W A T E R

DEMAND AND
QUANTITY OF
WATER
Water Quantity Estimation

 The quantity of water required for municipal uses

for which the water supply scheme has to be
designed.
 It requires the following data:
1. Water consumption rate(Per Capita Demand in
litres per day per head)
2. Population to be served
 Quantity = Per capita demand x Population
 Very difficult to assess the quantity of water
demanded by the public, since there are many
variable factors affecting water consumption.
 There are various types of water demands in a city.
TYPES OF WATER DEMAND
 Domestic water demand
 Industrial demand
 Institution and commercial demand
 Demand for public use
 Fire demand
 Losses and wastes
Domestic water demand

 Water required in the houses for drinking, bathing,

cooking, washing etc.
 Mainly depends upon the habits, social status,
climatic conditions and customs of the people.
 As per IS: 1172-1963, under normal conditions,
the domestic consumption of water in India is
about 200 litres/day/capita.
The details of the domestic consumption are
a) Drinking ------ 5 litres
b) Cooking ------ 5 litres
c) Bathing ------ 75 litres
d) Clothes washing ------ 25 litres
e) Utensils washing ------ 15 litres
f) House washing ------ 15 litres
g)Lawn watering and gardening--- 15 litres
h) Flushing of water closets ----- 45 litres
--------------------------
200 litres/day/capita
Industrial demand

 The water required in the industries mainly depends on

the type of industries, which are existing in the city.
 The water required by factories, paper mills, Cloth
mills, Cotton mills, Breweries, Sugar refineries etc.
comes under industrial use.
 The quantity of water demand for industrial purpose is
around 20 to 25% of the total demand of the city.
 The ordinary per capita consumption on account of
industrial needs of a city is generally taken as 50 lpd.
 In industrial cities, this demand may go upto 450 lpd.
Institution and commercial
demand

 Universities,Institution, commercial buildings and

commercial centres including office buildings,
warehouses, stores, hotels, shopping centres,
health centres, schools, temple, cinema houses,
railway and bus stations etc. come under this
category.
 On an average, this requirement is 20 lpd, but it
can be as high as 50 lpd for highly commercialised
cities.
Demand for public use

 Quantity of water required for public utility

purposes such as for washing and sprinkling on
roads, cleaning of sewers, watering of public parks,
gardens, public fountains etc. comes under public
demand.
 To m e e t t h e w a t e r de m a nd f or p u b l i c u s e ,
provision of 5% of the total consumption is made
designing the water works for a city.
 It is generally taken as 10 l/p/d.
 Therequirements of water for public utility shall be
taken as..
Fire demand

 During the fire breakdown large quantity of water is

required for throwing it over the fire to extinguish it,
therefore provision is made in the water work to supply
sufficient quantity of water or keep as reserve in the
water mains for this purpose.
 The high rate of water consumption during a fire
considerably affects the design of distribution system
and hence, the rate of fire demand is taken as a function
of population while designing the water supply system.
Fire Fighting Required Calculation
Total amount of water required : no. of fires X discharge X time of each fire
Amount of water required per person: amount of water/total population

Kuichling ‘s formula : Q= 3182√P

[ Q = amount of water required in
liters/minute]
[ P = population in thousands]
Freeman formula : Q= 1136[(P/5)+10 ]

Buston’s formula : Q= 5,663√P (Quantity of water required in liters per

day)
(Kuichling formula, Freeman formula and buston formula give higher results.
Because water for fire fighting is required for few times in a year.)

Q = 100√P (water is kiloliter per day)

 The quantity of water required for fire fighting is
generally calculated by using different empirical
formulae.
 For Indian conditions, Kuichling’s formula gives
satisfactory results.
Q=3182 √p
Where ‘Q’ is quantity of water required in litres/min
‘P’ is population of town or city in thousands
Losses and wastes

 Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and

broken pipes, faulty valves and fittings.
 Losses due to, continuous wastage of water.
 Losses due to unauthorised and illegal connections.
 While estimating the total quantity of water of a
town; allowance of 15% of total quantity of water
is made to compensate for losses, thefts and
wastage of water.
Water Consumption for
Various Purposes
Per capita demand


 Per capita demand of the town depends on various
factors like standard of living, no. and type of
commercial places in a town etc.
 For an average Indian city, the requirement of
water in various uses is as under-
Domestic purpose -------- 200 litres/c/d
Industrial use -------- 50 litres/c/d
Commercial use -------- 20 litres/c/d
Public use -------- 10 litres/c/d
Losses, Wastage and thefts -------- 55 litres/c/d
--------------------------
Total : 335 litres/capita/day
Factors affecting per capita
demand

 Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is

generally large as compared to that for smaller
towns .
 Presence of industries
 Climatic conditions
 Habits of people and their economic status
 Pressure in the distribution system
 Quality of water: If water is aesthetically &
medically safe, the consumption will increase .
 System of supply: Continuous will have more
demand than intermittent.
 Development of Sewerage facilities
 Cost of water
 Policy of metering and charging method: Water
tax is charged in two different ways: on the basis of
meter reading and on the basis of certain fixed
monthly rate. If supplies are metered, the water
usage decreases.
 FACTORE AFFECTING THE WATER DEMAND
• Size of the city
Big city Small towns

Example: Delhi 244 l/c/d Vijayawada 135 l/c/d

• Climate condition

more in summer less in winter

• Cost of water

rate demand rate demand

• Distribution System

Pressure demand Pressure demand

high low

• Supply system

Good supply Bad Supply

demand demand
 • Industry

industry demand industry demand

• Quality of water

good demand bad demand

• Habit of people
(Living style)

EWS demand MIG demand

 Fluctuations in Rate of
Demand
 Seasonal variation: The demand peaks during
s u m m e r. Wa t e r u s a g e i s m o r e i n s u m m e r,
increasing demand. So, there is seasonal variation .
 Daily variation: It depends on the activity. People
draw out more water on Sundays and Festival days,
thus increasing demand on these days.
 Hourly variations: They are very important as they
have a wide range. During active household working
hours i.e. from six to ten in the morning and four to
eight in the evening, the bulk of the daily requirement is
taken. During other hours the requirement is negligible.
 Moreover, if a fire breaks out, a huge quantity of water
is required to be supplied during short duration,
necessitating the need for a maximum rate of hourly
supply.
 The effect of monthly variation influences the design of
storage reservoirs and the hourly variations influences
the design of pumps and service reservoirs.
 As the population decreases, the fluctuation rate
increases.
 So, an adequate quantity of water must be available
to meet the peak demand.
 To meet all the fluctuations, the supply pipes,
service reservoirs and distribution pipes must be
properly proportioned.
 The water is supplied by pumping directly and the
pumps and distribution system must be designed to
meet the peak demand.
 Assessment of Normal
Variations
 Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily
demand
 Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e.
Peak demand= 1.5 x average hourly consumption
of max. day
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
=1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand
Numerical
A water supply scheme has to be designed
for a city having a population 1,00,000.
Estimate important kind of drafts which may
be required to be recorded for average
water consumption of 250 lpcd.
Water supply Scheme
DESIGN PERIOD
Design period may be defined as:

“It is the number of years in future for which

the given facility is available to meet the
demand.”
Or
“The number of years in future for
which supply will be more than demand.”
Why Design period is provided ?
Design period is provided because

 It is very difficult or impossible to provide

frequent extension.
 It is cheaper to provide a single large unit
rather to construct a number of small
units.
Design Periods

Ø The future period for which a provision is made in the

water supply scheme is known as the design period.
Ø Design period is estimated based on the following:
 Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence,
wear, tear, etc.
 Expandability aspect.
 Anticipated rate of growth of population, including
industrial, commercial developments & migration-
immigration.
 Available resources.
 Performance of the system during initial period.
Population Data and Population
Growth
 Population Data: The present population of a town or a
c i t y c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d b y c o n d u c t i n g a n o ff i c i a l
enumeration, called census. This data can be used for
predicting the future populations of the city at the end of
design periods.
 Population Growth: The three factors responsible for
c h a n g e s i n p o p u l a t i o n a r e :
(i) Births (ii) Deaths and (iii) Migrations
These variations make the task of predicting future populations
very difficult. Thus, we rely on mathematical formulas and
graphical solutions based on previous population records.
 Population Forecasting
Methods

 There are various methods adopted for estimating

future populations .
 The particular method to be adopted for a
particular case or for a particular city depends
largely on the factors discussed in the methods,
and the selection is left to the discretion and
intelligence of the designer.
 Arithmetic Increase Method
 Geometric Increase Method
 Incremental Increase Method
 Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
 Simple Graphical Method
 Zoning method
 Logistic curve method
 Ratio method
Arithmetic Increase Method

 This method is based on the assumption that the population

is increasing at a constant rate.
 The rate of change of population with time is constant. The
population after ‘n’ decades can be determined by the
formula
Pn= Po + n.x
Where Po →population at present
n →No. of decades
x →Constant determined by the average of population increase
of ‘n’ decades
 This method is mostly applicable to large and established
cities.
Geometric Increase Method
 This method is based on the assumption that the percentage
increase in population from decade to decade remains
constant.
 In this method the average percentage of growth of last few
decades is determined.
 The population at the end of ‘n’ decades is calculated by
Pn= Po {1+ r/100} ^n
Where P →population at present
r →assumed growth rate (%)
 This method must be used with caution, for when applied it
may produce too large results for rapidly grown cities in
comparatively short time.
 This would apply to cities with unlimited scope of expansion.
As cities grow large, there is a tendency to decrease in the rate
of growth.
Incremental Increase Method


 Growth rate is assumed to be progressively
increasing or decreasing, depending upon whether
the average of the incremental increases in the past
is positive or negative.
 The population for a future decade is worked out
by adding the mean arithmetic increase to the last
known population as in the arithmetic increase
method, and to this is added the average of
incremental increases, once for first decade, twice
for second and so on.
Decreasing Rate of Growth
Method
 Inthis method, the average decrease in the
percentage increase is worked out, and is then
subtracted from the latest percentage increase to
get the percentage increase of next decade.
Simple Graphical Method
 In this method, a graph is plotted from the
available data, between time and population.
 The curve is then smoothly extended upto the
desired year.
 This method gives very approximate results and
should be used along with other forecasting
methods.
GRAPHICAL METHOD
 In this method, the populations of last few decades are
correctly plotted to a suitable scale on graph. The population
curve is smoothly extended for getting future population. This
extension should be done carefully and it requires proper
experience and judgment. The best way of applying this
method is to extend the curve by comparing with population
curve of some other similar cities having the similar growth
condition.
COMPARATIVE GRAPHICAL METHOD
Zoning Method/Master Plan
Method
 Applies to big and metropolitan cities.
 Expansion is regulated by laws and local bodies.
 A master plan is prepared.
 City is divided into various zones- residential,
commercial, industrial etc.
 Easy to precisely access the design population.
 The big and metropolitan cities are generally not developed
in haphazard manner, but are planned and regulated by
local bodies according to master plan.
 The master plan is prepared for next 25 to 30 years for the
city.
 According to the master plan the city is divided into
various zones such as residence, commerce and industry.
 The population densities are fixed for various zones in the
master plan.
 From this population density total water demand and
wastewater generation for that zone can be worked out.
 By this method it is very easy to access precisely the
design population.
LOGISTIC CURVE METHOD

 This method is used when the growth rate of

population due to births, deaths and migrations takes
place under normal situation and it is not subjected to
any extraordinary changes like epidemic, war, earth
quake or any natural disaster, etc., and the population
follows the growth curve characteristics of living
things within limited space and economic opportunity.

 Ifthe population of a city is plotted with respect to

time, the curve so obtained under normal condition
looks like S-shaped curve and is known as logistic
curve
 Ratio or Apportionment
method
 The city’s census population record is expressed
as the percentage of population of the whole
country .
 The local population and the country’s
population for last 4-5 decades is obtained from
the census records.
 The ratio of local to national population is
worked out for these decades.
 A graph is then plotted between time and these
ratios, and extended to the design period, so as
to extrapolate the ratio corresponding to future
design year.
 Sometimes, last census ration or the
average of the past few years may be
used.
 This ratio is then multiplied by the expected
national population at the end of design
period, so as to obtain the city’s future
population.
 This method is very suitable for areas whose
growths are parallel to the national growth.
 However, it does not take into account the
abnormal conditions that may prevail in
certain local areas.