BUILDING MATERIALS

CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENTS

CIV234

HARSIMRANJIT SINGH
(22231)
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION

Classification of Building materials

 Requirement of Building materials
Properties of Building materials
classification and characteristics of building materials
Compositions and structures of materials
Decorativeness and durability of materials
Selection of materials
Material behaviour: Surface properties, Failure theories,
Rheology, Thermal properties, Fracture properties
Building material is material used for construction. Many
naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and 
wood, even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct 
buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-
made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS

1. Building materials may further be classified as inorganic

and organic building materials.
Inorganic materials consists of mud, cement, lime, gypsum,
steel.
Organic materials such as wood and biomass.
2. Another classification based on technology for building
materials spanning from production to application is
Binders based on cement, lime, pozzolanic and polymeric
materials
Building components such as natural building stones, mud
bricks, stabilized soil bricks, burnt clay bricks and blocks, concrete
and pozzolanic blocks, organic fibres and various roofing and
structural materials
Water proofing compounds and sealants
Paints, painting materials and coatings
3. A classification that appears to be more suited to the stage of
industrialization in developing countries is
Building materials for basic construction
Special purpose materials
Protective and decorative materials
 4. Based on Chemical make up and Atomic Structure

Polymeric Composite Materials

Combination of materials
•Synthesised from organic molecules
•Use best properties of each material
•Low density
•Example- RCC
•May be Flexible
•Examples- Timber, rubber
 LOADS ON BUILDING
Basic Requirement- Should be strong enough to carry or support all
types of loads
Types of design loads for buildings and structures as per Indian
Standard IS: 875-1987 and American Standard Code ASCE 7:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Structures.
Dead Loads
Imposed/Live Loads
Wind Loads
Snow Loads
Earthquake Loads
Special Loads
Dead Loads

Permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to the structure

throughout its lifespan.
Vertical loads
Due to self weight of structural members i.e.
Walls
Partitions
Beams
Floors
Roofs
Permanent Components of building like equipment
Imposed/Live Loads

Movable or moving loads without any acceleration or impact

Produced by occupancy, furniture, temporary storage etc.
Vertical loads
Minimum Values for live loads to be assumed are given in IS 875
(part 2)- 1987
Code gives UDLs as well as Concentrated loads.
Wind Loads

Horizontal loads caused by the movement of air relative to earth.

Not critical for low rise building i.e. upto 5 stories.
Calculation of wind load depends on velocity of wind and size of
building
Details for calculating wind load, IS- 875 (part 3)- 1987.
Vz = k1.k2.k3.Vb, where, k1= Risk coefficient, k2= Coefficient based
on terrain, height and structure size, k3= Topography factor, Vb =
Basic wind pressure shown on map of India
Snow Loads

Considered only in snow fall prone places

Vertical loads
IS 875 (part 4)– 1987 deals with snow loads on buildings
Minimum snow load on a roof s = m. so
Where m = shape coefficient for type of roof under consideration,
so = ground snow load
Earthquake Loads

Vertical and Horizontal forces on a building

Total vibration resolved in three mutually perpendicular directions two
horizontal and one vertical
Response of structure to ground vibration is a function of foundation soil,
size, mode of construction, duration & intensity.
IS 1893 – 2014 gives details for calculations of structures which standing on
soils which will not considerably settle or slide during earth quake
Other Loads

According to clause 19.6 of IS 456 – 2000, the following forces,

affect safety and serviceability
Foundation Movement (IS 1904)
Soil and Fluid Pressure (IS 875, Part 5)
Vibration
Fatigue
Impact (IS 875, part 5)
Stress concentration effect due to point load
 QUESTION

What are the different types of loads that acts on a building?

a) Dead Load
b) Live Load
c) Seismic Load
d) Wind Load
e) All of the above

??
Building structure:

A building structure is a man-made structure with a roof

and walls standing more or less permanently in one place,
such as a house or factory.

Buildings are classified into two categories.

1) Based on the occupancy.
2) Based on the type of construction
Buildings classified, based on the occupancy:

Every building or portion of land shall be classified according to its use

or the character of its occupancy as a building of Occupancy. They are
categorized into the following types.

1) Agricultural buildings
2) Commercial buildings
3) Residential buildings
4) Educational buildings
5) Government buildings
6) Industrial buildings
7) Military buildings
8) Religious buildings
9) Transport buildings
10) Power plants
Agricultural buildings:
They are the structures designed for farmers and for agricultural
practices, for growing and harvesting crops, and to raise
live stock.
Commercial buildings:
They are the buildings, which are used exclusively for
commercial use.
Residential buildings:

A Residential building is that, in which housing predominates, as

opposed to industrial and commercial areas. building may vary
significantly between, single-family building, multi-family building,
or mobile homes.
Educational buildings:
This occupancy type shall include any building or portion thereof
in which education, training and care are provided to children or
adults. This occupancy shall be subdivided as follows
Government buildings:
It is a building that houses a branch of government

Secretariat Building, New Delhi

Industrial buildings:
These buildings are designed to house industrial operations and
provide the necessary conditions for workers, and for the
operation of industrial equipment
Military buildings:
This building is a structure designed to house the
functions, performed by a military unit
Religious buildings:
These are the buildings for religious purposes, with a large open
interior or other monumental qualities. They often have spires,
towers, domes rising above the main structure
Transport buildings:
This is a structural building which consists of the means of
equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods
on land, water, and air ways
Power stations/power plants:

These buildings serve as the industrial facility to generate

electric power
QUESTION:

Which of the following building is/are categorised under based on

occupancy?

a) Industrial Building
b) Educational Building
c) Residential Building
d) All of the above

??
Classification of Building Based on Type of Buildings:
Based on the type of construction buildings are classified into 5
categories.

1) Fire resistive Buildings (Type 1A , 1B)

2)Non–Combustible Buildings (Type 2A, 2B)
3)Ordinary Buildings (Type 3A, 3B)
4)Heavy timber Buildings (Type 4)
5)Wood framed Buildings (Type 5A, 5B)
Fire resistive buildings: (Type 1A, 1B)

These type of buildings are generally high raised, and the stoutest of
all, which are usually of more than 75 feet tall.

They are constructed of concrete and protected steel, (coated with fire
resistant material) which are designed to hold fire.

This type of buildings are generally residential and

industrial buildings.
The fire resistance is valid only for a specific time, depending up on
the type of construction.
Let us have a look at the resistive time for Industrial and Residential
buildings.

Industrial buildings:
*3 Hr- Exterior Walls.
*3 Hr- Structural Frame.
*2 Hr-Floor/Ceiling assembly.
*1 ½ Hr-Roof Protection
Residential buildings:

*2 Hr- Exterior Walls.

*2 Hr-Structural frame.
*2 Hr-Ceiling/Floor Separation.
*1 Hr-Ceiling/Roof assembly.

It means that according to the time given above, the building is

resistant towards fire, and after the specified time it must be super
viewed by the fire control authorities
Non- combustible buildings:( Type 2A,2B)

These buildings are generally the new buildings and remodels of

commercial structures.

The walls and roofs are constructed of non- combustible materials.(i.e.

walls are reinforced masonry and the roofs have metal structural
members) .

The top of the roofs are covered with light weight concrete etc.
Protected Non-combustible.(common in school buildings)

*1 Hr-Exterior Walls
*1 Hr-Structural Frame
*1 Hr-Floor/Ceiling/Roof Protection

Unprotected Non-combustible.(common in commercial

buildings):

These Buildings are constructed of non combustible materials but

these materials have no fire resistance
Ordinary buildings:(Type 3A,3B)

These buildings may be of old or newer constructions.

They have non-combustible walls and wooden roof.

Older constructions may have un rein-forced masonry and have

conventionally framed roof, while newer houses have light weight
roof systems, supported by R.C.C masonry or tilt slab.

The walls and the roofs are 1 hour fire protected

Heavy Timber:(Type 4)
These buildings were most commonly built before 1960, when
bolts and metal plates were used as connectors.
It utilizes large dimensional lumber for structural members and
interior elements. These buildings hold up well under fire
conditions.
It is critical that, as these buildings are often poorly maintained,
or have termites, the weathering issues contributes an earlier-
than-expected collapse
To qualify the structure, all wooden members must have a
minimum nominal dimension of 8 inches
Wood framed buildings: (Type 5A,5B)

This type of construction is found in many modern homes. The walls and
roofs are made of combustible materials—most commonly wood.

It has a few negative characteristics:

It is not highly fireproof, as it is made of wood.
It is not strong enough to resist major wind events such as tornadoes
and hurricanes.
QUESTION:

Which of the following building is/are not categorised under type of

construction building?

a) Industrial Building
b) Educational Building
c) Type 1A & 1B
d) Both a and b
e) None of the above

??
QUESTION:

Ordinary Buildings are of type 3A and 3B?

a) True
b) False

??