SILIGURI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINERING

Name- Shreyosi Nag
Roll No.- 11901322047
Semester-4th
Year- 2nd
Subject-Environmental engineering -1
Code- CE(PC)402
CA2 ASSIGNMENT- Assignment on water
demand, water quality and water treatment
plant
 SILIGURI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Assignment for CA- 2, 4th. Semester,
Environmental Engineering- 1
INTRODUCTION-Environmental engineering is best
characterized by the vast array of issues that its
practitioners address. Broadly, environmental
engineers design systems and solutions at the
interface between humans and the environment.

Nowadays we can easily say that environmental

engineering is truly an interdisciplinary science. Combining biology,
ecology, geology, geography, mathematics, chemistry, agronomy,
medicine, economy, etc. environmental engineering strives to use
environmental understanding and advancements in technology to
serve mankind by decreasing production of environmental hazards
and the effects of those hazards already present in the soil, water,
and air. Major activities of environmental engineer involve water
supply, waste water and solid management, air and noise pollution
control, environmental sustainability, environmental impact
assessment, climate changes, etc. And all this with only one main
goal - to prevent or reduce undesirable impacts of human activities
on the environment. To ensure we all have tomorrow.

Environmental engineering is also deals with the facts

like WATER DEMAND, WATER QUALITY, WATER DISTRIBUTION
etc. In this report we are going to know about this topic in detail.
 WATER DEMAND: -
The community, society, and industry need water for different uses.
Water demand is the accurate estimation of total water. The unit of
Water demand is LPCD (liters per person per day). While planning
the water supply scheme for an area, it is essential to determine the
total water required for a different purpose.

❖ What are the various demands that are considered in

designing of water supply project?

The various demands that are considered in designing of water

supply project is following-

❖ Residential or domestic water demand.

❖ Industrial water demand.
❖ Institution and commercial water demand.
❖ Demand for public uses.
❖ Fire demand.
❖ Water needed to compensate losses in thefts and wastes.

❖ RESIDENTIAL OR DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND: -

The residential or domestic use includes water
requirements for drinking, cooking, bathing, sanitary purpose and
flushing of water closets. The amount of domestic water consumption
per person shall vary according to the living conditions of the
consumers. According to IS 1172-1957 recommends a per capita water
consumption of 135 litres per day.
❖ Table for water used in liters per head per day for residence: -
S.no Description Amount of water in litres per head per day

1. Drinking 5

2. Cooking 5

3. Bathing 55

4. Washing of clothes 20

5. Washing of house 10

6. Washing of utensils 10

7. Flushing of utensils 30

Total 135 litre

❖ Industrial water demand: - The presence of industries in or near

the city has a great impact on the water demand. The quantity of water
needed relies on the type of industry.

The ordinary per capita consumption on

account of the Industrial needs of a city is generally taken as 50 litre/
person/day. Which may suffice only to meet the water demand of small
scattered industries, without catering to larger industries. Separate
provisions will have to be made to meet the water demand of such
 specific industries. Industries cities the per capita water requirements
may finally be computed to be as high as 450 litre/person/day.

❖ Table for water consumption for industries: -

Unit of Water requirements in kilolitre per

S.no. Industry
production unit

1. Automobiles Vehicle 40

2. Distillery Kilolitre 122-170

3. Fertilizer Tonne 80-200

4. Paper Tonne 200-400

Special quality
5. Tonne 400-1000
paper

6. Leather 100 kg 40

7. Straw board Tonne 75-100

8. Petroleum refinery Tonne 1-2

❖ Institution and commercial water demand: - The water

requirements of institutions, like hospitals, hotels, restaurants,
schools and Colleges, railway stations, offices, factories should also
be assessed
and provided for it in addition to domestic and industrial water
demand. This quantity will certainly vary with the nature of the city and
with the number and types of commercial establishments and
institutions present in it. A per capita water demand of 20
litre/head/day is usually considered.

❖ Demand for public uses: - The quantity of water needed for public or
civic uses may be for the following purpose –

• Road washing – 5 litre/head/day

• Sanitation –3-5 litre/head/day

• Public parks – 2-3 litre/m2/day

• Fire fighting

❖ Fire demand: - Water required for firefighting is usually called fire

demand. In big populated and industrial areas, fires generally break
out and may lead to serious damages, if not controlled effectively.

Large cities, therefore, generally maintain full

firefighting squads. Firefighting personnel need a sufficient quantity of
water, so as to throw it over the fire at high speed.

❖ Water needed to compensate losses in thefts and wastes: - Water is

needed first everywhere there is a settlement and that is why most
of the cities are located along the river. A large amount of good
water is lost in leakages, wastes, thefts.

This are all the demands keep in mind for designing a water supply
system.

What are the factors that affect the total water demand in a
city? There are various factors affecting water demand but the major
factors that play a vital role are listed. The factors affecting water
demand are as follows:

a. Size of town or city-Water demand increases with an increase in the

size of the town or city. An extra amount of water is required for street
cleaning, gardening, flushing, etc. This increases the water demand.

b. Living Standard-The consumption of rate of water directly depends

upon the economic status of the consumer. Upper-class (Rich)
consumers use more water than lower-class ( Poor) consumers.

c. Climatic Condition-Water demand is more in hot weather than in

cold. During hot weather; the loss of water from the human body is
more in the form of sweat which makes people thirstier and requires
more water for balancing the body. So, water consumption increases
causing an increase in water demand.

d. Industrial and Commercial Activities-Industrial and commercial

activities increase the rate of water demand.

e. Quality of Water-As the quality of water increases, the rate of

consumption and use of water by the consumer also increases. Simply,
good quality water leads to an increase in demand for water. If the
quality of water is bad then it leads to a decrease in water demand of
water.

f. System of Water Supply-Water may be supplied intermittently (i.e.

for a limited time during certain fixed hours of the day) or continuously
for all 24 hours of the day. The rate of water demand is low in the
intermittent system of water supply.
g. Metering System-The rate of water demand is more in the non-
metered system than in the metered system. In the metered system,
the bill for the water increases with an increase in water use. This limits
the demand for water from increasing. People will use less water so
that the cost of the water they need to pay is less.

h. System of Sanitation-The presence of the sewerage system increases

the rate of water demand. The residents of the town or city will also be
required more water for sanitary units such as closets, drainage, etc.

I. Cost of Water-When the cost of water increases, demand decreases,

and vice versa.

j. Age of Community-Water demand is high in newly constructed cities.

More water is required for the construction of infrastructures,
plantations, etc.

k. Pressure In Pipeline-The demand for water increases with an

increase in pressure in the pipeline.

Water Quality: -

Water quality describes the condition of the water, including chemical,

physical, and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its
suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking or swimming.Water
quality for human consumption covers safe drinking and cooking water
which are both vital for maintaining human health and form part of
public health policy. Access to high-quality water fit for human
consumption, known as “potable water”, is a fundamental human right
and a necessity for healthy life and development for individuals and
societies
❖ What should be the quality of drinking water in Indian
condition?
• Drinking Water quality-
Drinking water is water intended for human consumption for
drinking and cooking purposes from any source. It includes water
(treated or untreated) supplied by any means for human
consumption. The quality standards for drinking water in India is
prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards laid down IS 10500 : 2012.

• Ground water quality scenario in India- Indian Sub-Continent is

endowed with diverse geological formations from oldest Achaeans
to Recent alluviums and characterized by varying climatic conditions
in different parts of the country. The natural chemical content of
ground water is influenced by depth of the soils and sub-surface
geological formations through which ground water remains in
contact. In general, greater part of the country, ground water is of
good quality and suitable for drinking, agricultural or industrial
purposes. Ground water in shallow aquifers is generally suitable for
use for different purposes and is mainly of Calcium Bicarbonate and
Mixed type. However, other types of water are also available
including Sodium-Chloride water. The quality in deeper aquifers also
varies from place to place and is generally found suitable for
common uses. There is salinity problem in the coastal tracts and high
incidence of Fluoride, Arsenic, Iron and heavy metals etc in isolated
pockets have also been reported. The distributions of various
constituents present in ground water in different parts of the
country is as follows.
• Salinity- Salinity in ground water can be broadly categorised into
two types, i.e. Inland Salinity and Coastal salinity
• Inland Salinity Inland salinity in ground water is prevalent mainly
in the arid and semi arid regions of Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab,
Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. There are several places in Rajasthan
and southern Haryana where EC values of ground water is greater
than 10000 mS /cm at 25oC making water non-potable. In some
areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat, ground water salinity is so high
that the well water is directly used for salt manufacturing by solar
evaporation. Inland salinity is also caused due to practice of
surface water irrigation without consideration of ground water
status. The gradual rise of ground water levels with time has
resulted in water logging and heavy evaporation in semi-arid
regions lead to salinity problem in command areas.

Coastal Salinity the Indian subcontinent has a dynamic coastline of

about 7500 km length. It stretches from Rann of Kutch in Gujarat to
Konkan and Malabar coast to Kanyakumari in the south to
northwards along the Coromandal coast to Sunderbans in West
Bengal. The western coast is characterized by wide continental shelf
and is marked by backwaters and mud flats while the eastern coast
has a narrow continental shelf and is characterized by deltaic and
estuarine land forms. Ground water in coastal areas occurs under
unconfined to confined conditions in a wide range of
unconsolidated and consolidated formations.

Normally, saline water bodies owe their origin to

entrapped sea water (connate water), sea water ingress, leachates
from navigation canals constructed along the coast, leachates from salt
pans etc. In general, the following situations are encountered in coastal
areas

• Saline water overlying fresh water aquifer

• Fresh water overlying saline water
• Alternating sequence of fresh water and saline water aquifers

In India, salinity problems have been observed in a number of places

in most of the coastal states of the country. Problem of salinity ingress
has been conspicuously noticed in Minjur area of Tamil Nadu and
Mangrol – Chowed- Porbandar belt along the Saurashtra coast.

• WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR INDIA-

Permissible limit
Test parameter Acceptable limit (In the absence of an
alternate source of water)

pH value 6.5-8.5 No Relaxation

Turbidity 1 5

Total hardness as CaCo3,

200 600
mg/l, Max

Shall not be detectable in any Shall not be detectable in any

E. coli presence/absence
100ml sample 100ml sample

Total iron as Fe, mg/l, Max 0.3 No Relaxation

Taste Agreeable Agreeable

Odor Agreeable Agreeable

These are the all-quality parameters of water for Indian region. And
we should always take proper cautions for not breaking the limits
and always should drink a good quality water for a better health for
us.
 Water Treatment Plant: -
A water treatment plant is a destination where wastewater (water
which is no longer fit for its current purpose) moves to once it leaves
homes and businesses through sewage pipes.
• Draw the flow diagram of typical water treatment plant for drinking
water. Also explain the function of each unit.

Water from any source may contain various suspended, colloidal and
dissolved impurities which may be harmful or useful for drinking

purposes. The process of removal of undesirable matters and

pathogens from water is called the water treatment process.

The water treatment process includes many operations like

screening, aeration and sedimentation, sedimentation with
coagulation, softening, filtration, disinfection, etc.

The water treatment process generally adopted

depends upon the quality of raw water and the quality of water
derived.

Methods of the water treatment process are explained below.

❖ Screening-

When water derived from the surface contain large suspended as

well as floating matters which may be sticks, branches, leaves, etc;
the screens are fixed in the intake works or at the entrance of the
treatment plant to remove the suspended as well as floating matters
like branches, leaves and sticks.

• Purpose of screening-

1. To remove large suspended as well as floating matter such as

leaves, branches, dead animals, etc.

2. To work as a protective device for a successive treatment.

3. To increase the efficiency of the successive.

• Types of Screens-

a. Bar Screen- Bar screen is also called coarse screen.

They have a wider opening and are placed in front of

the fine screen to remove large, floating and suspended materials.

b. Fine Screen- The fine screen is used to remove smaller, floating

and suspending matter of size smaller than removed by the
coarse screen.

❖ Sedimentation- The process of the removal of suspended particles

by gravitational settling is called sedimentation. The water after
screening may contain various suspended impurities like silt and clay
particles. So, to remove such particles sedimentation is done. The
particles whose specific gravity is greater than that of water gets
settles down under the action of gravity. Sedimentation tanks are
 designed to reduce the velocity of the flow of water so that the
suspended particles get settled under the action of gravity.

Sedimentation can be achieved in two ways-

• Plain Sedimentation -

When the suspended particles are separated under the action of

gravity only, it is called plain sedimentation.

• Sedimentation with coagulates-

Fine suspended particles and colloidal impurities are not removed

by plain sedimentation. Particles of sizes 0.006 mm required 10
hours to settled in plain sedimentation.

Therefore, we need certain chemicals to add in the water to remove

such impurities which are not removed by plain sedimentation.
These chemicals are known as coagulants and the process is called
sedimentation with coagulation.

Examples of coagulants are (Al₂SO₄) ₃, AlSO₄, odium aluminate, etc.

❖ Aeration- It is the process of bringing water to contact with

atmospheric air that contains oxygen.

Aeration is one of the important operations for making

water healthy and pure.

• Purpose of Aeration

1. To remove taste and odour by gases due to organic

decomposition.
 2. To increase the dissolved oxygen.3. To remove hydrogen sulphide
that causes odour.

4. To decrease carbon dioxide in water.

5. To kill the bacteria to some extent.

❖ Filtration-

Sedimentation and sedimentation with coagulation removes a large

portion of suspended as well as colloidal particles which have
specific gravity more than water. Some particles have a specific
gravity less than or equal to water which cannot be settled by the
process of sedimentation

For removing such particles and bacteria’s, odour and taste; another
operation is needed.

The process of passing water through beds of sands or gravels is

known as filtration. It consists of a bed of sand supported on gravel.

• Types of Filters : -
• Slow Sand Filter-

These are the initial type of filters introduced in 1829 in England.

The rate of filtration through a slow sand filter is very slow.

The rate of filtration is 100 to 200 litres per sq. m per hour.

• Rapid Sand Filter- The rapid sand filter is mostly used for treatment
works in municipalities.

The rate of filtration work is 3000 to 6000-liter per square meter per
hour.
• Pressure Filter-

In this filter, water passes through the sand bed under pressure. This
filter is used for industrial plants.

❖ 5. Disinfection

A slow sand filter can remove up to 99% of pathogens. However, this

percentage is less in the rapid sand filter.

So, to neutralize the effects of remaining organisms; the water is

passed through the disinfection process.

The killing of harmful bacteria with the help of chemicals or

substances is called disinfection and chemical used are called
disinfectants.

• Purpose of disinfection

1. To kill pathogenic bacteria and organisms present in water.

2. To make people safe from water-borne diseases.

3. To reduce the chance of epidemics.

CONCLUSION: -
In this report we come to know about the various details of WATER
DEMAND, WATER QUALITY, WATER DISTRIBUTION, and also have
the understanding about how the water should be used and not
wasted, how the good water can affect our overall health and why
should we use that more frequently and lastly about the water
treatment plant which the most important for having a good water
supply and helps to achieve good and healthy life.