Water Demand

• Planning of water supply scheme, it is necessary to find out not only

the yearly water demand but also to assess the required average of
flow and variation in these rate.
• Total Annual volume (V) in litre or million litres.
• Annual average rate of demand in litre per day.
• Annual average rate of demand in litres per day per person. i.e. per
capita demand.
• Average Rate of Demand in litres per day per services.
• Very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water demanded by
the public, since there are many variable factors affecting water
consumption.
• So there are certain thumb rule and empirical formula which may give
fairly accurate results.
 Various type of water demand.
Domestic Water Demand
 Water requirement in residential building.
 Drinking, cooking, bathing, gardening, sanitary purpose etc.
 Domestic water consumption shall very according living condition.
 IS 1172:1993 define minimum domestic consumption for a city and
town.
 Depending on living condition : LIG and HIG.
 For HIG 200 lpcd.
 For LIG 135 lpcd.
 In developed and effluent country like U.S.A., this figure usually goes
as high 340 l/h/d.
 Industrial Water Demand
 Represent the water demand in the industries, which are either
existing or are likely to be started in future.
 Ordinary per capita demand consumption on account of industrial
needs of city is generally taken as 50l/h/d.
 Separate provision of water demand of specifics industries.
 Depends upon nature, magnitude and quantity of production of each
industries .
 In industrial cities, the per capita water requirement may finally be
computed to be as high as 450lpcd as compare to the normal
industrial requirement of 50 lpcd.
 Institutional and commercial Water demand.
• Water requirement in institutions.
• Hospital ,hotels , schools and collage etc.
• Need addition to domestic and industrial water demands.
• Quantity will certainly vary with the nature of the city and number
and types of commercial establishment and institutions.
• On an average, a per capita demand of 20 l/h/d is usually considered
to be enough to meet such commercial and institutional water
requirements.
• And this demand may be high as 50l/h/d for highly commercialised
cities.
 Demand for Public Uses
• Water requirement for public utility.
• Such as watering of public parks, gardening and sprinkling on road
use in public foundation etc.
• For this nominal amount exceeding 5% of the total consumption may
be added to meet this demand
• Or 10 l/h/d is usually added on this account.
 Fire Demand
• In thickly populated and industrial area, fires generally breakout and
may lead to serious damages.
• Fire fighting squads generally maintain.
• The quantity of water required for extinguishing fires should be easily
available and kept always in the storage reservoirs.
• Fire hydrants are usually fitted in the water mains.
• The per capita demand is generally ignored while computing the total
per capita demand required of a city.
• However for cities having population exceeding 50000 the water
required in kilo litres may be computed using relationship.
 Fire Demand
• Kuichling’s formula.
• Free man formula.
• National board of fire under writers formulas.
• Buston’s formula.

• Q= Amount of water required in litres/minute.

• P= population in thousand.
 Losses in Thefts and Wastes
• Water lost in leakage due to bad plumbing or damages meters, stolen
water etc.
• Losses should be taken into consideration while estimating the total
requirements.
• May be taken as 15% of total consumption or lpcd.
 The Per capita Demand. (q)
It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person
and it include the domestic, industrial commercial uses etc.
The future periods foe which a provision is made in the water supply
scheme is known as the design period.
 Factors affecting per capita demand
1. Size of city.
2. Climatic Conditions.
3. Type of gentry and habits of people.
4. Quantity of water supply.
5. Pressure in distribution system
6. Cost of water.
7. System of supply .
8. Policy of Metering and method of charging.
 Factors affecting losses and Wastes
• Water Tight Joints.
• Pressure in the distribution system.
• System of supply.
• Metering .
• Unauthorised connections.
 Variation in Water Demand and their effecf on the design.
• Seasonal Variation.
• Daily Variation.
• Hourly variation.
• Normal variation in the demand should be assessed and known in
order to design supply pipes, services reservoirs , distributary pipes
etc.
 Variation in Water Demand
Seasonal variation occurs due to large use of wate in summer season,
lesser use in winter season and much less I rainy season.
Day to day variation called Daily variation.
And variation in hours demand is called hourly variation.