Chapter-1 Water Demand and Population Forecasting:
IS 1172:1993 Standard Code of Basic Requirements for Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation.
Industrial use
And water system losses: leaks and over-flow from service reservoirs, mains, public taps.
As per IS 1172:1993
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Note:
Case-1 Under ordinary condition (Population more than 1 lakh basically urban
area)
Min domestic water demand for a town having full flushing system =
150-200 lpcd
But for EWS & LIG colony Min domestic water demand in Urban Area = 135 lpcd
Drinking 5 litre
Cooking 5 litre
Bathing 55 litre
Washing:
Utensils 10 litres
House 10 litres
Cloth 20 litres
Flushing of Water Closet 30
Total domestic water demand per person 135 litres
Case-2
Min domestic water demand in Rural Area = 55 lpcd
(Example: Jal Jeevan Mission: Har Ghar Jal Yojana)
Drinking 3 litre
Cooking 5 litre
Bathing 15 litre
Washing:
Utensils 10 litres
House 10 litres
Cloth 12 litres
Flushing of Water Closet 0
Total domestic water demand per person 55 litres
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Note:
1-Domestic water Demand:50-60% of total water demand.
2- Industrial Water Demand: Paper industry has largest water requirement,
then steel, distillery and fertilizer.
It has max. impact on total water demand based on industrialisation.
3-Institutional water demand:
4-Public Use Demand:
5-Fire demand:
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Concept of Fire Load:
Numerical:
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Fire demand formula’s: in formulas put Population in Thousands
1. Kuchling 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟐√𝑷 → (𝒍𝒕/ 𝒎𝒊𝒏)
formula
2. Freeman 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟔(𝑷⁄𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎) → (𝒍𝒕/ 𝒎𝒊𝒏)
formula
3. Buston 𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟑√𝑷 → (𝒍𝒕/ 𝒎𝒊𝒏)
formula
4. National A) For Centrally congested high valued city
board of fire Case-1 For Population ≤ 2 lakh
under writer √𝑷
formula 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟕√𝑷 [𝟏 − ] → (𝒍𝒕/ 𝒎𝒊𝒏)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Case-2 For P > 2 lakh
54600 lit/ min for 1st fire
9100 to 36400 lit/ min for 2nd fire
5. Govt. of 𝟏𝟎𝟎√𝑷 → (𝑲𝑳)
India Manual
6-Water Losses: average 10% of total water Demand (max. up to 15%)
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Factors affecting per Capita demand:
Size of city
Climatic conditions, Types of gentry and habits of peoples, Industrial and commercial activity,
Quality of water Supply, Development of sewerage facility, cost of water, metering policy, system of
supply (intermittent or continuous)
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Variation in Demand:
1-Max. daily demand = 1.8 (Average daily demand)
2-Max. hourly demand = 1.5 (Average hourly demand of max. Day)
(𝑀𝑎𝑥.𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑) (𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑)
= 1.5 × = 1.5 × 1.8 ×
24 24
= 2.7 Annual average hourly demand
Note: Here 2.7 is known as Peak Factor.
Remember:
Fluctuations in hourly demand is called peak factor, also depends on population.
Population Peak factor
< 50000 3
(Small town)
50000 – 2 lakhs 2.5
(Medium town)
> 2 lakhs 2
(large town)
3-Max. Weekly demand=1.48 Average weekly Demand
4-Max. Monthly demand=1.27 Average Monthly Demand
Remember:
Remember:
Total Draft = Max. of (Coincident draft, Max. Hourly demand)
Coincident draft = Max. daily demand + Fire demand
Note:
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Design Period: Not fixed depend on project type, cost involved etc.
Units Design parameter Design period (Years)
Water treatment unit Max. daily demand 15
Pipe mains (Source to Max. daily demand 30
Service reservoir)
Filters (Except RSF)
Other Treatment Unit
Distribution system or Max. hourly demand or Coincident draft 30
distribution mains whichever is max.
Source of supply (Wells & tube Max. daily demand 30-50
wells)
Demand reservoir (Overhead or Annual Average demand 50
Ground level) or storage tank or
surge tank
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Note: Demand reservoirs are
often used in systems where
water demand varies
significantly throughout the day
or where there are sudden surges
in demand, such as in industrial
processes or firefighting
systems.
Example: Consider a water
treatment plant supplying water
to a manufacturing facility. To
meet the fluctuating water
demand of the manufacturing
processes, a demand reservoir is
installed on-site. This reservoir
temporarily stores water and
ensures a steady supply to the
facility, even during peak usage
periods.
Service reservoir or storage Designed to take care hourly fluctuations,
reservoir or distribution Fire demand, emergency reserve.
reservoir
Pump Max. daily demand+ additional for FOS
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