WATER DEMAND

WATER DEMAND
• Design Engineer has to evaluate the amount of
water available and the amount of water
demanded by the public.
• In fact, the first study is to consider the
demand, and then the second requirement is to
find sources to fulfill that demand.
 Types of Water Demands
• It is very difficult to precisely assess the
quantity of water demanded by the public,
since there are many variable factors affecting
water consumption.
• Certain thumb rules and empirical formulas
are, therefore, generally used to assess this
quantity.
 Types of Water Demands
• The various types of water demands, which a
city may have, may be divided into the
following classes:
• (1) Domestic water demand;
• (2) Industrial water demand;
• (3) Institution and commercial water demand;
• (4)Demand for public uses;
• (5) Fire demand; and
• (6) Water required to compensate losses in
wastes and thefts.
 Domestic Water Demand
• This includes the water required in private
buildings for drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn
sprinkling, gardening, sanitary purposes, etc.
• The amount of domestic water consumption
per person shall vary according to the living
conditions of the consumers.
• As per IS : 1172-1983 as well as National
building code, this domestic consumption
under normal conditions is expected to be
around 135 L/c/d.
Average Domestic Water Consumption
 Industrial Water Demand
• The industrial water demand represents the water
demand of industries ,which are either existing or
are likely to be started in future, in the city for
which water supply is being planned.
• This quantity will thus vary with the number and
types of industries present in the city.
• The ordinary per capita consumption is generally
taken as 50 liters/ person/ day, which may serve
only to meet the water demand of small scattered
industries, without providing to larger industries.
• Separate provision will have to be made to meet
the water demand of such specific industries.
• The approximate quantities of water required
by different industries per unit of their
production, are shown in table, which may
serve as a rough guide in estimating the total
industrial demand.
Water Demand of Certain Important Industries
• Due to continuous modernization and reuse of
water in industrial processes, the industrial
water requirements are getting reduced than
those shown in table.
 Institutional and Commercial Water Demand

• The water requirements of institutions, such as

hospitals, hotels, restaurants, schools and
colleges, railway stations, offices, factories,
etc. should also be assessed and provided for,
in addition to domestic and industrial water
demands.
• This quantity will certainly vary with the
nature of the city and with the number and
types of commercial establishments and
institutions present in it.
Water requirements of Institutions and
Commercial Establishments
 Demand for Public Uses
• This includes the quantity of water required for public
utility purposes, such as watering of public parks,
gardening, washing and sprinkling on roads, use in
public fountains, etc.
• For most of the water supply schemes, these needs are
not believed as essentials, and a nominal amount
not exceeding 5% of the total consumption may
be added to meet this demand on an random
basis.
 Fire Demand
• In thickly populated and industrial areas, fires
generally break out and may lead to serious
damages, if not controlled effectively.
• Big cities, therefore generally maintain full
fire-fighting squads.
• A provision should, therefore, be made in
modern public water supply schemes for
fighting fires.
• The quantity of water required for
extinguishing fires should be easily available
• Fire hydrants are usually fitted in the water
mains at about 100 to 150 meters apart, and
fire-fighting pumps are immediately connected
into them by the fire brigade personnel, as
soon as a fire breaks out.
• The minimum water pressure available at fire
hydrants should be of the order of 1 to 1.5
kg/cm2 and should be maintained even after 4
to 5 hours of constant use of fire hydrant.
Water Required to Compensate Losses
in Thefts and Wastes
• This includes the water lost in leakage due to
bad plumbing or damaged meters, stolen water
due to unauthorized water connections and
other losses and wastes.
• These losses should be taken into account
while estimating the total requirements.
• 15% of the total consumption is considered as
water losses in well managed water supply
scheme.
 Water Demand Per Capita
• It is the annual average amount of daily water
required by one person, and includes the
domestic use, industrial and commercial use,
public use, wastes, thefts, etc.
• It may, therefore, be expressed as:
Per Capita Demand (q) in liters per day per head
• The per capita demand depends upon various
factors and will vary according to the living
conditions of the consumers and also with the
extent and type of industries developed or
likely to be developed in that region.
• As per recommendations of I S code, the per
capita demand (q) may be taken as:
Break up of Per Capita Demand (q)
• This figure of 270 liters/head/day when
multiplied by the prospective population at the
end of the design period, shall give the annual
average water requirement of the city per day.
• When multiplied by 365, it will give the
volume of the yearly water requirement in
liters.
Thanks