Water Supply and Sanitation Project

WATER
SUPPLY
AND
SANITARY
PROJECT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 1

WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING
Project Formulation
The objectives of any water supply system are to supply safe wholesome water in adequate
quantity at convenient points and at reasonable cost to the users. In order to encourage
personal and household hygiene proper planning is necessary in the formulation and
implementation of water supply projects. Engineering decisions are required to fix the area
and population to be served, the design period, the per capita water supply, the water required
for the other needs in the area, the nature and location of facilities to be provided and points
of water supply intake and waste water disposal. Detailed investigation should be carried out
in regard to nature of each source (surface or subsurface) its reliability for quality and
quantity, the nature of development and type of treatment required and mode of the
conveyance from the source to the consumers.
They are:
a. Preparation of preliminary report
b. Site investigation
c. Conducting detailed Engineering survey
d. Preparation of Project Report
OBJECTIVES
• To supply safe and clean wholesome water in adequate quantity, conveniently and as
economically as possible to the consumers.
• To supply adequate quantity to meet at least the minimum needs of the individuals.
• To make provision for emergencies like fire fighting, etc.
• To make provision for future demands due to increase in population, storage and
conveyance.
• To maintain the treatment units and distribution system in good condition.
Basic Design Considerations

Engineering decisions are required to specify the area and population to be served, the design
period, the per capita rate of water supply, other water needs in the area, the nature and
location of facilities to be provided. Projects have to be identified and prepared in adequate
detail in order to enable timely and proper implementation.

Introduction to Site
The project is based on the water supply and sanitation scheme. The site is located in outskirt
of Mudhol city, Dist: Bagalkot, Karnataka is selected for the project. The site has totally 192
Plots. As per master plan method average population per plot is assumed to be 5, Hence total
population is 910 and future population is 1633.
 As per Master Plan Method specified by the population in 1hector area is said to be
250 persons. And the size of plots in the project site is 12m*18m, and hence the
population found to be 5 per plot.

Project Site (Satellite Image)
Fig.1. View of Site Selected for Water Supply Project

Fig.2 Water Supply Proposed Site
Water Demand
To design a water supply for a particular section of community, it is necessary to evaluate the
amount of water available and amount of water demanded by the public. In fact, the first
study is to consider the demand, and then second requirement is to find sources to fulfill that
demand. Annual average rate of draft in liters per day per person, called per capita demand
(q).While planning a water supply scheme, it is necessary to find out not only the total yearly
water demand but also to assess the required average rates of flow and the variations in these
rates. The average water demand of an urban area is given to be 270lpcd.

The Various Types of Water Demand
i. Domestic water demand: This includes water required in a private building for
drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn sprinkling, gardening and sanitary purposes, the
amount of domestic water consumption per person shall vary according to the living
condition of the consumer. Average is considered as 135 lpcd.
ii. Industrial water demand: This represents water demand of industries which are
either existing or are likely to be started in future, in the city for which water supply is
being planned. This quantity will thus vary with the number and types of industries
present in the city. The average water demand is considered as 50 lpcd for small scale
industry.
iii. Institutional and commercial water demand: The water requirements of
institutions such as hospitals, hotels, restaurants, schools, colleges, railway station,
offices, factories etc. should also be assessed and provided for in addition to domestic
and industrial water demands. The average water demand is considered as 20 lpcd
iv. Demand for public uses: This includes quantity of water required for public utility
purposes, such as watering of public parks, public toilets, gardening, washing and
sprinkling on roads, use in public fountain. The average water demand is considered
as 10 lpcd
v. Fire demand: In thickly populated and industrial areas, fires generally break out and
may lead to serious damages, if not controlled effectively. Big cities, therefore,
generally maintain firefighting squads. According BSI we prefer Kuichling's Formula,
"3182*P½".
vi. Water required compensating losses in wastes and thefts: This includes water lost
in leakage due to bad plumbing or damaged meters, stolen water due to unauthorized
water connections and other losses and waste The average water demand is
considered as 15% of total demand.
Total Requirement of Water for a Town
The annual average daily draft in liters per day required by a town can be worked out by
multiplying the population and the annual average daily consumption of each person called
per capita demand (q). This estimated quantity of water required for municipal uses for which
the water supply scheme has to be designed, should be worked out with due provision for the

estimated requirements of the future. The future period for which a provision is made in the
water supply scheme is known as design period.
Necessity for Planned Water Supply:
• Water is a Chemical Compound that occurs in 3 forms (liquid, solid & gaseous). All
three forms are extremely useful to human, in fulfilling their basic needs for life. No
life can exist without water. Water is absolutely essential not only for survival of
human beings, but also for all other living organism.
• In order to ensure the availability of sufficient quantity of good quality water, it is
necessary to plan and build suitable water supply schemes, which may provide
potable water to the various sections of community in accordance with their demands
and requirements.
• The proper Water Supply System build should not only help in supplying safe
wholesome water to people for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, etc., and thus
helping us to keep disease away and thereby providing better health.
• It would also help in supplying water for fountains, gardens ,etc. Thus helping in
maintaining better sanitation and beautification of surroundings, by reducing
environmental pollution.
Distribution System
Requirements of a good distribution system:
 It should be capable of supplying water at all intended places within the city with a
reasonably sufficient pressure head.
 It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water for fire fighting during
any such demand.
 It should be cheap with low capital cost of construction. The economy and the cost of
installing the distribution system must be reasonable.

 It should be easy to operate and repair, thereby keeping the RMO cost and trouble to the
minimum
 It should be safe against any future pollution of the water.
 It should be safe so as not to cause any failure of pipelines by bursting etc.
 It should be fairly water tight to keep the losses due to leakage minimum.
Layouts of Distribution Network
Following are the four methods of laying Distribution pipes.
i. Dead-end system
ii. Grid- iron system
iii. Circular system
iv. Radial system
In this project we have adopted Grid-iron system.
Grid- Iron System

In this system the mains, sub mains and the branches are all inter connected with each other
as shown in the figure. In fact in a well planned city or a town the roads developed in a grid
iron pattern and the pipeline in such places can follow them easily. Nevertheless, the
principle of grid iron system can be applied to dead end system also- by closing the loop and
thus by removing the dead ends.
Advantages:
 The water reaches at different places through more than one route.
 The discharge to be carried by each pipe, the friction loss and size of pipe get reduced.
 In case of repairs, very small area will be devoid of complete supply.
 Because of different inter connections, the dead end completely eliminated.
Disadvantages:
 This system requires more length of pipe lines, and a larger number of sluice valves.
 Its construction is costlier.

 The design is difficult; the calculation for determining accurately the sizes of pipes
and the pressure at various key points is a real tedious job.
Distribution Reservoirs
Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are the storage reservoirs, which store
the treated water and help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand
and also supplying water during emergencies(fire ,breakdown, repairs etc.,)
Fig.3 Distribution Reservoir
Types of Distribution Reservoirs

The distribution reservoirs are made of steel, R.C.C or masonry. Depending upon their
elevation with respect to the ground, they classified into the following two types;
1. Surface reservoirs: Surface reservoirs are circular or rectangular tanks, constructed
at a ground level or below the ground level. They are, therefore, also called, ground
reservoirs. They are generally constructed at high points in the city.
2. Elevated reservoirs: Elevated reservoirs are the rectangular, circular or elliptical
overhead tanks erected at a certain suitable elevation above the ground level and
supported on towers. They are constructed where the pressure requirements
necessitate considerable elevation above the ground surface.
Water Quality Analysis
The objective of water works management is to ensure that the water supplied is free from
pathogenic organisms, clear, palatable and free from undesirable taste and odour, of
reasonable temperature, neither corrosive nor scale forming and free from minerals which
could produce undesirable physiological effects. Thus establishment of minimum standards
of quality for public water supply is of fundamental importance in achieving this objective.
Standards of quality form the yardstick within which the quality control of any public water
supply has to be assessed. Sanitary inspections are intended to provide a range of information
and to locate potential problems. The inspections allow for an overall appraisal of many
factors associated with water supply system, including the water works and the distribution
system. Moreover such an appraisal may later be verified and confirmed by micro biological
analysis, which will indicate the severity of the problem.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Water

The physical and chemical quality of drinking water should be in accordance with the
recommended guidelines presented as shown in Table.2.1

Table 2.1 Characteristics of water sample

Par IS V
am al
:
eter ue
s 10 s
50
0
Pe
r
mi
ssi
bl
e
Li
mi
ts
Tur 10 5
bidi
ty
1
(NT
U)
Col 5 4
2 our
pH 6.5 7.
- 2
3
8.5
Har 30 29
0 0
dne
ss
4
(mg
/l)
Chl 25 87
0 .2
orid
3
e
5
(mg
/l)
Sul 4015
DEPARTMENT 0
phat 0 OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 12
e
6
(mg
Calculation of Maximum Daily Demand
S No DESCRIPTION CALCULATION
1 No of plots = 192
= (12x18x250)/1000
2 Population =5.4≈5
(according to the
master plan method =(5x192)
population per plot is =960 persons
assumed to 5 person)
By Using Geometric Increase method:

Assuming % growth rate= r =21.5%
Number of decades between 2018 and 2048 will be n=3
3 Future population =P(1+r/100)n
(Ref S.K.GARG of P.No-29,Clause No:-2.15) =910(1+200/100)3
=1658 persons
Per capita demand= 200 liters/day
4 Average daily demand = 1658x200
(Ref S.K.GARG of P.No-16,Clause No:-2.6) = 0.3316 MLD
5 Fire demand (Kuichling’s Formula) = 3182xP1/2

‘P’ in thousands =3182x(1.658)1/2
(Ref S.K.GARG of P No-12,Clause No:-2.2) = 4097.25liter/min
=(4097.25x24x60)/106
=5.90 MLD
6 Maximum daily demand =1.8x0.3316

(Ref S.K.GARG of P.No-19,Clause No:-2.6.1) =0.5969 MLD
(180 percent of average daily demand)
7 Maximum hourly demand =(2.7xAvg daily demand)/24

(Ref S.K.GARG of P.NO-20,Clause No:-2.9) =(2.7x0.3316)/24

=0.037305 ML/hour
=0.037305x24
=0.8953 MLD
8 Co-incident Demand = Max daily demand+ Fire Demand

=0.5969+5.90
=6.49 MLD
(Which is greater than the Maximum hourly demand of 0.8953 MLD)
Hazen’s-William’s Nomo gram Chart

F 6 H-WILLIAM'S CHART
Design of Elevated Distribution Reservoir

 Total daily water requirement = 3*(0.5969)
(Ref S.K.GARG from P.No-20, Clause No:-2.7) =1.79 MLD
Table 2.4 Hourly variations of water demand
CUMULATIV
ASSUMED E
RATE OF DEMAND
PERIOD DEMAND DEMAND (MLD) (MLD)
7.00am-
8.00am 30% of total 0.537 0.537
8.00am-
5.00pm 35% of total 0.6265 1.1635
5.00pm-
6.30pm 30% of total 0.537 1.7005
6.30pm-
7.00am 5%of total 0.0895 1.79
(By referring P No-598 of S.K.GARG P No-598, Table:-10.2)
X-axis - Period in hours Y-axis - Cumulative

Demand in Liters
Total storage of distribution reservoir is:(By
referring page no:595&611 of S.K.GARG Of Clause
no:-10.11)
Total supply is obtained in 8hrs at rate =1.79/8

=0.2238 ML/hr
Total storage of distribution reservoir is (Ref S.K.GARG of P.No-595 & 611, Clause No:-
10.11)
 Balancing Storage:
(The quantity of water required to be stored in the reservoir for balancing variable demand
against the constant supply, A & B are found by graph)
= A+B = (0.7+0.53)
=1.23 MLD =1230 m3

 Breakdown Storage:
(Ref S.K.GARG of P No-611 breakdown storage 25% of total storage
Capacity of reservoir) (Emergency storage is the storage preserved in order to tide over
the emergencies posed by the failure of pumps, the electricity or any other mechanism
Driving the pumps.)
= 0.25 x 1.23
= 0.3075 MLD = 307.5m3
 Fire storage:
(Ref S.K.GARG of P.No-611)(Emergency storage)
It was also mentioned that extinguishing a fire 1jet streams each giving a discharge of
about4097.24 lts/minutes must be thrown on the fire thus if a provision for 6 hours of
Fire fighting per day is desired the volume of water required
= (1x4097.24)x(6 hours)*(60 minutes)
= 1470 m3
 Total Storage of Reservoir = (1230+307.5+1470)

= 3007.5 m3
Design of Rising Main

 RL of bottom of existing reservoir tank =480.486 m
 RL of OHT at higher elevation near plot area = 520.2m
 Head difference = 520.2-480.486
= 39.714m
Assume, Overhead tank is over 4 floors Each of Height 3 m
Assume, height of tank 6m
 Total head difference =39.714+(3x4)+6

=57.714 m
 Pipe length between source of water & overhead tank=2000 m

 Maximum demand =0.5969 MLD
 Assume height of tank =6 m
The pump has to work for 8 hrs a day, the capacity of the pump should be designed for
maximum daily demand
For max daily demand = (maximum daily demand x 24)/Working hours
= (0.5969 x 24)/8
= 1.7906 MLD
 Discharge Q = (1.7906x106)/(1000x24x60x60)
Q = 0.020725 m3/sec
Lea formula for economical diameter: (By referring S.K.GARG P No-306,Clause No:-7.5)
1. Diameter D = 1.22√Q
= 1.22*0.020705(1/2)
=0.176 m = 6.92 inch≈7 inch
= 7 inch
2. Area A=π D2/4
= π *0.1762/4
= 0.02432 m2
3. Velocity V = Q/A
= 0.020725/0.02432
= 0.8522 m/s
4. Head Loss hf= (4 fl v 2)/(2gd) (Assume fˈ=0.01)
= 4x0.01x2000x0.85222/(2x9.81x0.176)
= 16.82 m
5. Total head H = h + hf
= 57.714+16.82
= 74.534m
6. Horse power of pump = γw*Q*H/0.735

(Ref S.K.GARG of P No- 611,Clause No:-7.9) = (9.81x0.020725x74.534)/0.735

= 20.62 H P ≈ 25 H P
Hence, provide 25 H P motor

(1 HP=735W=0.735KW)
Assume, Overhead tank is over 4 floors Each of Height 3 m

So, Capacity of Tank = Volume of Tank
π
3007.5 m3 = x D2H
4
π
3007.5= x D2 x 6
4
D = 25.26 m ≈ 26m
Provide diameter of tank 26.0m
Fig 6 Raising Main
Design of Distribution Networks

Hardy Cross Method
Fig.7 Hardy Cross Method

In this method direction
&magnitude of flow is already

assumed, their respective head loss with due regard to sign can easily calculated after
assuming diameters finally the value of delta is found for each loop and assumed flow in each
pipe are corrected by using equation.
The pipe common to each loop carry both correction due attention to sign after correcting the
flow in the entire pipe network once the second correction can be applied to the one corrected
flows re-corrected flow are again worked out in the entire network the flow in the pipe
common to two loops should be corrected for computed correction of both the loops are
stated earlier this procedure can be repeated to obtain the more accuracy & precision. The
value of x is constant i,e; 1.85.
The entire procedure to be adopted in hardy cross method can be summed up as follows;
 Assume any internally consistent distribution of flow. The sum of the flows entering
any junction must equal the sum of the flow leaving that junction.
 Compute the head loss in each pipe by means of an equation or diagram.
Conventionally, clockwise flows are positive and produce positive head loss, and vice
versa.
 With due attention to sign, compute the total head loss around each circuit, i.e.
∑K.Qa1.85.
 Compute without regard to sign, for the same circuit, the sum of
Δ={(-Σ HL)/(x*Σ(HL/Qa)}.
 Apply the correction to the flows in each pipe. Pipes common to two loops will
receive both corrections with due regard to sign.

ARRANGEMENTS OF PLOTS
Design of Water Distribution network

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
ZONE-I
LOOP EFDC
Qa=Assumed flow
Qc=Corrected flow
Computation of K Values for Pipes of Network of Loop EFDC
Pipe L in m D in m K=L/(470*D^4.87)
EF 171 0.05 788704.52

FD 84 0.075 53781.52
DC 171 0.05 788704.52 `
CE 84 0.05 387433.80
Hardy Cross Procedure for First Correction
Pipe Assumed Direction Assumed flow in Values of HL=KQa^1.8 HL/Qa Correction Corrected flow after
flow in Qa of flow Qa K 5 factor 1st correction
Qc1=col.(2)+∆1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(l/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) (∆) (l/s)
EF 9.38 nagtive 0.0094 788704.52 139.90 14908.85 1.6 7.78
FD 14.02 nagtive 0.0140 53781.52 20.04 1429.90 1.6 12.42
CE 4.69 positive 0.0047 788704.52 38.81 8271.20 1.6 6.29

DC(Common pipe) 6.26 positive 0.0063 387433.8 32.46 5188.59 1.6 7.19
SUM -88.68 29798.55
∆1= (-) SUM HL The value of x in Hardy Cross method is assumed to be constant i.e 1.85
x*SUM HL
Qa
Correction factor = 1.6 l/s

For LOOP CDAB

Computation of K Values for Pipes of Network of Loop
CD 171.0 0.05 788704.52
DA 48.0 0.1 7570.83
AB 171.0 0.075 109483.81
BC 48.0 0.05 221390.74
Pipe Assumed Direction of Assumed flow in Qa Values of K HL=KQa^1.85 HL/Qa Correction Corrected flow after 1st
flow in Qa flow factor correction Qc1=col.
(2)+∆1'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(l/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) ( ∆) (l/s)
CD(Common pipe) 6.26 nagtive 0.0063 788704.52 66.08 10562.50 0.67 7.19
DA 22.77 nagtive 0.0228 7570.83 6.92 304.00 0.67 22.10
AB 11.73 postive 0.0117 109483.81 29.35 2501.80 0.67 12.40
BC 7.04 postive 0.0070 221390.74 23.06 3277.11 0.67 7.71
SUM -20.5899 16645.41
Correction factor∆1' = 0.67 l/s
Discharge in pipe common to both loops i.e pipe CD = Assumed discharge+∆1+∆1'
[Correction of 0.03 l/s is in pipe DC;and hence it will be equal to -0.03 l/s in pipe CD]
= 7.19 l/s
The corrected discharges in l/s after first correction in various pipes are now
given as:
Pipe For LOOP EFDC
EF FD CE DC
-7.78 -12.42 6.29 7.19
Pipe For LOOP CDAB

CD DA AB BC
-7.19 -22.1 12.4 7.71
Hardy Cross Procedure for Second Correction
Pipe Assumed Direction of Assumed flow in Qa Values of K HL=KQa^1.85 HL/Qa Correction Corrected flow after
flow in Qa flow factor 2nd correction
Qc2=col.(2)+∆2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(l/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) ( ∆) (l/s)
EF 7.780 negative 0.00778 788704.52 98.907 12712.97 0.11 7.67
FD 12.420 negative 0.01242 53781.52 16.024 1290.14 0.11 12.31
CE 6.290 positive 0.00629 788704.52 66.745 10611.27 0.11 6.40
DC(Common pipe) 7.190 positive 0.00719 387433.8 41.990 5840.06 0.11 6.35
SUM -6.196 30454.43
∆2= 0.11 l/s
Pipe Assumed Direction of Assumed flow in Qa Values of K HL=KQa^1.85 HL/Qa Correction Corrected flow after
flow in Qa flow factor 2nd correction
Qc2=col.(2)+∆2'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(l/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) ( ∆) (l/s)
CD(Common [pipe) 7.190 negative 0.00719 788704.52 85.48 11888.69 0.95 6.35
DA 22.100 negative 0.0221 7570.83 6.55 296.40 0.95 21.15
AB 12.400 positive 0.0124 109483.81 32.52 2622.76 0.95 13.35
BC 7.710 positive 0.00771 221390.74 27.30 3541.24 0.95 8.66
SUM -32.20 18349.09
∆2'= 0.95 l/s
The corrected flow in common pipe CD= 6.350 l/s

The corrected flows after 2nd correction are given as:
For LOOP EFDC

Pipe EF FD DC CE
Corrected flow Qc in (l/s) -7.67 -12.31 6.4 6.35
For LOOP CDAB

Pipe CD DA AB BC
Corrected flow Qc in (l/s) -6.35 -21.15 13.35 8.66

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
ZONE-2
LOOP LKIJ
Qa=Assumed flow
Qc=Corrected flow
Computation of K Values for Pipes of Network of Loop LKIJ
LK 219 0.05 1010095.27
KI 81 0.05 373596.88
IJ 219 0.05 1010095.27 `
JL 81 0.075 51860.75
Hardy Cross Procedure for First Correction
Pipe Assumed Direction of Assumed Values HL=KQa^1.85 HL/Qa Correction Corrected flow after 1st
flow in Qa flow flow in of K factor correction Qc1=col.
Qa (2)+∆1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(l/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) (∆) (l/s)
LK 9.38 positive 0.009384 1010095 179.176 19093.79 0.33 9.71
KI 4.69 nagtive 0.004692 373596.9 18.383 3917.94 0.33 4.36
JL 14.08 positive 0.014076 51860.75 19.477 1383.71 0.33 14.41
IJ(Common pipe) 10.17 nagtive 0.010166 1010069 207.768 20437.55 0.33 7.90
SUM -27.498 44832.99
∆1= (-) SUM HL The value of x in Hardy Cross method is assumed to be constant i.e 1.85

x*SUM HL
Qa
Correction factor = 0.33 l/s
For LOOP JIHG
Computation of K Values for Pipes of Network of Loop JIHG
JI 219.0 0.05 1010095.27
IH 48.0 0.05 221390.74
HG 219.0 0.075 140216.11
GJ 48.0 0.1 7570.83
Pipe Assumed Direction of Assumed Values HL=KQa^1.85 HL/Qa Correction Corrected flow after 1st
flow in flow flow in of K factor correction Qc1=col.
Qa Qa (2)+∆1'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(l/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) ( ∆) (l/s)
JI(Common pipe) 10.17 postive 0.010166 1010095 207.773 20438.07 -2.75 7.90
IH 7.04 nagtive 0.007038 221390.7 23.064 3277.11 -2.75 9.79
HG 14.07 nagtive 0.0140726 140216.1 52.637 3740.38 -2.75 16.82
GJ 26.59 postive 0.026588 7570.83 9.222 346.84 -2.75 23.84
SUM 141.2939 27802.41
Correction factor∆1' = -2.75 l/s
Discharge in pipe common to both loops i.e pipe = Assumed discharge+∆1+∆1'
[Correction of 0.03 l/s is in pipe DC;and hence it will be equal to -0.03 l/s in pipe
CD]
The corrected discharges in l/s after first correction in various pipes are now given as:
Pipe For LOOP LKIJ

LK KI JL IJ
14.99 0.92 19.69 -7.9
Pipe For LOOP JIHG

JI IH HG GJ
7.9 -9.79 -16.82 23.84

Hardy Cross Procedure for Second Correction
Pipe Assumed Direction of Assumed Values HL=KQa^1.85 HL/Qa Correction Corrected flow after 2nd
Qa Qa (2)+∆2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(l/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) ( ∆) (l/s)
LK 14.990 positive 0.01499 1010095 426.182 28431.10 -3.74 11.25
KI 0.920 negative 0.00092 373596.9 0.902 980.90 -3.74 4.66
JL 19.690 positive 0.01969 51860.75 36.240 1840.55 -3.74 15.95
IJ(Common pipe) 7.900 negative 0.0079 1010095 130.308 16494.73 -3.74 11.18
SUM 331.212 47747.27
∆2= -3.74 l/s
Pipe Assumed Direction of Assumed Values HL=KQa^1.85 HL/Qa Correction Corrected flow after 2nd
Qa Qa (2)+∆2'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(l/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) ( ∆) (l/s)
JI(Common [pipe) 7.900 positive 0.0079 1010095 130.31 16494.73 -0.46 11.18
IH 9.790 negative 0.00979 221390.7 42.47 4338.35 -0.46 10.25
HG 16.820 negative 0.01682 140216.1 73.21 4352.61 -0.46 17.28
GJ 23.840 positive 0.02384 7570.83 7.54 316.12 -0.46 23.38
SUM 22.16 25501.82
∆2'= -0.46 l/s
The corrected flow in common pipe IJ= 11.180 l/s

The corrected flows after 2nd correction are given as:
For LOOP LKIJ

Pipe LK KI JL IJ
Corrected flow Qc in (l/s) 11.25 -4.66 15.95 -11.18
For LOOP JIHG

Pipe JI IH HG GJ
Corrected flow Qc in (l/s) 11.18 -10.25 -17.28 23.38

WATER SUPPLY LAYOUT
Conclusion:
 Max. Daily demand for Housing Colony, Mudhol is 0.5154 MLD.
 The area is nearby Ghataprabha river back water and the quality of water is within
permissible limits.
 Grid-Iron Distribution System is provided for the project location.
 The details of pipe network are given as follows;
 Over Head Tank to the first point of Distribution system-150 mm diameter pipe
 In the loops of the distribution -100mm, 75mmdia pipe
 In the Laterals - 50mm diameter pipes.
SANITARY ENGINEERING

Introduction
The importance of cleanliness of an individual, or collectively the sanitation of a
community as a whole was recognized by our fore fathers since long when they coined the
proverbial saying “cleanliness is next to godliness”.If untreated wastewater is allowed to
accumulate, the decomposition of the organic material can lead to the production of large
quantities of malodorous gases. In addition, untreated wastewater usually contains
numerous pathogenic microorganisms that dwell in the human intestinal tract which are
responsible for many dangerous diseases. It may also contain nutrients and toxic -
compounds which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants. For these reasons, the
immediate and nuisances free removal of wastewater from its sources of generation,
followed by treatment and disposal is not only desirable but also necessary for developing
community. Besides these, unless the wastewater is properly collected, treated and
disposed, this would create serious water pollution problems. Hence the ultimate goal is to
protect the environment in a manner to commensurate with economic, social and political
for concerns.
Sanitation
The mixture of the water and waste products is popularly called as sewage. Sewer lines are
designed to take out all kinds of wastes generated from the locality and away from the
locality immediately. Therefore it is necessary to manage various wastes generated to be
disposed properly so that living conditions continue to remain healthy and hygienic.
Aim of sanitation
 To maintain cleanness in the society.
 To have ever healthiness.
 To provide good sanitary system so that mosquitoes, flies, bacteria’s, insects etc
will not breed in it and doesn’t cause new disease.
Types of Sewage
A) Domestic Sewage

Domestic Sewage consists of liquid wastes originating from bath-rooms, kitchen sinks,
wash basins, etc. of the residential, commercial or institutional buildings.
B) Industrial Sewage
Industrial Sewage consists of liquid wastes originating from the industrial processes of
various industries, such as dyeing, paper making, etc. The quality of these sewages
mainly depends on type of industries.
Types of Sewerage Systems

Sewers are meant to transport storm water or wastewater from one location to another by
gravity and therefore have to be laid deep enough to receive all the flows. Sewers must
resist erosion and corrosion and its structural strength must be sufficient to carry backfill,
impact and live loads satisfactorily. The size and slope of must be adequate for the flow to
be carried and sufficient to prevent deposition of solids. Ease and economy of
maintenance, safety to the personnel and the public during its life as well as during
construction also must be considered. The aim of design is not only to make the sewer
system functional, but also build the system at lowest cost ensuring durability over the life
of system.
A) Combined Sewerage System

In this system, only one set of sewer is laid and storm water is taken along with sewage.
Advantages
 It is easy to clean combined sewer as it is of large size
 The maintenance cost are reasonable
 The storm water reduces the strength of sewage by dilution
Disadvantages
 The load on treatment plant increases
 The sewers are large in diameter
 The storm water is unnecessarily polluted
B) Separate Sewerage System

In this system, two sets of sewers are laid ,storm drainage and sewage are taken
independently.
Advantages
 The load on treatment unit becomes less.
 The natural water is not unnecessarily polluted.
 The storm water can be discharged in to natural streams without any treatment.
 The system proves to be economical when pumping is required for the lifting of
sewage.
Disadvantages
 The cleaning of sewer is difficult as they are of small size.
 The maintenance costs are high.
 The self-cleansing velocity is not easily achieved.
 The system requires two sets of sewers and hence, it may prove to be costly.
Design of Separate Sewer System

A) Layout Preparation
The sewerage system layout the following steps
 Selection of an outlet or disposal point
 Prescribing limits the drainage valley or Zonal Boundaries
 Location of main and branch sewers
In general the sewers will slope in the same direction as the street or ground surface and
will be connected by main sewers. The discharge point may be a treatment plant or a
pumping station or water limits. The boundaries of subzones are on the basis of
topography, economy or other practical considerations. Main and branch sewers are
located in the valleys. The most common location of sanitary sewer is in the centre of
street. A single sewer iserves both sides of the street with approximately same length for
each house connection. The sewers should be shown as thick lines and manholes as small
circles in plan. In section the sewer may be indicated by a line or two lines depending upon
the diameters and scale adopted.

B) Estimation of Flow
The per capita sewage which is produced in a community can be easily estimated by
assuming 75-80 per cent of the per capita water supplied to public (q). However, it should
also be kept in mind that future increase in population may also increase the per capita
demand, and consequently increasing the per capita production of sewage.
C) Per Capita Sewage Flow

The entire spent water of a community should normally contribute to the total flow in a
sanitary sewer. However, the observed dry weather flow quantities usually are slightly less
than the per capita water consumption. Since some water is lost in evaporation, seepage
into ground, leakage etc. In arid regions, mean sewage flows may be as little as 40 percent
of water consumption. In well developed areas flow may be as high as 90 percent due to
industrial wastes, changed water use habits etc. generally 80% of the water supply may be
expected to reach the sewers unless there is data available to the contrary.
 Quantity of sewage produced = 80% of water supplied from municipal source

 Discharge (q) = no. of plots x 5 x lpcd of w/s x 0.8
D) FLOW Assumptions
The flow in sewers varies considerably from hour to hour and also seasonally. But for the
purpose of hydraulic design it is estimated peak flow that is adopted.
The peak factor or the ratio of maximum to average flow depends upon contributory
population and the following values are recommended.
Table 2.7 Population and Peak Factors
(Ref S.K.GARG of P.No 20, Table No 2.7)

Contributory population Peak factor
Up to 20,000 3
20000 to 50,000 2.5
50000 to 75,0000 2.25
Above 7,50,000 2
Design parameters
A) Non scouring Velocity
The smooth interior surface of the sewer gets scoured due to continuous abrasion caused
by suspended solids present in the sewage. This wear and tear of the sewer pipes will not
only reduces their lifespan but will also reduce their carrying capacities. In order to avoid
these complications, it is therefore, necessary to maximum velocity at which no scouring
action or abrasion takes place is known as non- scouring velocity. This depends mainly
upon the material of the sewer line and following table gives its values for different
materials .Sewers carrying domestic sewage are usually designed for minimum velocities
of flow of 0.45 m/sec and a maximum of about 3m/sec, normally on an average 0.9m/sec
is preferable to prevent deposition of solids and logging of the conduits.
Table2.8 Sewer materials and Non- scouring limiting velocity

(Ref S.K.GARG of P.No 51)

Sl. No Sewer material Limiting velocity in m/sec
1 Vitrified tiles and glazed bricks 4.5 – 5.5
2 Cast iron sewers 3.5 – 4.5
3 Stone ware sewers 3.0 – 4.0
4 Cement concrete sewers 2.5 - 3.0
5 Ordinary brick – lined sewers 1.5 – 2.5
6 Earthen channels 0.6 – 1.2
Permissible slope as per N.B.O provided for branch sewer = 1:15

Permissible slope as per N.B.O provided for main sewer = 1:50
B) Self Cleansing Velocity

The silting of sewers can be avoided by generating such high velocities that would not
permit the solids to settle down that is the velocity should be such as to cause automatic
self- cleansing effects. Such a velocity is known as self- cleansing velocity. This velocity
will even scour the deposited practical and hence must be developed in the sewers at least
once a day.
Table 2.9 Diameter of sewer and self- cleansing velocity (Ref S.K.GARG of P.No 51)
Diameter of Gradient required to Velocity generated in the sewer when running

half full for which depth of small sewer are
sewer in generate self- usually designed
mm cleansing velocity
75 1in60 1.22m/s
100 1in15 1.25m/s
150 1in50 0.81m/s
From the table given below can be seen that the velocities in partially filled circular sewer
section equal or exceed those in full section so long as sewer flow more than half full and
the maximum velocity is obtained not when sewer is running full but when depth of flow
is 0.81times the full depth. Similarly maximum discharge is obtained when sewer is

running full, but when the depth is about 0.95 time the full depth, and is about 7% greater
than that when running full. But, as the depth of flow goes below half the full depth, the
velocities and discharges both decline and become lesser than those at full flow.
Table 2.10Hydraulic Properties of Circular Section [Ref. S.K.Garg of P.No 56]

d/D v/V q/Q
1.0 1.000 1.000
0.9 1.124 1.066
0.8 1.140 0.988
0.7 1.120 0.838
0.6 1.072 0.671
0.5 1.000 0.500
0.4 0.902 0.337
0.3 0.776 0.196
0.2 0.615 0.088
0.1 0.401 0.021
From the above table actual velocity is calculated, Actual velocity should not be less than 0.45 m/s
Sewer Lines: It is an underground conduit trough which sewage is conveyed to the point
of disposal.
i. Lateral Sewer: It is underground conduit, which collects sewage directly from the
houses and it indicates the first stage sewage collection
ii. Branch Sewer: It is sewer, which receives sewage from relatively small area or
from few laterals and discharge to the main sewer.
iii. Main Sewer or Trunk Sewer: It receives sewage from main branch sewers and
serves as outlet for large territory.

Nomogram based on Manning’s formula for N=0.013 for sewer running
full
Estimation of Discharge

Design of Sewage Pipe Line (Main Sewer)
S N0 DESCRIPTION CALCULATION
1 No of plots = 192
2 Population = 192X5
(according to the master plan
method population per plot is = 960 persons
assumed to 5 person )

3 By Using Geometric Increase method:
Assuming % growth rate= r =20%
Number of decades between 2018 and 2048 will be n=3
Future population =P(1+r/100)^n
(Ref S.K.GARG of P.No 29 Clause no:-2.15) =960(1+20/100)^3
=1658 persons
Per capita demand= 200 liters/day
4 (Ref S.K.GARG of P.No 16 Clause no:-2.6
Average daily demand
(200 per capita demand) = 1658X200
= 0.3316MLD
= 3182
5 Fire demand (Kuchling’s Formula)
‘P’ in thousands =3182*1.658^(1/2)
(Ref S.K.GARG of 12 Clause no:-2.2) = 4097.25liters/m
= 5.90MLD
6 Maximum daily demand =1.8x0.3316

(Ref S.K.GARG of P.No 19 Clause no:-2.6.1)
(180 percent of average daily demand) =0.5969MLD

7 Maximum hourly demand =2.7x(q/24)
2 Based on GOI manual on water supply, =2.7x(0.3316/24)
Peak factor = 2.7,for rural water supply =0.037305ML/hr
=0.037305x24
=0.8953MLD
8 Coincident demand =MDD+FD

=0.5969+5.90
=6.49MLD
 Discharge of water (Q) = 0.5969MLD

 Average Sewage Discharge = 80% of Q.
= 80/100 x (0.5969)
= 0.47752 MLD= 0.00552 m^3/sec
 Max discharge of sewage = 3 x Qavg
= 3 x 0.00552
= 0.01656 m^3/sec
Now since the sewer is to be Designed as running 0.8 times the full depth at maximum
discharge from the Table for a value of (d/D) = 0.8
(q/Q) =0.988
Q = q/0.988
= (0.01656/0.988)
= 0.0167 m^3/sec
= 16.76 l/sec
Using manning's nomogram:
Diameter of pipe = 150mm and Vmax=1.25 m/s (From manning’s Chart)
From the Table (d/D) = 0.8
Vmin/Vmax = 1.140

Vmin = (1.140x1.25)
= 1.425 m/sec
Which is more than the self- cleaning velocity, and is satisfactory
Check for minimum flow:

Assuming the minimum flow in the sewer to be (1/3) times the average flow, we have the
minimum flow as qmin = qavg /3
=0.00552/3
= 0.00184 m^3/sec
qmin/Q = 0.00184/0.0167 = 0.110
Depth ratio (dmin/D) = 0.22
Velocity ratio for this depth ratio is given by
Velocity ratio (Vmin/V) = 0.647≈0.65
The Velocity at minimum flow
Vmin = 0.65x1.25
=0.81 m/s
This is more than the minimum required of 0.45m/s and, hence satisfactory
Hence provide 250mm diameter pipe with a gradient of 1:50
For Non Scouring Velocity 2.5 m/s for cement concrete pipes
Q=AV
0.01656=(π/4)*D^2*2.5
D= 0.0918 m ≈ 91.83 mm
A =(π/4)(0.091)^2 =0.00650 m^2
Therefore provide D = 91.83 mm < 150mm.Hence Design is Safe.
Design of Branch pipe line (Branch sewer)
Branch Sewer Line LA:
Number of Plots = 64
Number of persons =5
(According to master plan method
population per 5 persons)
Per capita demand= 150 liters/day =200 lpcd
(Ref S.K.GARG of P.No 16 Clause no:-2.6
Average daily demand

(150 per capita demand)
Discharge of water (Q) = (64x5x200)/(1000x24x60x60)

= 0..000740 cumecs
Average Sewage Discharge = 80% of Q.
= 80/100 x (0.000740)
= 0.000592 m^3/sec
Max discharge of sewage = 3 x Qavg
= 3 x 0.000592
= 0.00177 m^3/sec
(q/Q) =0.988
Q = q/0.988
=(0.00177/0.988)
=0.00179 cumecs
= 1.791 lt/sec
Using Manning's Nomogram
Diameter of pipe = 100mm and Vmax=1.9 m/s
Vmin/Vmax = 1.14
Vmin = (1.14x1.90)
= 2.166 m/sec
Which is more than the self- cleaning velocity, and is satisfactory
Check for minimum flow

minimum flow as qmin =qavg/3
=0.000592/3
= 0.000197 m^3/sec
qmin/Q= 0.000197/0.000179
= 0.110

Velocity ratio (Vmin/V) 0.66
Vmin= 0.66x1.90
=1.25 m/s
This is more than the minimum required of 0.45m/s and, hence satisfactory
For Non Scouring Velocity 2.5m/s for cement concrete pipes

Q=AV
0.00177=(π/4)x(D^2)x2.5
D = 0.030=30mm
A = 0.000706 m^2
Now Since the 30mm diameter pipe not available in the market
Therefore provide D = 100mm <=100mm.Hence Design is Safe.
Branch Sewer Line LB:
population per plot assume 5)
Per capita Demand = 200
= 0.00101 m^3/sec
= 80/100 x (0.00101)
= 0.000808 m^3/sec
= 3 x 0.000808
= 0.002424 m^3/sec

(q/Q) =0.988
Q = q/0.988
=(0.002424/0.988)
=0.002453 m^3/sec
=2.453 lt/sec

Vmin/Vmax = 1.140
Vmin = (1.140x1.90)
= 2.166 m/sec
Which is more than the self `-cleaning velocity, and is satisfactory

=0.000808/3
= 0.0002693 m^3/sec
qmin/Q= 0.0002693/0.002453
= 0.109
Vmin = 0.646x1.90
=1.22 m/s
Which is more than the minimum required of 0.45m/s and, hence satisfactory

Q=AV
0.002454=(π/4)xD^2x2.5
D^2=(0.002454x4)/(πx2.5)
D = 35 mm
Now Since the 35 mm diameter pipe not available in the market
Therefore provide D = 100mm <= 100mm. Hence Design is Safe.
Note: similar design procedure used for the design of the sub main sewer lines and lateral
sewer lines.
Branch Sewer Line LC:

population per plot assume 5)
Per capita Demand = 200
= 0.0004629 m^3/sec
= 80/100 x (0.0004629)
= 0.000370 m^3/sec
= 3 x 0.000370
= 0.00111 m^3/sec
(q/Q) =0.988
Q = q/0.988
=(0.00111/0.988)
=0.00112 m^3/sec
=1.12 lt/sec

Vmin/Vmax = 1.140
Vmin = (1.140x1.90)
= 2.166 m/sec
Which is more than the self `-cleaning velocity, and is satisfactory

=0.000370/3
= 0.000123 m^3/sec
qmin/Q= 0.000123/0.00112
= 0.109
Vmin = 0.646x1.90
=1.2274 m/s
Which is more than the minimum required of 0.45m/s and, hence satisfactory
Q=AV
0.00111=(π/4)xD^2x2.5
D^2=(0.00111x4)/(πx2.5)
D = 24.66 mm≈25mm
Now Since the 25 mm diameter pipe not available in the market
Therefore, provide D = 100mm <= 100mm. Hence Design is Safe.

Sewer Appurtenances
Sewer appurtenances are devices necessary, in addition to pipes and conduits, for the
proper functioning of any complete system of sanitary, storm and combined sewers. They
include structures and devices such as various types of manholes, lamp holes, gully traps,
intercepting chambers, Flushing Tanks, Ventilation Shafts, Catch-Basins, Street inlets and
out fall Structures.
A) Manholes
Manholes are masonry or RCC chambers constructed at suitable intervals along the sewer
lines, for providing access into them. A man hole is an opening constructed on the
alignment of a sewer for facilitating a person access to the sewer for the purpose of
inspection, testing, cleaning and removal of abstractions from the sewer line.
Types of Manholes
 Rectangular manholes
 Arch type manholes
 Circular manholes
Circular manholes are stronger than rectangular and arch type manholes and thus these are
preferred over rectangular as well as arch type manholes.
The circular manholes can be provided for all the depths starting from 0.9 m. A circular
manhole are straight down in lower portion and slanting in top portion so as to narrow
down the top opening equal to internal diameter of manhole cover. Depending upon the
depth, the diameter of manhole changes. The internal diameter of circular manhole may be
kept as following for varying depths.
 For depths above 0.9m and up to 1.65m, 900mm diameter.

 For depths above 1.65m and up to 2.30m, 1200mm diameter.
 For depths above 2.30m and up to 9m, 1500mm diameter.

 For depths above 9m and up to 14m, 1800mm diameter.
Spacing of Manholes
Man hole should be built at every change of alignment, gradient or diameter, at the head of
all sewers and branches and at every junction of two more sewers, on sewers which are to
be cleaned manually, which cannot be entered for cleaning or inspection, the maximum
distance between manholes should be 30m.
Drop Manhole
When a branch sewer enters a manhole by more than 0.5 to 0.6 m then drop manholes are
provided. The sewage is generally not allowed to fall directly in to manhole, but it is
brought into it through a down pipe taken from the branch sewer to the bottom of the
manhole. The construction of drop manhole in place of an ordinary manhole in case a high
levelled branch sewer enter a low levelled main sewer, will thus serve the following:
 The steep gradient which otherwise would have to be given to branch sewer will be
avoided, thus avoiding lot of earth work excavation.
 The sewage trickling in to manhole from the directly placed branch sewer is likely to
fall on person working I manhole. This is avoided in drop manhole.
Fig .8. Drop Manhole

Main Sewer Line
Ground RL Invert RL Actual Slope (1 in x) Actual
Main Line Initial Final Initial Final Difference difference x 1/x Velocity
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m/s)
MC 519.44 519.2 518.84 518.6 0.24 0.29 155.17 0.006444 0.53
MB 519.2 518.66 518.6 518.06 0.54 0.59 76.27 0.013111 0.75
MA 518.66 518.41 518.06 517.81 0.25 0.3 150.00 0.006667 0.54
Branch Sewer Line

Ground RL Invert RL Actual Slope (1 in x) Actual
Branch
Intial Final Intial Final Difference difference x 1/x Velocity
Line
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m/s)
BA-1 519.8 519.2
BA-2 519.8 519.2 519.2 518.6 0.6 0.65 55.38 0.018056 0.88
519.3 518.7
BA-3 519.2 2 518.6 2 0.12 0.17 52.94 0.018889 0.90
519.1 518.7 518.5
BA-4 519.32 1 2 1 0.21 0.26 138.46 0.007222 0.56
518.9 518.5 518.3
BA-5 519.11 2 1 2 0.19 0.24 37.50 0.026667 1.07
518.8 519.3 518.2
BA-6 519.92 2 2 2 1.1 1.15 31.30 0.031944 1.18
518.6 518.2 518.0
BA-7 518.82 9 2 9 0.13 0.18 50.00 0.020000 0.93
518.3 518.0 517.7
BA-8 518.69 2 9 2 0.37 0.42 85.71 0.011667 0.71
518.7 517.7 518.1
BA-9 518.32 5 2 5 0.43 0.48 18.75 0.053333 1.52
519.4 518.1 518.8
BA-10 518.75 6 5 6 0.71 0.76 47.37 0.021111 0.96

0.00770
BB-1 519.92 519.6 519.32 519 0.32 0.37 129.73 8 0.58
0.03666
BB-2 519.6 519.88 519 519.28 0.28 0.33 27.27 7 1.26
0.01062
BB-3 519.88 519.42 519.28 518.82 0.46 0.51 94.12 5 0.68
0.05000
BB-4 519.42 519.82 518.82 519.22 0.4 0.45 20.00 0 1.47
0.01166
BB-5 519.82 519.31 519.22 518.71 0.51 0.56 85.71 7 0.71
0.02777
BB-6 519.31 519.51 518.71 518.91 0.2 0.25 36.00 8 1.10
0.00604
BB-7 519.51 519.75 518.91 519.15 0.24 0.29 165.52 2 0.51
0.01083
BC-1 519.49 519.83 518.89 519.23 0.34 0.39 92.31 3 0.68
0.04111
BC-2 519.83 519.51 519.23 518.91 0.32 0.37 24.32 1 1.33
0.00666
BC-3 519.51 519.32 518.91 518.72 0.19 0.24 150.00 7 0.54
0.01111
BC-4 519.32 519.37 518.72 518.77 0.05 0.1 90.00 1 0.69
0.00666
BC-5 519.37 519.56 518.77 518.96 0.19 0.24 150.00 7 0.54
0.03333
BC-6 519.56 519.81 518.96 519.21 0.25 0.3 30.00 3 1.20

0.02055
BC-7 519.81 520.5 519.21 519.9 0.69 0.74 48.65 6 0.94
Lateral Sewer
zone I Lines
Latera Ground Rl Lengt Plot Populatio Velocit Discharg Peak Cumulativ Dia Slope Q q/Q v/V v
l pipe Initia Final h (m) s n yV e qavg qp e discarge (mm (m^3/sec (m/s)
l (m/s) (m^3/s) (m^3/sec q (m^3/s) ) )
)
519.9 0.49
LA-1 9 519.8 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.9 519.2 0.49
LA-2 8 1 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.8 519.3 0.49
LA-3 2 2 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.6 519.1 0.49
LA-4 8 4 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
LA-5 519.6 519.1 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0.49 0.44

9 2 0
519.6 518.9 0.49
LA-6 6 2 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.8 518.8 0.49
LA-7 6 2 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.8 518.7 0.49
LA-8 7 1 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.7 0.49
LA-9 9 519 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.7 519.4 0.49
LA-10 7 6 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.3 519.8 0.49
LB-1 2 1 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.3 0.49
LB-2 2 519.6 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.6 519.1 0.49
LB-3 1 8 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.3 519.4 0.49
LB-4 2 2 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.2 519.4 0.49
LB-5 2 2 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.4 519.3 0.49
LB-6 1 1 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.7 519.5 0.49
LB-7 2 1 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44
519.2 519.7 0.49
LB-8 2 5 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0 0.44

519.9 519.9
LC-1 9 9 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0.490 0.44
519.9
LC-2 8 519.6 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0.490 0.44
519.6 519.6
LC-3 5 1 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0.490 0.44
519.7 519.4
LC-4 3 1 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0.490 0.44
519.8 519.3
LC-5 2 9 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0.490 0.44
519.3 519.2
LC-6 2 3 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0.490 0.44
519.5
LC-7 519.3 5 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0.490 0.44
519.4 519.1
LC-8 4 7 36 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 0.047 0.490 0.44

Lateral Sewer
zone II Lines
Later Ground Rl Lengt Plot Populatio Velocit Dischar Peak Cumulati Dia Slop Q q/Q v/V v
al Initia Final h (m) s n yV ge qavg qp ve (mm e (m^3/se (m/s)
pipe l (m/s) (m^3/s) (m^3/se discarge q ) c)
c) (m^3/s)
519.9 507.6 0.04 0.49
LD-1 8 1 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 7 0 0.441
519.6 507.6 0.04 0.49
LD-2 2 5 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 7 0 0.441
507.5 0.04 0.49
LD-3 520 6 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 7 0 0.441
507.3 0.04 0.49
LD-4 520.1 8 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 7 0 0.441
520.1 0.04 0.49
LD-5 5 507.3 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 7 0 0.441
519.5 508.6 0.04 0.49
LD-6 5 2 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 7 0 0.441
519.8 507.9 0.04 0.49
LD-7 5 1 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 7 0 0.441
520.3 508.3 0.04 0.49
LD-8 2 9 48 4 20 0.9 0.00005 0.00014 0.00019 75 60 0.0040 7 0 0.441

508.14 508.6
LE-1 5 1 84 7 35 0.9 0.00008 0.00024 0.00032 75 60 0.0040 0.082 0.600 0.540
508.1
LE-2 508.68 5 84 7 35 0.9 0.00008 0.00024 0.00032 75 60 0.0040 0.082 0.600 0.540
510.23 509.3
LE-3 5 3 84 7 35 0.9 0.00008 0.00024 0.00032 75 60 0.0040 0.082 0.600 0.540
510.43 509.8
LE-4 5 3 84 7 35 0.9 0.00008 0.00024 0.00032 75 60 0.0040 0.082 0.600 0.540
510.66 509.7
LE-5 5 4 84 7 35 0.9 0.00008 0.00024 0.00032 75 60 0.0040 0.082 0.600 0.540
510.33 509.3
LE-6 5 4 84 7 35 0.9 0.00008 0.00024 0.00032 75 60 0.0040 0.082 0.600 0.540
510.45 509.9
LE-7 5 2 84 7 35 0.9 0.00008 0.00024 0.00032 75 60 0.0040 0.082 0.600 0.540
510.03 511.0
LE-8 5 6 84 7 35 0.9 0.00008 0.00024 0.00032 75 60 0.0040 0.082 0.600 0.540

Design of Septic Tank
The quantity of water supplied = 0.5969 MLD
Quantity of sewage produced = 0.80 × (0.5969)
Qavg = 477520 L/D
Maximum discharge = peak factor × Qavg
Qmax = 3x477520
= 1432560 L/D
Quantity of water supplied/second = Qmax / (24x60x60)
=1432560/(24x60x60)
= 16.580 lit/s
= 0.01658 m3/s
Assuming the detention period to be 24 hours
(It is generally varies between 12 to 36 hours, but is commonly adopted as 24hours)
We have, Q = 1432560 x (24/24) = 1432560 ltr
Now assuming the rate of deposited sludge = 30 lit/capita/year
(The rate of accumulation of sludge has been recommended as 30ltrs/person/year)
And also assuming the period of cleaning as one year
We have, Volume of sludge deposited = 30×1658×1 = 49740 ltr
Total capacity of tank = Capacity of sewage + Capacity of sludge
= 1432560+49740
= 1482300 ltr
= 1482.30 m3
Assuming the depth of tank as 2.0m

Area of tank= Total capacity of tank / depth of tank
=1482.30 /2.0
Area of tank= 741.15 m2
Take breadth length ratio of 1:1.5
B = 22.23m =23m
L = 34.5m
Providing two septic tanks of size 34.5m×23m
Providing free board of 0.6m
Size of each septic tank is 34.5mx23mx2.0m
Fig.9 Septic Tank

LAYOUT OF SANITARY SEWER

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Water Supply and Sanitation Project

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WATER

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 1

Basic Design Considerations

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 3

Fig.1. View of Site Selected for Water Supply Project

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 4

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 5

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 6

Necessity for Planned Water Supply:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 7

Grid- Iron System

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 8

Fig.3 Distribution Reservoir

Types of Distribution Reservoirs

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Water

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 10

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 11

By Using Geometric Increase method:

5 Fire demand (Kuichling’s Formula) = 3182xP1/2

6 Maximum daily demand =1.8x0.3316

7 Maximum hourly demand =(2.7xAvg daily demand)/24

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 13

8 Co-incident Demand = Max daily demand+ Fire Demand

(Which is greater than the Maximum hourly demand of 0.8953 MLD)

Hazen’s-William’s Nomo gram Chart

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 14

Design of Elevated Distribution Reservoir

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 15

Table 2.4 Hourly variations of water demand

(By referring P No-598 of S.K.GARG P No-598, Table:-10.2)

X-axis - Period in hours Y-axis - Cumulative

Total supply is obtained in 8hrs at rate =1.79/8

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 16

 Total Storage of Reservoir = (1230+307.5+1470)

Design of Rising Main

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 17

 Pipe length between source of water & overhead tank=2000 m

6. Horse power of pump = γw*Q*H/0.735

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 18

Hence, provide 25 H P motor

Assume, Overhead tank is over 4 floors Each of Height 3 m

Fig 6 Raising Main

Design of Distribution Networks

Fig.7 Hardy Cross Method

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 19

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 20

Design of Water Distribution network

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 21

EF 171 0.05 788704.52

CE 4.69 positive 0.0047 788704.52 38.81 8271.20 1.6 6.29

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 22

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 23

Pipe For LOOP EFDC

-7.78 -12.42 6.29 7.19

Pipe For LOOP CDAB

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 24

-7.19 -22.1 12.4 7.71

Hardy Cross Procedure for Second Correction

∆2= 0.11 l/s

∆2'= 0.95 l/s

The corrected flow in common pipe CD= 6.350 l/s

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, BGMIT MUDHOL-587313 Page 25

6. Horse power of pump = γwQH/0.735