felt)
3. (Pulp board)
4. (Acoustic plaster)
5. (Compressed fibre boad)
6. (Perforated plywood)
7. (Wood wool board)
8. (Compressed wool particle board)
9. (Quilts and mats)

1. (Straw board) : 12 500 / 0.30

2. (Hair felt) : . (Mr. Sabin) 25 0.60
3. (Pulp board) : 0.17
4. (Acoustic plaster) : 20 0.1 /
500 / 0.301
0.15 0.30 (Fibrous plaster)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 218

5. (Compressed fibre boad) :
0.30 0.50
6. (Perforated plywood) : - 0.95
0.20
7. (Wood wool board) : 25 0.20
8. (Compressed wool particle board) : 13 0.40
9. (Quilts and mats) : , , ,

# (Describe general methods of thermal and sound insulation in building) :

==================
# :
1. (Heat insulation of orientation) :
(Orientation),
2. (Heat insulation by shading) :

3. (Heat insulation by proper height of ceiling) : 1

1.3
4. (By thickness of wall and roof) :

5. (By air gap) : : (Air gap)

# (Method of sound insulation) :

===========
(a) :
1.
(Air tight)
2.
(Unaviodable),

3.
4. , , , (Celotex) (Lining)

5. , , , ,
6. , , (Impact sound)-
7.
8. (Air plugs), (Head phones)

(b)
1. (When noise is produced in the room itself)
2. (When noise is air borne)
3. (When noise is structure borne)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 219

1. ৎ -
i. (Improvement in working methods) :
-

ii. (Acoustical treatment) : , ,

iii. (Personal protective) : ,

2. -
(i) (Solid non-porous homogeneous partitions)
(ii) (Partition of porous materials)
(iii) (Double wall construction)
(iv) (Floating floor construction)
(v) (Suspended ceiling construction)
(vi) (Box type construction)
(vii) (Design of doors and windows)
(viii) (Scientific planning of building)

# -
1.
2.
3.
4. ,
5.

3. -
1. -
2. (Discontinuous construction) : Box type construction
Suspended ceiling Structural floor Structural floor Floating floor

3. (Insulation of machinery) : , ,

4. (Town planning) : , , Structure bome

# (Process of thermal insulation) :

================
(a) (Thermal insulation of roof) : - /m2hr.degC

1. (Water proof course)

(False ceiling) (Air gap)

2.

3. (shining)
4.
5.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 220

 6. (coconut pitch cement concrete) 2.5

(b) (Thermal insulation of exposed walls) : (Thermal transmittance)

3
2.2 - /m . hr. deg C
1.
2. ,
3.
4.
5.
6.

(c) (Thermal insulation of exposed doors an windows) :

-
1. (Reduction of incidence of solar heat) :
(i) , ' , (chhajjas)
(ii) (Curtains- ),

2. (Reduction of heat transmission) : , (Heat

transmission)

#
==============
(a) (Wall insulation) :

1. (Rigid homogeneous walls) : ,

2. (Partition walls of porous materials) : , - ,
, ,
3. (Double wall partition) : ,
4. (Cavity wall construction)

(b) (Floor and ceiling insulation) :

—
1. (Use of resilient surface material on floor) : - , , ,
,
2. (Concrete floor floating construction)
3. (Timber floor floating construction)
4. (Timber floor with suspended ceiling and air space)
5. (Skirting)

(Plumbing System) :

, ,
-

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 221

 - ,

# (Plumbing system) :
, , ,

# - (Purpose of plumbing) : , ,
(Supply pipe) (Drainage pipe)
- , -

- -

# (Plumbing installation) : , -
,
(Stack) , (Sullage)
, , , ,
, (Sewer)

# , -
a) (Supply system)
b) (Fixture system)
c) (Drainage system)

(a) (Supply system) :

, , ,
(b) (Fixture system) : - ,
, , ,

(c) (Drainage system) : , ,

- ,

, -
, , ,

# (Factars in plumbing installation) :

-

(Stack)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 222

#
1.
2. -
- ,
3. - ,
4. - -
5.

6. ,
7. ,

8. - ,

# (Requirements of plumbing installation) :

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

# (Various plumbing fittings and fixtures) :

==================
#
1. (Elbow)
2. ' ' (Tee)
3. (Cross)
4. (Reducing elbow)
5. ' ' (Reducing tee)
6. 135° (135° Elbow)
7. (Y)
8. (Socket)
9. (Reducing socket)
10. (Cap)
11. (Plug)
12. (Running nipple)
13. (Bush)
14. (Nipple)

# (Fixtures) : ,

# :
1. (Wash basin)
2. (Sink)
3. (Bath tub)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 223

 4. (Water closet)
5. (Urinals)
6. (Flushing cistern)

# (Uses of various plumbing fittings and fixtures) :

=================
#
1) (Elbow) : 45°, 135°

2) ' ' (Tee) : 'T'

3) (Cross) :
4) (Reducing elbow) :
5) (Reducing tee) :
6) (Y) : 120°
7) (Socket) : ,

8) (Plug) : -

9) (Nipple) :
10) (Union) :

11) (Bend) :

# :
=================
1. , - -
75
(Overflow slot)

2. (Sink) :
, , -
90

3. (Bathtub) :

4. (Water closet) : , W.C

# ' —
a)
b) (European type)

(a)
(b) (Commode)
(Seat) 35 65-75

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 224

5. (Urinals) : ' -
i) (Bowl type)
ii) (Slab or stall type)

 ' : (Flat)
-

6. (Flushing cistern) : 10-15

# (Difference between plumbing fittings and fixtures) :

1 - 1
: , ,ঐ , , ,
, , ,

2 2 , ,

3 3

4 4

# (Plumber's tools) : ,
, - , -

# (Various tools used by a plumber) :

1. (Measuring tools) :
a) (Wood rule)
b) (Steel rule)
c) (Steel tape rule)

2. (Marking tools) :
a) (Wood pencil)
b) (Scriber)
c) (Divider)
d) (Chalk line )
e) (Compass)

3. (Testing tools) :
a) (Straight edge)
b) (Calipers)
c) (Tri square)
d) (Plumb bob)
e) (Spirit level)

4. (Cutting tools) :
a) (Chisel)
b) ' (Hacksaw)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 225

 c) (Pipe cutter)
d) - (Hand die-stock)
e) (Taps)

5. (Miscellaneous helping tools) :

a) - (C-clamp)
b) (Spanner)
c) (Hammer)
d) (Pipe bending tools)
e) (Reamer)
f) (Mallet)
g) (Wrench)
h) (Alen key)
i) (Vice)

# (Uses of various plumbing toots) :

==================
1. (Steel rule) : ,
- 12 , (Steel foot rule)

2. (Dividers) : (Leg) —

3. (Spirit level) : , ,

4. (Hack saw) : , ‖ :
a) (Handle),
b) ' (Saw frame),
c) ' (Saw blade)
' , - -
'
250-300

5. (Pipe cutter) : - ‖
-
a) (Frame)
b) (Handle)
c) (Cutter wheel)
d) (Slide)
e) (Guide roller)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 226

 f) (Set screw)

6. (Plumb bob) : ― '

,

7. - (Die-stock) : (Cutter) -
12-100 -

8. (Spanner) : , ' ' (Jaw) (Lever)

, -
a) (Open end spanner)
b) (Ring spanner)
c) (Socket spanner)
d) (Slide spanner)
e) (Single ended spanner)
f) (Double ended spanner)

9. (Tap) : - '
, - (Parallel) (Taper)

10. (Reamer) :
-

11. (Chisel) : -
150 . 450 . 12 . 25 .

12. ' ' (Pad saw) : ' ' ,

' '

13. (File) :

, — , , , ,

14. (Ratchet Brace) :

,

15. (Pipe wrench) :

16. (Pipe vice) : , (Rod) ― ‖ (V)-

17. (Hand Drill) : ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 227

18. (Pipe vice) : -
- -
—

(Building Services) :

, , , , , -
, , ,
, , ,

# (State the necessity of different building services) : (Building service) :

, ? ,

, (Water supply) , ,
, ( )
,

# (Classify different kinds of building services) :

1. (Provision of Water supply)
2. (Provision of Sanitary fitting)
3. (Provision of Electric supply)
4. (Provision of Gas supply)
5. (Provision of Air-condition)
6. (Provision of Drainage )
7. (Provision of lift)

, , , (W.C) ,
, , ,
-

# (Describe the procedure of gas line installation in building) :

12 , 20 40 . . 3.5

(Coaltar) (Black tap)

:
1.
2.
Tar-Paper
3. -
4. - , ,
5. 20 25

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 228

# -
1. (Cutting and Mending of Road)
2. (Laying Pipe line)
3. (Fixing One Way Stopcock)
4. (Fixing Single or Double Burner)

# - (Describe the layout of electrical wiring with various fittings in building) :

=================
# (Electric Fittings and Fixture) : '
a) ;
b)

(a) , ,
(b) ,

# :

1. (Switch) : (Circuit) ,
2. (Holder) : ,

3. (Ceilling Rose) :
, , 250
4. (Socket Outlet and Plug) : - , , , ,

5. (Regulator) : -

# - (Lay Out of House Wiring) : - -

, , , -
- - , , , ,
, ঐ -
,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 229

# - -

0.75
1.25 -
- -
- 1- , 100 , ,
-

# - -

1 7/0.64 , 250 , , . . .

2 - 3/0.036 , 250 , , . .

3 10 , 230 , . ,

4 . . 15 , 250 . . , . .

5 3 , 10 , 250 . . .

6 . . 2. , 1/0.044 , 250 ,

7 6 x4 x2

8 1 ,2 ,

9 1/2 3/4 1

10 150 , 200 250 1.5

11 1.5

12 4/3

13 16 , 4/3

14 4/3

15 4/3

16 4/3

17 4/3

18 4 . . . (S.W.G)

19 ---

20 ---

21 3- ,5 250

22 6 , 11/2

23 1 x4 x 11/2

24 6 x4 x 11/2

25 2

26 4/3

27 , 5- , 250

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 230

 28 ---

# - (Lay out of house wiring) : :

#
(Describe the process of
installation of mechanical ventilation and air-
conditioning system in building) :
===============
(A) (Ventilation) :

Ventilation ,

Ventilation

# :
1. ,
2. - (Undue
accumulation) ,
3.
,
4.
,
5. ,
6. ,
7. , ,
8. ,
9. ,
10. , ,

#
1. (Rate of fresh air change)
2. (Control on humidity)
3. (Quality of air)
4. (Temperature)
5. (Use of building)

1.

- ,

60

60 60

(Fan)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 231

 ,

(a) (Cubic space) ,

# (Air space) -

Air space per person Fresh air supply per person

2.8 m3 42.5 m3/hr.

5.5 m3 28.5 m3/hr.

8.5 m3 20.5 m3/hr.

11.0 and upwards 17.0 m3/hr.

# :

 (Living room and bed room) :

 (Kitchen) :

 (Bathroom and water closets) :

 (Passages) :

# :

Type of building Minimum rate of fresh air in the building

1. Assembly halls, canteens, shops, restaurants etc

2. Factories and work shops : 30m3/person per hour
(i) Work rooms
(ii) Lavatories 25m3 per person per hour,
3. Hospitals : 2 air changes per hour,
(i) Operation theatres etc,
(ii) Wards 10 air changes per hour,
4. Schools : 3 air changes per hour
(i) Rooms: space provided between 8m3 per person to 5m3 per
person. 20 to 30m3 per person per hour hour respectively
(ii) Corridors, Lavatories and w.c's 2 air changes per hour,
5. Offices :
(i) Office rooms with space from 5m3 per person to 11m3 per 30m3 Per Person Per hour to 17m3 per person per hour
person. 2 air changes per hour
(ii) Lavatories and w. c 's.

(b) , —

Air requirement m3/min

Application
per m2 of floor
Recommended Minimum
area
Apartments 0.56 0.28 ---
Banking space 0.28 0.21 ---
Board rooms 1.40 0.56 ---
Department store 0.21 0.14 0.015
Director's room 1.40 0.84 ---
Drug stores 0.28 0.21 ---
Factories 0.28 0.21 0.03
Garages --- --- 0.30
Hopitals :
1. Operating rooms (all fresh air) --- --- 0.60

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 232

 2. Private rooms 0.84 0.70 0.10
3. wards 0.53 0.28 ---
Hotel rooms 0.84 0.70 0.10
Kitchen :
of a Restaurant --- --- 1.20
Residence --- --- 0.60
Lavatories 0.56 0.42 ---
Meeting rooms 1.40 0.84 0.38
General office 0.42 0.28 ---
Private office 0.70 0.42 0.08
Cafeteria 0.34 0.28 ---
Dinning room of the restaurant 0.42 0.34 ---
Theatre 0.21-0.42 0.14-0.42 ---
Toilets --- --- 0.60
Retail shop 0.28 0.21 ---

(c) (Air changes)

Air changes per

No Space to be Ventilated
hour

1. Assemble Halls, Auditorium, Bedroom, Classroom, Office, Domestic kitchen, Hospital wards, Factories 3-6
2. Bath room and Toilets 6-12
3. Cafes and restaurants 12-15
4. Cinema halls and Theatres 6-9
5. Garages 12-15
6. Common kitchen 6-9

2. (Control on humidity) : (Specified space)

ঐ
ঐ (Relative
humidity) 100% 21°C 30-70%

# ।
0-25% (Very dry)
25%-50% (Dry)
50%-75% (Humid)
75%-100% (Very humid)

3. (Quality of air) : , ,
, - , - 0.5 .
0.5 . . . (Part per million) -
0.06% -

4. (Temperature) :
8 10°C
21.7°C 23.9°C , , , ‘

5. (Use of the building) : 3

, ,

# (Systems of ventilation) :
=============
# । :
1. (Natural Ventilation)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 233

 2. (Mechanical or artificial Ventilation)

1. : , : ,
, , , , ,

# : -
1. ,
(Lee ward side) (Outlet opening)-

2. (Inlet) (Outlet) ,
,

3. (Stack effect)
4. , ,
5. ,

6. (Short)
7. , ,
8. ,

9. -
10. (Ridge)
11. , ,
12. ,
13. ,
14. - 2

2. ( ) :
, , ,
,

# ।
1. (Extraction or Exhaust system)
2. (Supply or Plenum system)
3. (Balancing system)

1. (Blower)
, ঐ
, , , ,

2.
,
, , , ,
(Air cleaner)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 234

 , - (Duct)
,
, , ,
3. :
75%

(B) (Air-conditioning) : , , ,
, ,

# : :
1. ,
2. , : , , , ,
3. , , ,
4. , , ,
5. ,

# :
=============
# ' ।
1. (Comfort air-conditioning) :

2. ৎ (Industrial air-conditioning) :
,

# । :
1. (Summer air- conditioning) :

2. (Winter air- conditioning) :

3. (Composite air- conditions) :

#
1. (Temperature control) : , (Comfortable zone)
20°C-23°C 18:C-22°C
21°C 22°C-
2. (Humidity control) : 40% 50% 50% 60% 40%
60%
3. (Air velocity control) : 6
9
4. (Air quality control) : , ,

# (Systems of air-cnditioning) : '

a) (Direct expansion (DX) system)
b) (Chilled water indirect system)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 235

(a) (Direct expansion system) : (Refrigerant) ,

1. (Room air-conditioner)
2. (Packaged unit)
3. (Central direct expansion plants)

1. : (Compressor), (Evaporator), (Air-cooled

condenser) , , ,
, 1500, 2250, 3000, 3750, 4500, 5250, 6000,
7500 9000 - /

2. : , , (Evaporator)

, , ,
(Cooling capacity) 10000 ( 9000 - / )

3. , ,
(Duct)
, , , , ,

(b) :

# : -
1. (Capital cost)
2. (Running and operating cost)
3. (Space for the location of the equipment)
4. (Confort or industrial) (Type of application)
5. (Type of control) - (Rigit or industrial)
6. (Acoustic consideration) : : , TV ,

(Describe the fire protection and detection system in a building) :

- -

(Causes of fire) :
1.
2.
3.
4. -
5.
6.
7.
8.

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 236

 1.
2.
3.
4.

(Fire resisting properties of common building materials) :

============
k

(Stone) :
-

# (Timber) :
500°C

# :
1.
2. ( )
3. ,
,
4.
5.

# (Concrete) : 250°C 300° 400°C

900°C 20% , (Cinder)

# (Steel) : ,
600°C , 33%
(Unprotected.) (Sag) , ,

# (Glass) :

, ,

# (Cast iron) :
(Asbestos) : (Fibre)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 237

# (Aluminium) :

# (Plaster or mortar) : , -

# (General rules for fire resisting in building) :

-
1. (Alarm system)
2. (Stair)
3. (Protection of opening)
4. (Floor )
5. (Common wall)
6. (Fire extinnuishing system)
7. (Partition wall)

# ,

#
- 4
6 ,

# ,
1

# 120

# 90

# 15 . . . 6

# :
a)
b)
c)

# (Fire resistant construction) :

# (Components) :
a) (Walls and columns)
b) (Floors and roofs)

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 238

 c) (Wall openings)
d) (Escape elements)
e) (Strong room construction)

# : :
1. (Thick) ,

2. - ,
3. ,
4. . . . (R.C.C)-
5. , , , ,
6. . . . , 40 50
25 40 25
7. , - . . . , , , , ,
(Metal lalth)
8. (Cavity wall)
9. ( - )-

# (Escape element) :
1. , : , , ,
2.
3.
4.
5. .
6.
7.
8. 90

9.

# : :
1.
2. , . . .
3. . .

4. ,
5. , ,
6. , , , , , ,

7. , , ,

# :
1. '
2.
3.

4. (Wire-glass panel)
5. , ,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 239

 6. - 4 8-10
7. , ,
8. 6

# (Strong room construction) :

1. , 30 . . .
,
2. (Anchor)
3.
4. 20

# (Fire detection system) :

,
, -

# :
a) (Smoke detector)
b) (Heat detector)
c) (Flame detector)
d) (Gas detector)

#
1.
2. ,
3.
4.
5.

# (Smoke detector) : (Device) , (Smoke)

Fire alarm system- Control panel-
Smoke alarm Control panel-
(Alarm)

# , -
a) Physical or Ionization smoke detector
b) Optical or Photoelectric smoke detector.

# (Heat detector) : (Device) ,

, (Early warning device)

— , , - , - (Install)
, (Alarm) 136.4°F 58°C

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 240

# (Detecting fire) , —
1. Fixed temperature heat detector : (Ambient)

2. Rate-of-Rise heat detector : (Ambient)

,

# , -
a) Electromechanical heat detector
b) Optomechanical heat detector
c) Electro pneumatic heat detector
d) Electronic (Thermistor) heat detector,

# (Classification of heat detector) : Fixed temperatore Rate-of-Rise , —

1. Type A (White dot) : Normal temperature duty, incorporating both fixed-temperature (58°C-88°C) and a rate-of-rise actuation.
2. Type B (Blue dot) : Normal temperature duty, incorporating fixed temperature (58°C-88°C) actuation only.
3. Type C (Green dot) : High temperature duty, incorporating both fixed temperature (88°C-132°C) and a rate-of-rise actuation.
4. Type D (Red dot) : High temperature duty, incorporating fixed temperature (88°C-132°C) actuation only.
5. Type E (Yellow dot): Special purpose fixed temperature. This type of heat detector is selected when the purpose of protection
cannot be satisfied by type A to D.

# (Fire alarm) : ,

, (Tone)
, ,
,
(Alarm)

# (Procedure of fire fighting system) :

=================
# (Smoke detector) : 15 2.5
( ) ( )
(Alarm)

# Ionization smoke detector : Ionize

, (Alarm)

#
1.
2. (Americium) (Atom)

3.

4.
5. -
,

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 241

# Optical smoke detector :
,
(Alarm)

#
a) Optical chamber
b) Cover
c) Case moulding
d) Photodiode (Transducer)
e) Infrared LED (Light Emitting Diode)

1. LED Infrared light beam

2.
3. , LED

4.
5.

(Alarm)

# (Heat detector) : , , , ,
,
(Resistance) (Base
voltage) (Emiter volttage) , (Buzzer)
(Sound)

# (Fire alarm system) : ,

, , , , , ,

# (Fire extinguishing equipments) :

-
1. (Manual fire extinguishing equipment) : -
- , ,
2. (Fire hydrant) : 150 -
3.5-4 /
3. (Wet riser system) : 10 15 . , -
(Outlet) - 3

4. (Automatic sprinkler system) : , 20

, 3 Sprinkler
head Sprinkler head

@RayenReza.Ibrahim Page : 242

 Mahmudul Hasan
Shakil
Civil Engineer

PROFILE

As a fresh civil engineer, I bring a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skills ready to tackle
real-world challenges. With a solid foundation in structural analysis, project management, and design
CONTACT principles, I am eager to contribute to innovative solutions in the construction industry. My academic
achievements and internships have honed my ability to collaborate effectively in multidisciplinary
teams while adhering to strict timelines and budgets. I am passionate about sustainable practices and
Address:
strive to integrate them into every project I undertake. As I embark on my career journey, I am
Vill: Baishtila, P.O: Lakhaura,
committed to continuous learning and professional growth within the field of civil engineering.
P.S: Khadhimnagor, Upzilla: Sadar,
Dis: Sylhet, Country: Bangladesh.

Phone:
+880 14063 68135 EDUCATION
Email: Diploma in Civil Engineering.
Rayenreza.ibrahim@gmail.com Headway Engineering Institute.
July - 2020 / October - 2024
"Hands-on experience in structural analysis, construction management, and sustainable design, with
a focus on practical application and innovation."
SKILLS
Bachelor of Arts.
National University.
 Structural Design Dakshin Surma Govt. College.
 Structural Drawing October - 2019 / November - 2023
 Cost Estimates "Dedicated BA Bangla student exploring language, literature, and culture, driven by curiosity and
 Construction Projects commitment to learning and growth."
 Site Development
 Inspection Materials
 Land Surveying
EXPERIENCE
 Construction Management
 Budget Management Internship of Civil Engineering.
Public Works Department, Sylhet.
Extra: June - 2024 / October - 2024
 IT Knowledge "Dynamic Civil Engineering intern with a focus on practical application, problem-solving, and
 MS Office contributing to sustainable infrastructure development."
 Photoshop
 Illustrator Computer Operator.
 Data Entry Boisakhi Library & Stationery, Sylhet.
November - 2017 / Now
"I work part time in my shop along with my studies. Experienced in providing various online service."

SOCIAL

Facebook:
@RayenReza.Ibrahim
CERTIFICATIONS
Linkedin:
Digital Marketing.
@RayenReza.Ibrahim
Sheikh Kamal IT Training & Incubation Center.
Instagram:
February - 2024 / June – 2024
@RayenReza.Ibrahim
Graphics Design & Multimedia Programming.
Bangladesh Technical Education Board, Dhaka.
Whatsapp:
+880 16099 38307 January - 2022 / June – 2022

MS Office Application.
Facebook Page:
@Civil Engineering Youth Development Computer Academy.
January - 2019 / June - 2019