Q.1.

SOURCES OF WATER : -

1. SURFACE SOURCE OF WATER:-

a) River
b) Lake
c) Streams
d) Storage reservoir
e) Ponds
2. SUB-SURFACE SOURCE
a) Infiltration well
b) Wells
c) Infiltration gallery
d) Springs

Q.2. INTAKE STRUCTURE:-

It is the structure constructed across the surface of water in order to withdrawal of water from the
water sources.

Q.3. TYPES OF INTAKE STRUCTURE:-

1. River Intake
2. Canal Intake
3. Reservoir intake or Lake intake

Q.4. FACTORS GOVERNING the LOCATION OF INTAKE STRUCTURE:—

1. Intake should be located near the treatment plant so as to reduce the cost of conveyance of
treated water.
2. The intake structure should not located near or at the curve of the river.
3. The intake structure should comparatively be located in pure water zone of water resource
which reduces the load of water treatment work. It also reduces the cost and time required for
the water treatment.
4. The intake structure should be located at such area from where the water can available even
during the summer season.
5. Intake structure should be easily accessible even during the high floods.
6. The water in the intake structure should not have high velocity of water; otherwise it may
affect the durability of the structure in future.
7. When there is a source of intake is a navigable river, then intake structure should be kept away
from the navigable channel so as to avoid the pollution of water.
8. Intake should be built near the jack well as far as possible; which reduces the cost of transfort.
9. The intake site should have maximum quantity of water so that it makes possible to use for
expansion in future.
10. Intake structure should have sufficient; regular and reliable power supply so as to easy
operation and control.

Q.,..... PRINCIPLE BEHIND SEDIMENTATION WITH COAGULATION.

1. FLOC FORMATION: When a coagulant is added to water and mixed thoroughly and thick
gelatinous Precipitate ‘Floc’ is formed. Floc attracts and arrests the colloidal particles and
Makes them settle down.
2. ELECTRICAL CHARGES: Ions from floc possess positive electric charge. Colloidal particles
possess Negatively charged ions. The floc thus attracts colloidal particles and makes them
Settle down.
Q.5. NEED TO PROTECT WATER SUPPLIES:-

1. Implementing strict regulations and policies to prevent pollution of water sources, including
industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewage discharge.
2. Investing in infrastructure and technology to ensure the safe and efficient delivery of clean
water to communities.
3. Educating the public about the importance of water conservation and responsible usage.
4. Collaborating with local communities and stakeholders to develop sustainable water
management practices.
5. Monitoring and addressing potential threats to water supplies, such as climate change,
drought, and over-extraction of groundwater.
6. Implementing emergency response plans to quickly address and mitigate any contamination or
disruption to water supplies.

Q.06. DEMAND OF WATER:-

It is more essential and necessary to determine the total quantity of water needed for various purposes
for a city or town, while designing the water supply scheme for a city or town

1. RATE OF DEMAND:- The requirements of water for various uses and purposes can properly
be studied and analyzed so as to estimate the rate consumption per capita per day.
2. POPULATION:- Population of town/city should be taken into account so as serve the more
effective water supply scheme. Hence future population is worked out with the help of suitable
population forecasting method.

Q.7. OBJECT OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME:-

1. To make the raw water pure for drinking purpose.

2. To remove the harmful bacteria from raw water.
3. To remove the iron and manganese from raw water.
4. To make the water potable.
5. To keep the all the characteristics of water within the permissible limit.
6. To maintain the all supplies of water under required pressure

Q.8. TYPES OF WATER DEMAND:-

1. Domestic demand
2. Public demand
3. Industrial demand
4. Commercial and institutional demand
5. Demand for fire fighting
6. Loss and wastage demand
Q.9. FLOW DIAGRAM OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME:

Q.10. FUNCTIONS OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME UNITS :—

1. INTAKE STRUCTURE:—The function of intake structure is to convey the raw water

(untreated water) from a surface water to treatment plant.
2. BAR SCREEN:- The function of bar screen is to remove the floating material from water.
3. PUMP WELL (LOW LIFT):- The function of low lift pump well is to lift the water to flow
through the treatment plant by gravity.
4. PRIMARY DISINFECTION:- The function of the process of primary disinfection is to
disinfect the water by the method of chlorination.
5. COAGULATION:- Coagulation means to add the chemicals called as coagulant which react
with the impurities and convert them as a floc.
6. FLOCCULATION:- The word has been derived from a Latin word ‘floculare’ it means to form
a ‘floc’.
7. SEDIMENTATION:-Sedimentation is the process carried in the sedimentation tank in which
dense floc settles and can be removed.
8. FILTRATION UNIT:-After sedimentation, any remaining impurities can be removed by
filtration unit.
9. SUMP WELL:-Function of sump well is to store the water after filtration.
10. SECONDARY DISINFECTION (POST DISINFECTION):-Secondary disinfection is the
process in which additional chlorine as a supplement is mixed in water so as to maintain the
disinfection concentration.
11. PUMP WELL (HIGH LIFT):- The function of high lift pump well is to pump the treated water
by large pressure pumps having maximum horse power (H. P.)capacity to other pumping
station or reservoir or points of water supply within the local distribution system.
12. ELEVATED WATER STORAGE UNIT (ESR):- ESR means elevated storage reservoir. The
function of elevated water storage unit is to ensures the stable water pressure in water
distribution system.
13. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :- The function of distribution system is to supply the drinking
water through large pipes called tank mains and then to the branch main of smaller diameter
which takes the water into individual street service connections and then to residences storage
unit or residences pumping station.
Q.11. FACTOR AFFECTING RATE OF WATER DEMAND:-

1. Size of city or town

2. Cost of water
1. System of supply
2. Quality of water
3. Climate conditions
4. Metering system
5. Pressure in distribution system
6. Sanitation system
7. Living standard
8. Industrial and commercial activity
1. SIZE OF CITY OR TOWN :- Size of city or town affects the per capita water demand because
large quantity of water is needed for street washing, maintenance of park and garden,
arboriculture, running of sewers, industrial and commercial growth etc.
2. Cost Of Water:- It is one of factor which directly affects the rate of water demand. Less
quantity of water can be used by people by cost of water is more as compared to the low cost
3. SUPPLY OF SUPPLY:- Supply of water can be continuous for 24 hours of a day and can be
intermittent supply.
4. QUALITY OF WATER:- It is also important factors affecting the rate of water demand. If the
quality of the supply water is good, more water get used by consumers and consumers will not
use the other sources like private well, hand pumps etc.
5. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS:- Tropical hot climate is responsible for using more water for
bathing, lawns sprinkling, use in parks and household garden, recreation fields.
6. METERING SYSTEM AND METHOD OF CHARGING:- When the water is charged on the
basis of certain fixed yearly or quarterly flat rate, then it is general tendency of the consumer
to be liberal in using water resulting in high wastage and high consumption of water.

Q.12. FORECASTING OF POPULATION:-

The methods of determining the future population based on the present and previous year population
by considering the statistics of census records used to design of water supply and waste water works is
called as forecasting of population.

Q.13. METHODS OF FORECASTING OF POPULATION:-

1. Arithmetical increase method

2. Geometrical increase method
3. Incremental increase method
4. Decreasing rate of growth method
5. Simple graphical method
6. Comparative graphical method or graphical comparative method
7. Zoning method or master plan method
8. Logistic curve method

1. DECREASE RATE OF GROWTH METHOD:

 When the cities reaches at a stage of saturation, then the rate of increase in population goes on
decreasing. Hence this method makes the use of the decrease in the percentage increase and
gives the better results.
 In such method; the average decrease in the percentage increase is determined and then it is
deducted from the least percentage increase for each successive decades.
 This method is suitable only in cases where the rate of growth in population is decreasing
Q.14. DESIGN PERIOD:-

The future period for which a provision of water for the future expansion is made in the water supply
scheme is termed as ‘design period.

Q.15. FACTOR AFFECTING THE DESIGN PERIOD:-

1. Availability of funds
2. Life of the water supply pipes and other structural material
3. Rate of interest on loans taken for water supply scheme.
4. Quality of material used
5. Growth rate of the population
6. Quantity of water available

Q.16. NEED FOR ANALYSIS OF WATER:-

1. Public Health: Water quality analysis ensures the safety of drinking water by identifying any
contaminants or impurities that could pose health risks to individuals.
2. Environmental Protection: Monitoring water quality helps in the preservation of ecosystems by
identifying any pollutants that may harm aquatic life or the natural balance of bodies of water.
3. Industrial and Agricultural Use: Many industries and agricultural activities rely on water, and
water analysis is vital to ensure that water used in these processes meets required standards
and does not pose risks to the environment or public health.
4. Compliance with Regulations: Regulatory bodies set standards for water quality, and water
analysis is essential to ensure compliance with these standards.
5. Research and Development: Water analysis is fundamental to research and development
efforts in improving water treatment technologies, understanding environmental impact, and
developing sustainable practices.
6. Emergency Response: In case of environmental emergencies, such as chemical spills or natural
disasters, water analysis helps in assessing the extent of contamination and taking appropriate
action to protect public health and the environment.

Q.17. TESTING OF WATER:-

1. PHYSICAL TEST:-
a) Taste and odour
b) Turbidity
c) Colour
d) Temperature
2. CHEMICAL TEST:-
a) Total Solids.
b) Hardness
c) pH value
d) Chlorides
e) Dissolved oxygen
f) Alkalinity
g) Fluorides
h) Nitrogen and it’s compounds
3. Bacteriological test or biological parameters
Q.18. PRECAUTIONS FOR TAKING THE WATER SAMPLE AT SOURCE :-

1. Water sample at source should be collected in white glass bottles which should have well fitted
stoppers.
2. When samples is taken from tap, then sufficient amount of water should be allowed to pass
before collecting the sample.
3. Sample bottle should have smaller holding capacity for bacteriological analysis. For chemical
analysis sample bottle should have holding capacity of about 2 litres.
4. When the samples are collected from surface of streams or other sources, then the complete
sample bottle with stopper closed should be dipped under the surface of water and then
stopper is slowly removed to fill the bottle for sample. This care has been taken to prevent the
entry of the any floating matter present in water.
5. The nozzle of the tap should be flamed and then cooled down by the running water before
filling the sample bottle in case of sample to be collected for bacteriological examination.
6. Date and time of collected sample, type of source, temperature should be written on paper
sticked to bottle or written on separate sheet of paper.

Q.19. DEFINE PURIFICATION OF WATER :- Purification of water or Treatment of water The

complete treatment process of raw water of removing the various impurities and undesirable matter
so as to make the water suitable for domestic use is known as the purification of water or treatment of
water.

Q.20. DEFINE SCREENING:- The method of removing the floating matter of large sizes with the
help of screens is called as screening. Screening is must to remove the large sizes material, otherwise it
choke the small pipes and may damage the pumps and other equipment.

Q.21. DEFINE AERATION:- The method of exposing the large surface of water so as to absorb more
oxygen and to remove unpleasant odours and gases and to oxidise Fe and Mn in water is called as
aeration.

Q.22. OBJECTIVE / PURPOSES OF AERATION:-

1. To increase the oxygen constant in water which gives the freshness to the water.
2. To oxidise iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxidised iron and manganeous get precipitated and
removed afterwards.
3. To kill the bacteria by the process of agitating during aeration up to some extent.
4. To evolve the gas such as H₂S, CO₂ and to remove the volatile matter. These type of impurities
causes bad taste and odour.

Q.23. DEFINE SEDIMENTATION:- The method or process of removing suspended particles of

impurities by gravitational settling is called as sedimentation. A basin or tank in which sedimentation
process is carried out is termed as sedimentation tank.

Q.24. PRINCIPLE OF SEDIMENTATION:-

1. It has been observed that specific gravity of suspended impurities is greater than that of water
i.e. 1. But these impurities remain in suspension because of turbulence in water.
2. These impurities can only be settle down by bringing down the intensity of turbulence to zero
or reduced to a considerable extent by reducing flow velocity.
3. In short, Principle of sedimentation is based on the decreasing or reducing the velocity of water
which causes the settlement of suspended solids by gravity.
4. Principle of sedimentation is applied for removal of grits in grit chamber, destabilised floc in
clariflucculators, particular matter in primary and secondary settling tanks.

Q.25. DEFINE COAGULATION:- “Coagulation is the process of removing fine clay particles and
colloidal impurities from water by addition of required amount of chemicals known as coagulants
before sedimentation”
Q.26. PRINCIPLE OF COAGULATION:-

1. Individual particles agglomerate or combine together in the coagulation.

2. If a coagulant is used in water, it forms a spongy gelatinous precipitate. These gelatinous
precipitate absorb fine size particles in water and bind them together. The complete process
makes bigger mass of particles which are easily settleable

Q.27. DEFINE COAGULATION:- Coagulants are certain chemicals when added into the raw water
forming an insoluble precipitate having ability to remove the very fine suspended matter and colloidal
particle.

Q.28. TYPES OF COAGULANTS:-

1. Aluminum sulphate or Alum [Al2 (SO4)3 18 H2O]

2. Sodium Aluminate [Na2 Al2O4]
3. Chlorinated copperas
4. Ferrous sulphate and lime [Fe SO4 + Ca (OH)2]
5. Magnesium carbonate and lime [Mg CO3 + Ca (OH)2 ]
6. Ferric coagulants

Q.28. PROCEDURE OF JAR TEST :-

1. Fill the 6 jars with 1000 ml water sample.

2. Add the coagulant dose in increasing order and stir the sample with 60-80 RPM for one
minute.
3. After one minute reduce the speed of stirrer to 30 RPM for 15 minutes.
4. Then turn off the mixer and allow water to settle for 30 minutes.
5. Observe and measure the turbidity of each jar sample.
6. The coagulant quantity, with good floc formation, will be the optimum dose Of coagulant.
Q.29. DEFINE & DRAW SKETCH OF CLARIFLOCULATOR :-

It is a combination of Flocculation and clarification (i.e. sedimentation) in a single tank. There are two
concrete tanks where inner tank serves as flocculation basin and outer tank serves as a clarifier.

Q.30. THEORY OF FILTRATION:-

1. MECHANICAL STRAINING:- When water is allowed to pass through the sand beds, the
larger sizes of suspended particles cannot pass through the voids of the sands and get deposited
on the surface of sand media.
2. SEDIMENTATION:- The voids between sand bed of filter behave like a small sedimentation
tanks or small settling basin.
3. BIOLOGICAL ACTION:- There are suspended impurities which contains the some part of
organic impurities like plankton, algae etc.
4. ELECTROLYTIC ACTION:- The sand particles of sand layer and ionised matter in the water
carry the electrical charges having opposite nature.
 Q.31. BACK WASHING OF RAPID SAND FILTER:- A separate overhead tank is constructed
near the filter house to store the water Required for back washing of filter. A pump is installed to
lift the sufficient quantity of filtered water to be stored in Wash water tank.

Operation –

1. Initially, the valves (1) and (4) are closed and valves (5) and (6) are opened Out.
2. The wash water and compressed air are thus forced upwards from the Under- drainage
through the gravel and sand beds.
3. Valve (5) is closed after supplying the required amount of air.
4. The dirty water, resulting from washings, overflows into the wash water Troughs and is
removed by openingthe valve (3) through the inlet chamber Into the wash water drain.
5. Now open valve (1) and (4) for some time then close valve (4) and put filter In normal working
condition by opening valve (2).
Q.32. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SLOW SAND FILTER & RAPID SAND FILTER:-

SR.NO PARTICULARS SLOW SAND FILTER RAPID SAND FILTER

.

1. Cost of construction or High Cheap and economical

economy

2. Operation cost Low High

3. Rate of filtration 100 to 180 liters/hour/m² (low) 4000 to 5000 liters/hour/m²

(high)

4. Skilled Supervision Not Required Most essential and necessary

5. Loss of head 150 mm to 750 mm 2000 mm to 4000 mm

6. Pre treatment Not necessary Necessary

7. Period of cleaning 1 to 2 months 24 to 48 hours

8. Maintenance cost Less High

9. Depreciation Relatively low Relatively High

10. Filter Media Effective size:- 0.02 to 0.035 mm Effective size:- 0.35 to 0.6
mm

Q.33. DISINFECTION:- The process of destroying (or killing) the disease producing bacteria, micro-
organisms etc. From the water and making it safe for use is called disinfection or sterilization of water.

OBJECTIVE:-

1. Disinfection is also called as sterilization or method of removing micro-organism and bacteria..

2. Water after passing through sedimentation, coagulation and filtration still contains a small
percentage of pathogenic bacteria which produces disease.
3. Water which is used for drinking or municipal purposes must be free from these disease
producing bacteria, micro- organisms etc.

Q.34. DISINFECTANTS’: The chemicals (or substances) which are added to water for killing the
bacteria are known as Disinfectants (or sterilizers).

(i) Chlorine gas (ii) Bleaching powder

(iii) Chloramines (iv) Potassium permanganate

(v) Iodine and bromine

Q.35. METHOD OF DISINFECTION:-

1. Boiling
2. Chlorination
3. Ozonisation
4. Potassium Permanganate
5. Ultra-violet rays
6. Use of iodine and bromine
Q.36. FORMS OF CHLORINATION:-

1. Plain chlorination
2. Pre-chlorination
3. Post chlorination
4. Doble chlorination
5. Super-chlorination
6. Dechlorination
7. Break point chlorination

1.BREAK POINT CHLORINATION:-

1. The chlorine, when added to the water, forms the function of killing Bacteria first and then
starts accumulating up to point A, as shown in graph.
2. Further addition of chlorine shows sudden decrease in residual chorine up to Point B. This is
because of oxidation of organic matter in water.
3. The point B on graph Q is called Breakpoint.
4. As any chlorine that is added beyond this point breaks through the water And appears as
residual chlorine. This type is called as break point Chlorination.
Q.37. DEFLUORIDATION TECHNIQUES:- It is the method of removing the excess quantity of
Fluoride from potable water.

1. Chemicals contaminants such as arsenic, fluoride cannot be removed by typical water

treatment, Boiling, UV treatment, methods of filtration and most chemical treatment options
do nothing to remove fluoride concentration from water.
2. Synthetic ion exchange and precipitation processes, activate aluming filters and reverse
osmosis are typically used.
3. The excessive levels of fluoride in drinking water is a serious problem.
4. The permissible limit of fluoride is 1.ppm and should not go beyond 2 ppm because excessive
level of fluoride is harmful to consumer.

NECESSITY OF DEFLUORIDATION:-

1. Dental fluorosis is the most common manifestation of over consumption of fluoride.

2. If fluoride concentration is higher (i.e. more than 10 mg/litr,) the causes skeletal fluorosis and
neurological complications. Hence it is essential to remove fluoride content from water.

METHOD OF DEFLUORIDATION:-

1. Bone charcol
2. Activated carbon
3. Contact Precipitation
4. Nalgonda technique
5. Activated alumina (Al2O3)
6. Soils, clays and minerals
7. Lime-soda process

Q.38. FLOW DIAGRAM OF WATER TREATMENT SCHEME

Q.39. ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT:-

1. Electrolysis
2. Reverse osmosis
3. Solvent extraction
4. Solar distillation
5. Freezing method
6. Distillation
(i) Multistage flash evaportor
(ii) Multieffect evaportor
(iii) Vapour compression distillation

1..ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER:- Decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas or ions
because of the passage of an electric current is termed as electrolysis of water.

a) Electrolysis of water is a process that uses electricity to split water molecules into
hydrogen and oxygen gas.
b) This is done by passing an electric current through water, which causes the water
molecules to break apart into their component elements.
c) The hydrogen gas is collected at the negative electrode (cathode) and the oxygen gas is
collected at the positive electrode (anode).
d) This process is used to produce hydrogen gas for fuel and oxygen gas for various
industrial purposes.
2..REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) METHOD:- It is the process in which a solvent passes through a very
fine porous membrane in the direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when subjected to a
hydrostatic pressure more than the osmotic pressure.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Reverse osmosis (RO) is a process used to remove impurities from water.

2. It works by forcing water through a semipermeable membrane to separate the clean water
from the impurities.
3. The impurities are left behind, while the clean water is collected.
4. This process is commonly used to purify drinking water and in industrial processes to remove
contaminants from water.
 Q.40. DEFINE PIPES:- It is a conduits through which water get transmitted and distributed
under pressure. Pipes shows a large proportion of the capital investment in water supply schemes
and hence it has particular importance.

Q.41. TECHNICAL FACTOR AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF PIPE MATERIAL

1. Strength
2. Resistant to corrosion
3. Hydraulic properties
4. Maximum permissible diameters
5. Handling and jointing
6. Economy
7. Side effect
8. Availability of funds
9. Maintenance cost and repairs
10. Durability of pipe

Q.42. TYPES OF PIPES USED FOR CONVEYANCE OF WATER –

1. Cast Iron (C.I.) Pipe

2. Ductile Iron (D.I.) Pipe
3. Wrought Iron or Galvanised Iron (or G.I.) Pipe
4. Steel / Mild Steel (M.S.) Pipe
5. Concrete Pipe (R.C.C.) Pipe
6. Asbestos Cement (A.C.) Pipe
7. P.V.C. / Polyethylene Pipe
8. Prestressed Concrete Pipe
9. Glass Reinforced (G.R.P.) Pipe
10. Bar Wrapped Steel Cylinder (B.W.S.C.) Pipe
11. Copper Pipe
12. Lead pipe

Q.43. TYPES OF JOINT:-

1. Spigot and socket joint or Bell and Spigot joint

2. Flanged joint
3. Expansion joint
4. Cement collar joint
5. Simple joint
6. Mechanical joint
7. Screwed and socketed joint

EXPANSION JOINT-:-

It is used when pipes are subjected to severe

changes in temperature leading to the Expansion
and contraction of pipes. A rubber gasket
is inserted between the spigot And bell ends
and it adjusts in every position to
keep the joint watertight. The Flanged ring
is bolted to bell and it expands or contracts
along with the bell end.
Q.44. TYPES OF VALVE:-

1. Sluice valves or Gate valves or stop valves

2. Pressure relief valves
3. Reflux valves or Check valves
4. Air valve
5. Scour valves
6. Globe valves

1.SLUICE VALVES OR Gate valves

 FUNCTION:- These valves are

used to control flow of water in
distribution system.
 LOCATION:- These valves are
located at distance of about 150 m
to 200 m and at all junction or
located at the intersection of pipelines
or at street corner.

2.PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES:-

 FUNCTIONS:- When the pressure

becomes maximum or exceeds the
permissible limit, in such case relief
valve operate automatically and
prevents the water hammer effect or
bursting of pipe.
 LOCATION:- Such type of valve
are located at the down- stream
ends of long length of main
where the high pressure is likely
to be developed.
3. REFLUX VALVE OR CHECK VALVE:-
 FUNCTIONS:- Such valves opens only in the direction of flow; hence, in case the pump
fails or stops, the water will not come back to the pump and due to this, pumping
equipment get saved from damage.
 LOCATION:- This type of valves are located in long pumping main to avoid back pressure
on the engine.

4. AIR VALVE:-
 Functions:- In short, air valve remove the accumulated air and avoid the blockage of flow.
 Location:- Air valves are installed or provided at every summit of rising main to release or
exit the accumulated air in pipeline.
Q.45. METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

1. PUMPING SYSTEM
2. GRAVITY SYSTEM
3. COMBINED SYSTEM

 COMBINED SYSTEM :-
1. This system is also called as Dual system in which water after treatment is pumped and
stored in the Elevated Service Reservoir (ESR) from which treated water is distributed to
the consumers under gravity pressure.
2. Hence this is a system of combination of pumping and gravity.
3. Figure Shows the treated water tank, pump house, ESR and hydraulic grades for minimum
and maximum water demands.

Q.46. ADVANTAGE OF COMBINED SYSTEM:-

1. This system enables the pumps to operate at constant speeds at designed optimum efficiency.
2. It reduces wear and tear due to constant speeds of pump and hence reduces overall cost.
3. This is system economical, efficient, desirable and reliable can be implemented practically
everywhere.
4. Operating the pump at constant rate increases efficiency.
5. No need to have the special supervision.
6. Water is available even when there is failure of pump or power.
7. Fire demands can be easily fulfilled.
Q.47. DIFFRENCE BETWEEN GRAVITY SYSTEM AND PUMPING SYSTEM:-

Sr.no. GRAVITY SYSTEM PUMPING SYSTEM

1. It is the system in which water flows under It is the system in which water is pumped
the effect of gravity force. into distribution mains and distributed to
areas of consumers.

2. This system is only suitable when water This system is only suitable when water
source topography is at higher elevation supply under gravity force is not possible.
than the distributed area.

3. This system is economical, reliable and This system is costly and hence
simple. uneconomical.

4. Less maintenance. More maintenance.

5. It minimizes wastages and leakages. There is comparatively more wastages and

leakages.

6. Water supply of town cannot be interrupted. Water supply of town may be interrupted
during failure of pump or electric supply.

7. No need of pump. High lift pumps are required for forcing

water into the mains.

Q.48. SERVICE RESERVOIR:- Service reservoirs are the tanks can be constructed in R.C.C. or can
be fabricated to store the treated water to be distributed to the various water users or consumers of
town or city.

FUNCTIONS:-

1. It provides and maintain the desired constant pressure in the distribution system.
2. It provide the emergency storage for fire fighting, failure of pump or power and bursting of
raising main.
3. It decreases the pressure fluctuations.
4. Pumps can be operated to store the reservoir at constant rate.
5. When water demand and supply are fluctuated, then it can be balanced by service reservoir.
6. It absorb hourly variations in demand.
7. It reduces the sizes of water supply pipes and capacities of the pump and hence so far, it makes
the distribution system economical.
8. It prevents 24 hours pumping in case of small installations.
Q.49. LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION OF WATER:-

1. DEAD END SYSTEM

2. GRID IRON SYSTEM
3. CIRCULAR SYSTEM
4. RADIAL SYSTEM

1.DEAD END SYSTEM:-

1. It is also called as tree system because the layout of pipe-lines looks like as the nature of the
tree.
2. In this system, there is only one main pipe line laid along the main road from which number of
sub-mains are taken out based on the number of roads.
3. Number of branch lines are taken out from main pipe line and further from each branch line;
lateral called as feeder are taken out.
4. From the laterals, the service connections are given to the water consumers. Branch lines are
some times used for giving the service connection to the consumers.
5. The system is popularly termed as dead end system because water flows only in one direction
through all the pipes till it reaches to dead ends of line.

SUITABILITY:- This system is commonly used for old town or cities which is not well planned roads
and having uncontrolled growth.
2.GRID IRON SYSTEM:-

1. This system is also termed as Interlaced system or reticulation system.

2. The system consists of mains, sub mains and branches are all interconnected.
3. Due to inter-linking; water remains in circulation and there is no dead ends.
4. This system is recommended for well planned cities or towns.

SUITABILITY:- This system is more suitable for well planned towns or cities in which the roads are
planned at right angle to each other. The system provided in Chandigarh in Punjab is the best
example of Grid Iron System
3.CIRCULAR SYSTEM:-

1. This system is also termed as ring system.

2. Main pipes are laid around the area of zone to be supplied in such system. Then the branches
and sub mains are taken along roads and inter connected.
3. The areas to be served is split up into zone or blocks.
4. Closed ring of any zone can be circular or rectangular depending upon the road pattern.

SUITABILITY:- This system is mostly suitable for cities or towns having well planned roads crossing
each other at right angles.
4.RADIAL SYSTEM:-

1. When the pipes lines are laid radially and ending at the periphery of the area of the zone, then
it is called as radial system
2. Elevated Service Reservoir (ESR) is located at the centre of each zone and from ESR water is
supplied to the radially laid pipes called branches.
3. Water is pumped into ESR through mains and then water is supplied to the consumers
through radially laid branches.

SUITABILITY:- When there is a radial pattern road, only then this system is suitable for localities.
Q.50. DIFFENCE BETWEEN DEAD EMD SYSTEM & GRID IRON SYSTEM:-

Sr.no. DEAD END SYSTEM GRID IRON SYSTEM

1. Initial cost of this system is less. This system is costly.

2. There is no free circular of water but get There is a free circulation of water since
stagnated; hence water get contaminated or no dead ends. Hence water is not
polluted contaminated or polluted.

3. Number of sluice valve or cut-off valves a This system requires more valves.
required are less.

4. Calculation diameter of pipe and pressure at a Calculation of diameter of pipe and

point is easy. pressure at point is not easy.

5. It require smaller length pipes It require longer pipes.

6. For fire fighting, sufficient water may not be For fire fighting, water is available from
available due to only one pipe supplying water. all directions.

7. During repairs, the pipe line is completely During breakdown or repairs, water
stopped till the repairs are completed. supply can be made from other sub
mains.

Q.51. DIFFRENCE BETWEEN DEAD END SYSTEM & CIRCULAR SYSTEM:-

Sr.no. DEAD END SYSTEM CIRCULAR SYSTEM

1. In this system cut-off valves required is less. Cut-off valves required in this system is
more.

2. The discharge and pressure head at any point Cannot be easy to calculate the
can be easily calculated discharge and pressure head at any
point.

3. Large area get affected during repairs or Water can be supplied from other sub
breakdown. main or pipelines during repair or
breakdown.

4. Cheap and economical system. Costly system.

5. Suitable for localities which expand irregularly. Suitable for well planned area or well
planned road.
Q.52. NECESSITY OF SANITATION:-

1. Sanitation is necessary for maintaining public health.

2. It helps prevent the spread of diseases.
3. Proper sanitation ensures that water sources are safe to drink.
4. Without sanitation, waterborne diseases can spread quickly.
5. It is important for clean and hygienic living conditions.
6. Sanitation is crucial for protecting human health and preventing infectious diseases.

Q.53. IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING SANITATION:-

1. Prevents the spread of germs and diseases

2. Keeps people healthy
3. Ensures clean bathrooms and kitchens
4. Provides a safe and hygienic living environment
5. Protects water sources from contamination
6. Reduces the risk of illness
7. Improves overall well-being
8. Promotes good hygiene habits
9. Prevents the spread of infections
10. Essential for a healthy community

Q.54. DEFINE SEWAGE:- The liquid waste originate from a community and generally conveyed by a
sewer is called as sewage.

Sewage consist of waste water from latrines, urinals, kitchen, bathroom from public and private
building. It also includes ground surface and storm water.

Q.55. DEFINE SULLAGE :- The spent up water or waste water from kitchen, wash basins,
bathrooms etc is termed as sullage.

Since organic matter in sullage is either absent or with negligible amount, hence it does not produce,
bad smell.

Q.56. DEFINE GARBAGE:- All refuse other than industrial-waste and effluents is called as garbage.
It consists largely of easily decomposable and putrefying organic (animal and vegetable) waste from
preparation, handling, storage, and sale or serving of food.

Q.57. TYPES OF SEWAGE:-

1. DOMESTIC SEWAGE:- The sewage consisting of liquid wastes originating from urinals,
latrines, bathroom, kitchen, sinks, wash basin etc of residential, commercial or institutional
building is called as domestic sewage.
2. INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE:- The sewage consisting of liquid wastes originating from the
industrial process of various industries like textile, paper mill, distillery, dairy, brewing etc is
called as industrial sewage.
3. SANITARY SEWAGE:- Total quantity of domestic sewage and industrial sewage is called as
sanitary sewage. In short, it is the sum of domestic sewage and industrial sewage.
4. STORM SEWAGE:- The run-off originating from the rain storm is termed as storm sewage or
storm drainage.
5. NIGHT SOIL :- Human and animal excreta is called as night soil.

Q.58. SANITARY FITTINGS :-

1.Sinks. 2.Water Closets (W.C.) 3.wash basin. 4.Urinals. 5.Flushing Cisterns 6.Bath
tub
Q.59. DEFINE WATER PIPE:- When the pipes are being used to convey the water under pressure,
then it is called as water pipe. E.g. water carrying system such as main, submain, branches of water
distribution system are water pipes
Q.60. RAIN WATER PIPE:- When the pipe collecting and carrying rain water from roof; then such
pipe is called as rain water pipe.
Q.61. SOIL PIPE :- When the pipe collecting and carrying the waste water from water closets (i.e.
W.C), the such pipe is called as soil pipe
Q.62. SULLAGE PIPE :- When the pipe carrying waste water from the sink of kitchen and bathroom,
then such pipe is called as sullage pipe.
Q.63. VENT PIPE :- When the pipe used for the purpose of ventilation and to remove foul gases, then
such pipe is called as vent pipe.
Q.64. DEFINE TRAP:- A trap is it bent fitting provided in a drainage system. Due to the bent portion
or depressed portion, water always remains in the bent portion and thus maintains a water seal. A
water seal prevents the passage of foul gas or bad smell through drain pipe. These traps are used in
water closets (W.C.).
Q.65. WATER SEAL:-The vertical distance between the dip and crown weir of trap is called as water
seal.
Q.66. TYPES OF TRAP
1. ACCORDING TO SHAPE:-
2. ACCORDING TO USE:-
a) GULLY TRAP :- Waste water is
taken from nahni trap and get
collected and drained from gully
trap. These types of trap collects
the waste water from bath and
kitchen.

b) NAHNI TRAP:- It is also called as

floor trap because it is located at
floor level. It is used to collect wash
water from bathrooms, kitchen and
floors.

c) INTERCEPTING TRAP:- It is made

specially and located at the junction
of house drain and public sewer or septic
tank. This type of trap is connected in
the last main hole of the house drainage
system.
Q.67. QUALITY OF GOOD TRAP OR CHARACTERISTICS OR IDEAL REQUIREMENTS:-
1. The trap should be capable of getting cleaned easily.
2. Its construction should be simple and economical.
3. It should have the property of getting self-cleaned.
4. It should have sufficient water seal so as to avoid entry of foul gases inside the building units.
5. Its fitting with the drain pipe should be easy.
6. It should be non-absorbent having sufficient water seal at all times.
7. It should have its inner surface to be smooth to get easy flow of the sewage.
8. It should hold the minimum required depth of water seal to -perform the function of trapping
the foul gases.
Q.68. SYSTEM OF PLUMBING:-
1. SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
2. ONE PIPE SYSTEM
3. TWO- PIPE SYSTEM

1. SINGLE STACK SYSTEM:- A system in which waste water or spent water from bathroom,
kitchen, sink and foul matter or night soil from water closets (W.C.) are discharged into a
single vertical pipe called as soil pipe is called as single stack system.
Note that a single pipe or soil pipe is further extended above the top roof and act as ventilating
pipe.
In short single stack system admits waste matter as well as ventilating pipe.

2. ONE PIPE SYSTEM:- The system in which two separate pipes such as vent pipe and waste
water pipes are provided is called as one-pipe system.
Due to two separate pipes, this method is more effective and adopted in multi storied buildings.
Vent pipe provide ventilation to the water seals of all the traps in the system; whereas the main
pipes is directly connected to the drainage system so as to collect the waste water originated
from bath, kitchen, wash basin and W.C.

3. TWO PIPE SYSTEM:- In two-pipe system there are two separate pipes namely soil pipe and
waste pipe provided to carry sewage and sullage from the building.
Sewage from W.C and urinals etc. Are connected to soil pipes; whereas, waste water or spent
water from bath, sink and kitchen i.e. sullage is carried by another pipe called as waste pipe.
The discharge from this is further carried through separate drains which are laid through
gully trap.
Q.69. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ONE PIPE SYSTEM AND TWO PIPE SYSTEM:-
Sr.no. One Pipe System Two Pipe System

1. Only one main waste pipe is used to collect both Two separate main waste pipes, one for
foul & un foul waste. foul & other for un foul waste, are used.

2. Cheap & economical. Costly, than one pipe system.

3. Less accessories required. More accessories required.
4. Popular in multi storied building. Popular in single storey building.
5. Volume of waste water is more. Volume of waste water in a pipe is less due
to bifurcation of waste.
6. Waste water from wash basin, bath and kitchen Waste water from wash basin, bath and
gets unnecessarily polluted. kitchen can be used directly for
gardening.
7.

Q.70. GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF BUILDING DRAINAGE:-

1. The drain should be laid in such a way so as to remove the sewage quickly from the building.
The drain should be laid at such a slope that self-cleaning velocity is developed in them.
2. All the drainage system should be properly ventilated on the House sides. All the inspection
chambers should be provided with fresh air inlets.
3. All the drains should be laid in such a way so as to ensure their safety in future.
Q.71. LAYOUT PLAN FOR SANITARY FITTINGS (DRAINAGE PLAN) FOR HOUSE:-
1. The plan should be drawn to a suitable scale.
2. The location of gully trap (G. T.) inspection chamber (I. C.), manhole (MH), rain water pipe
(RWP) etc. Should be marked on the drainage plan.
3. Layout should be simple and direct.
4. The location of public sewer line should be clearly shown on the site plan.
5. The detailed plan of various floors of buildings should show the locations of floor traps,
sanitary fitting etc.
6. The house drains are tested for water-tightness. After work, trenches are filled up.
7. The house drains are laid as per details shown on approved drainage plan.
8. Pipes should be laid in straight line as far as possible both in horizontal as well as in the
vertical direction.
9. Manholes or inspection chambers should be provided where the pipe intersect or where bends
are necessary.
10. The sewers should not ordinarily be laid under a building for fear of undermining its
foundations.
Q.72. SYSTEM OF SEWERAGE:- A.COMBINED B. SEPERATE C. PARTIALLY SPERATE
A. COMBINED SYSTEM:- The system by which domestic sewage, storm water flow,
industrial waste and surface is carried in same sewer is called as combined system.
ADVANTAGE OR MERITS OF COMBINED SYSTEM:-
1. This system keeps the sewage fresh which further making it easier and more economical for its
treatment.
2. There is automatic flushing provided by water.
3. There are large size of the sewer used in the system, hence cleaning becomes more easier.
4. It is simple method of collection and house plumbing becomes economical.
5. There is a diluted sewage in the system which is itself a method of treatment.
DISADVANTAGES OR DEMERITS of combined system
1. Size of sewers are bigger, hence it needs larger excavation which make it uneconomical.
2. In such system, large quantity of sewage to be handled; hence the cost of pumping as well as
treatment increases.
3. Public health can be affected due to overflowing under worst Conditions.
B. SEPARATE SYSTEM:- The system by which the domestic sewage and industrial wastes
are conveyed in one set of sewers and the storm and surface waters are carried in another
set of sewers is called as separate system.
ADVANTAGE OR MERITS OF SEPERATE SYSTEM:-
1. The treatment work can be designed economically because quantity of sewage to be treated
is small.
2. Sewers are economical due to its smaller sizes.
3. No risks of stream pollution because storm overflows are not provided.
4. No need to pump the storm water.
DISADVANTAGES OR DEMERITS SEPERATE SYSTEM:
1. Since there are two set of sewers, maintenance cost is more.
2. It requires double house-plumbing work, hence uneconomical.
3. There is great obstruction for traffic during repairs because of laying the two sewers in a
street.
C. PARTIALLY SEPERATE SYSTEM:- In such type of system, there is initial washing from
drainage area, which means that the part of storm water are included in sewers.
ADVANTAGE OR MERITS OF PARTIALLY SEPERATE SYSTEM:
1. Since it is improved separate system, it has all the advantages of separate and combined
system.
2. Part of storm water is allowed to enter the sewage; hence it prevents the silting in sewers.
3. Part of storm water is allowed to enter the sewage; hence sizes of sewers are not too large
which makes system economical.
4. As part of storm water is allowed to enter the sewage; hence no flushing is required.
DISADVANTAGES OR DEMERITS PARTIALLY SEPERATE SYSTEM:
1. Initial cost of this system is more because the part of storm water is mixed with sanitary
sewage which needs the pumping facilities at the point of disposal.
2. During dry-summer season, velocity of flow is low, which affects over the self-cleaning
velocity. Hence it requires regular cleaning of sewer. It increase the maintenance cost.
3. More chances of overflow condition because of increase in storm water flow.
Q.73. TYPES OF SEWERS:-
1. Steel sewer
2. Cast iron sewer
3. Concrete sewer
4. Brick sewer
5. Stone ware sewer
6. Plastic sewer
7. Asbestos cement sewer
Q.74. DESIGN OF SEWERS :-
1. Zone formation
2. Sewers arrangement or its network
3. Quantity of sewage
4. Flow velocity of sewers
5. Section of sewer
6. Gradation of sewers
Q.75. FACTION AFFECTING THE SEWER DESIGN:-
1. Strength and durability
2. Light weight
3. Imperviousness
4. Resistance to corrosion
5. Resistance to abrasion
6. Materials
7. Internal pressure
8. Economy and cost
Q.76. SELF CLEANING VELOCITY:- When there is no Solids get sewer of deposited in the invert of
the minimum velocity, then minimum velocity is termed as self-cleaning velocity.
Self cleaning velocity for solid particles:-
Sr no. Nature of the solid particles present in the sewage Self cleaning velocity
1. Rounded pebbles (12 to 25 mm dia.) 0.5 – 0.6 m/sec
2. Fine gravel 0.3 m/sec
3. Coarse sand 0.2 m/sec
4. Angular stone 1.0 m/sec
5. Fine sand and clay 0.15 m/sec
6. Fine clay and silt 0.075 m/sec
Q.77. NON SCOURING VELOCITY:- Non-scouring velocity is the Maximum permissible velocity at
which no scouring action is caused. Non-scouring velocity protects the inner smooth surface of sewer
from scouring.
Minimum permissible velocity for different sewer Material
Sr no. Types of material Velocity in m/sec
1. Stone ware 2.5 to 3.5
2. Concrete 2.0 to 3.0
3. BRICK lined 1.5 to 2.0
4. Earthen channels 0.6 to 1.0
5. Verified clay and glazed bricks 4.5 to 5.5
6. Cast iron 3.5 to 4.5

Q.78. STEP WISE PROCEDURE FOR LAYING OF SEWER :-

1. MARKING CENTRE LINES OF SEWERS: The centre lines of sewers are marked on the
Streets and roads by driving the pegs at 7.5 to 15 m c/c & locating sewer Appurtenances by
offset line method.
2. EXCAVATION OF TRENCHES: After marking the layout of sewers lines on the ground The
first step is the removal of pavement and then excavation of trenches is done Manually or by
means of machinery .
3. SHEETING, BRACING AND DEWATERING OF TRENCHES: In case of soft soils the trench
Side required shoring and strutting to prevent their collapse till the sewers are laid And tested.
When sewers lines are to be lead below the ground water table, the Ground water enters the
trench, dewatering of tranches is compulsory.
4. LAYING OF PIPE SEWERS AND THEIR JOINTING: The sewers pipes are not laid Directly
on the soil in the tranches. Before actual laying, the concreting is done. Smaller size pipes can
be laid by the pipe layers by hand only but larger size pipes Are lowered in the trenches by
passing rope around them and supporting through a Hook. Then jointing of sewers is done by
usual method.
5. TESTING OF SEWERS LINES: The hydraulic testing of the sewers is done with the Help of
water test or air test by usual method.
6. BACK FILLING OF TRENCHES: After testing and removing defects of pipe line the
Tranches are back-filled with earth. Generally the excavated soil of trench is used For back
filling. Back filling is done step by step.
Q.79. MAN HOLE :- An opening constructed in a sewer So as to make the sewer line accessible for the
purpose of inspection, cleaning and maintenance is called as manhole.
Q.80. SPACING BETWEEN TWO MANHOLE
1. Diameter upto 300 mm, the spacing is 45 m
2. Diameter from 301 to 500 mm, the spacing is 75 m
3. Diameter from 501 to 900 mm, spacing is 90 m
Q.81. TYPES OF MANHOLE :-
1. Shallow Manhole : have depth of 0.75 to 0.9 m
2. Normal manhole:- depth of 1.5 m
3. Deep manhole: more than 1.5 m
Q.82. DROP MANHOLE:- The manhole on sewer line Inspection arm Constructed to provide a
connection between high level branch to a low level of main sewer is called as drop manhole.
When a sewage enters from a branch sewer to a manhole by more than 500 mm to 600 mm above the
main sewer, then the sewage is not fall directly into the manhole. In such case, the sewage is brought
into the main sewer through a vertical pipe called drop pipe which can be kept an inclination of 45° to
the ground
Q.83. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE:-
1. Colour
2. Odour
3. Turbidity
4. Temperature
5. Total Solids
Q.84. DEFINE B.O.D. (BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND) :-
It is defined as the amount of oxygen needed to perform the biological decomposition of organic
material in waste under aerobic conditions at standard temperature.
Q.85. DEFINE C.O.D. (CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND) :-
It is defined as the amount of oxygen required for the chemical decomposition or oxidation of organic
matter contained in sewage by using strong oxidizing agent under acidic condition
Q.86. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN B.O.D. & C.O.D. :-
Sr.no B.O.D. C.O.D.
1. The amount of oxygen required for The amount of oxygen required for
decomposition of biological degradable matter decomposition of biological degradable
under aerobic condition is called Biochemical and inorganic matter under acidic
Oxygen Demand or B.O.D. condition is called Chemical Oxygen
Demand or C.O.D.
2. This test is conducted at standard temperature No standard temperature is required
of 20⁰ C.
3. This test requires 5 days. This test requires 3 to 5 hours
4. No oxidizing agent is required. Strong oxidizing agent is required.
5. B.O.D. is generally less than C.O.D. C.O.D. is always higher than B.O.D.
6. Higher B.O.D. means higher organic matter Higher C.O.D. means higher pollution.
7. It is affected by temperature It is not affected by temperature
8. Apparatus required for test – Incubator, B.O.D. Apparatus required for test— Reflux
Bottle, titration unit apparatus, B.O.D. Bottle, hot plate,
titration unit
Q.87. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PROCESS:-
Sr.no Aerobic Process Anaerobic process
1. When the decomposition of organic matter When the decomposition of organic
takes place in the presence of oxygen, it is matter takes place in the absence of
called aerobic process. oxygen, it is called aerobic process.
2. Aerobic bacteria involved. Anaerobic bacteria involved.
3. Process in presence of oxygen and light. Process in absence of oxygen and light.
4. Not offensive. Offensive.
5. End products- CO2, H2O, NO3, SO4 End products- CH4, H2S, CO2
6. Applied for moderate waste. Applied for strong waste
7. End product requires another treatment. Well stabilized end product.
8. No methane gas produced. Methane gas produced.
9. e.g. aerated lagoon e.g. bio gas plant.

Q.88. OBJECT / NECESSARY OF SEWAGE TREATMENT:-

1. To reduce the sewage contents (solids) from the sewage
2. To remove all the nuisance causing matter or elements.
3. To change the character of the sewage in such way that it can be safely discharged in the
natural water course applied on the land.
4. To kill the pathogenic organisms.
5. To remove inorganic substances like grit, sand, pebbles etc.
6. To remove the various toxic matter contained in sewage. The toxic substances can affect the
aquatic life of natural water courses.
7. To make the sewage to be very safe.
Q..... DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE / DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE:-
1. Disposal on land
2. Disposal on drying beds
3. Disposal by dumping into the sea
4. Disposal by incineration
5. Disposal by pipe line
6. Disposal by heat drying
7. Disposal by ponding or lagooning
8. Disposal by digestion and drying
9. Disposal by press filters and vaccum filters
Q.89. FLOW DIAGRAM OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT:-

Q.90. FUNCTIONS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT UNITS / COMPONENTS:-

1. SCREENING: Removes large objects such as sticks, rags, plastics, and other debris from the
wastewater to prevent damage to downstream equipment and processes.
2. GRIT CHAMBER: Settles and removes heavier inorganic particles such as sand, gravel, and
grit from the wastewater, preventing damage to pumps and pipelines in the treatment process.
10. PRIMARY SETTLING TANK: Allows the settling of solids and particulate matter from the
wastewater, separating them from the liquid stream and forming sludge at the bottom of the
tank.
11. AERATION TANK: Utilizes biological processes to break down organic matter in the
wastewater, using oxygen to support the growth of microorganisms that consume organic
pollutants.
12. SECONDARY SETTLING TANK: Facilitates the settling of biological sludge and any
remaining solids, separating them from the treated water before discharge or further
treatment.
13. CHLORINATION: Involves the addition of chlorine or other disinfectants to the treated
wastewater to eliminate harmful bacteria and pathogens, ensuring the water is safe for
discharge into receiving water bodies.
14. Sludge digester: Breaks down organic matter in sludge by anaerobic digestion, producing
biogas and reducing the volume of sludge while stabilizing its organic content.
15. Sludge drying bed: Allows dewatering of sludge by gravity, helping to reduce its volume and
prepare it for further treatment or safe disposal.
Q.91. EXPLAIN SLUDGE DIGESTION:-
1. Sludge digestion is a biological process that breaks down organic matter present in sewage
sludge.
2. This process typically occurs in an oxygen-free (anaerobic) environment. During digestion,
microorganisms break down the organic components in the sludge, producing biogas (mainly
methane and carbon dioxide) as a byproduct.
3. The digestion process reduces the volume of sludge, stabilizes its organic content, and also
produces a nutrient-rich residue called digested sludge.
4. This digested sludge can be used as a soil conditioner or disposed of in an environmentally
friendly manner.
5. Overall, sludge digestion helps to manage sewage sludge effectively by reducing its volume,
minimizing odors, and producing useful byproducts.
Q.92. EXPLAIN WORKING & CONSTRUCTION OF TRICKLING FILTER
1. WORKING:-
a) Trickling filter consists of RCC rectangular or circular Tank provided with filter media
(stones or broken bricks material) and under Drainage system to collect the effluent.
Revolving distributor having four arms.
b) Sewage is distributed or sprays by distribution arms through which it Trickles to the
under drains. As sewage trickles through the filter media, a biological Slime layer
consisting of aerobic bacteria build up around the media surfaces in two Weeks makes
the filter ready for use.
c) Organic matter in sewage is absorbed by Bacteria in slime layer. It removes 80%
colloidal matter, reduces B.O.D. up to 75%. It gives highly nitrified and stabilized
effluent and flexibility in operation
2. CONSTRUCTION:-
a) A typical trickling filter consists of a bed of highly permeable media, such as rocks,
gravel, or synthetic media, contained within a tank or structure.
b) The media provides a large surface area for the development of a biofilm, which consists
of microorganisms that will consume organic matter in the wastewater.
Q.93. ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE OF TRICKLING FILTER:-
ADVANTAGE:-
1. It is cheap, economical and easy in operation
2. Rate of filter loading is much higher.
3. It is self-cleansing filter.
4. It has no diminishing of capacity. It can able to recoup after rest, even though if it is overdosed.
5. Mechanical wear and tear is very less.
6. It is suitable to carry the biological process
DISADVANTAGE:-
1. It needs large land area to install.
2. It’s cost of construction is relatively high.
3. There is high head loss through filter.
4. There is odour and files nuisance. Hence use of D.D.T or Other insecticides are frequently
required.
5. It needs preliminary treatment and hence cannot treat raw sewage,
Q.94. ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS (ASP):-
ADVANTAGE:-
1. It needs lesser land area than trickling filter
2. Initial cost is low.
3. Fly and odour nuisance is none.
4. It provides greater flexibility of treatment permitting a control over the quality of effluent.
5. The operating head is comparatively less and hence little or no pumping is required.
6. It provide higher degree of treatment.
7. The effluent so produced after treatment is clear, sparkling and non-putrescrible.
8. B.O.D. removal is 80 to 95% and coliform i.e. bacteria removal is 90 to 95%.
DISADVANTAGE:-
1. Operating cost is high.
2. Technical control is much needed.
3. It requires greater skilled attendance because it involves the large mechanical equipment.
4. It is more sensitive to change in the quality of influent.
5. Secondary sludge produced is large in quantity and hence difficulty in handling.
6. Presence of synthetic detergents especially in case of air diffusion plants produces foaming
difficulties.
7. Any sudden increase in volume may adversely affect the operation of plant.
Q.95. DEFINE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS (ASP):-
The sludge settled out of sewage previously agitated in the presence of abundant oxygen is called as a
activated sludge.
Q.96. EXPLAIN WORKING OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS (ASP):-
1. The activated sludge process (ASP) is a biological wastewater treatment method that uses a
combination of microorganisms and oxygen to break down organic matter in the wastewater.
The process typically involves four main components: an aeration tank, a settling tank, a
return sludge system, and a waste sludge system.
2. In the first stage of the ASP, wastewater is mixed with a culture of microorganisms in the
aeration tank. Oxygen is continuously pumped into the tank to create an aerobic environment,
which promotes the growth of the microorganisms. These microorganisms then consume the
organic matter in the wastewater as food, breaking it down into carbon dioxide, water, and
more microorganisms.
3. After the microorganisms have consumed the organic matter, the wastewater flows into the
settling tank, where the microorganisms settle to the bottom as “activated sludge.” The treated
wastewater, now free of most of the organic matter, is then discharged from the settling tank.
4. The settled activated sludge is then returned to the aeration tank to continue breaking down
organic matter in new batches of wastewater. Some of the activated sludge is also removed
from the system as waste sludge.
5. Overall, the ASP is an effective and widely used method for treating wastewater, as it efficiently
removes organic matter, nutrients, and pathogens from the water. It is also relatively cost-
effective and can be adapted to treat various types of wastewater.
Q.97. EXPLAIN OXIDATION POND / STABILIZATION POND :-
1. An artificial pond having shallow depth in which sewage can be retained for a sufficient time so
as to satisfy the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B-O.D) is termed as oxidation pond or
stabilization pond.
2. Oxidation pond make the sewage non-putrescrible.
3. In other words, oxidation ponds also called as stabilization pond or lagoon are large shallow
ponds designed to treat wastewater through the interaction of sunlight, bacteria and algae.
4. CO₂ and inorganic compounds released by bacteria in water, whereas algae grow using energy
from the sun.
5. TYPES :-
a) Facultative ponds
b) Maturation pond
c) River purification lake
d) High-rate aerobic stabilisation ponds
Q.98. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OXIDATION POND / STABILIZATION POND :-
1. There is change in character of sewage due to the dual action of aerobic bacteria and algae.
Aerobic bacteria take oxygen from atmosphere whereas algae becomes active in sunlight.
2. Dual action process breaks up the carbon dioxide (CO₂) due to the process of photo-synthesis.
3. More carbohydrates are produced due to carbon and oxygen get released into water.
4. The loading in terms of 5-days BOD can vary from 55 kg per day per hectare for colder region
to 330 kg per day per hectare for tropical regions.
Q.99. EXPLICIT WORKING PRINCIPLE and CONSTRUCTION OF SEPTIC TANK :-
WORKING PRINCIPLE:-
1. Septic tank act as sedimentation tank as well as digestion tank. Therefore there are two process
taken place in septic tank.
2. In septic tank, sewage is held or retained for some period so as to settle down the suspended
solids at the bottom.
3. The settled solids are digested anaerobically and therefore there is reduction of volume of
sludge and release of gases like H₂S and CO2 etc. Through vent pipe.
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION:-
1. A septic tank is a horizontal continuous flow sedimentation tank. It is generally constructed in
rectangular shape.
2. It can be constructed in brick masonry duely plastered by cement mortar. Inner portion of
tank is plastered with rich mortar i.e. coba plaster and made water tight basin. Exterior
portion of tank is plastered by sand face plaster
Q.100. EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS WATER DEMANDS AND GIVE VALUES OF EACH.
1. DOMESTIC DEMAND: This refers to the water demand for household purposes,
including drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, and sanitation. The average domestic
water demand per person ranges from 135 litres/capita/day.
2. PUBLIC DEMAND: Public demand includes water needed for public facilities such
as parks, gardens, street washing, and public restrooms. The value of public demand
can vary widely based on the size and services of the public areas supplied, typically
ranging from 5% to 15% of the total water demand in urban areas. Public water
demand can range from 20 to 70 litres/capita/day.
3. INDUSTRIAL DEMAND: Industrial demand pertains to the water required for
industrial processes, cooling, cleaning, and other production-related uses. The water
demand in industrial settings can vary significantly based on the type of industry
and its water usage efficiency. Industrial demand range from taken as 50
litres/capita/day.
4. COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DEMAND: This encompasses water
requirements for commercial entities such as restaurants, hotels, shopping malls,
and educational institutions. Values for commercial and institutional water demand
can vary widely depending on the specific type, size, and usage patterns of the
establishment. Commercial and institutional demand range from 20
litres/capita/day.
5. FIRE FIGHTING DEMAND: Fire fighting demand relates to the water needed for
fire protection and emergency firefighting purposes. This demand is typically
considered as a very high flow rate for a relatively short duration, often measured in
gallons per minute or liters per second, and is dictated by local fire codes and
regulations.
6. LOSS AND WASTAGE DEMAND: This refers to water that is lost or wasted due to
leakages in the distribution network, unauthorized use, or other non-revenue water.
The percentage of loss and wastage demand can range from 10% to 40% or more,
depending on the efficiency of the water distribution system and the level of water
management practices in place.
Q.101. EXPLAIN RAPID SAND FILTER
1. Following are the various values involved in the working of rapid sand filter.
a. Inlet valve
b. Filtered water outlet valve
c. Waste water valve to drain the water from inlet chamber
d. waste water valve to drain water from main drain
e. compressed air valve
f. Wash water supply valve

2. Note that, when the filter is in working operation then only inlet valve and filtered water outlet
valve are kept open and all other valves are kept closed.
3. The working of and rapid sand filter is controlled by operating inlet valve to admit the effluent
from the process of coagulation-setting basin to inlet chamber of filter.
4. Then this water is admitted through sand bed for filtration. Then filtered water is allowed to
pass to disinfection unit or filtered water storage tank.
5. Note that the outlet chamber in a rapid sand filter is required with filter rate controller and
loss of head gauge
Q.102. MAHARASHTRA POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD NORMS ( MPCB NORMS) :-

Sr. Characteristics Tolerance limit Tolerance limits for Tolerance limits for
of effluent for sewage indusrialefulents discharged inland surface water,
No
effluents into when used as raw for
discharged into public water for supplies
inland surface and bathing ghats (IV)
water (I)
Inland surface Public sewers
water (II) (III)
1. B.O.D. (mg/l) 20 30 500 3
2. C.O.D. (mg/l) - 250 - -
3. pH - 5.5 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0 6.0 – 9.0
4. Total 30 100 600 -
suspended
solids (mg/l)
5. Temperature - 40 45 -
6. Fluorides - 2 - 1.5
(mg/l)
7. Chlorides - - 600 600
(mg/l)
8. Oil and greese - 10 100 0.1
(mg/l)
Q.103. LAYOUT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (3-D FLOW DIAGRAM )
Q.104. ONE PIPE SYSTEM:-
Q.105. TWO PIPE SYSTEM:-