Persian Influence on Mughal Architecture

INTRODUCTION

The Mughal Empire was one of the most powerful empires in India that ruled from 16 th century to the mid
of 19th century. This great empire starting from Babur who came to India from Fergana strengthened its
roots in India with their effective policy-making and consolidation of his rule and ended with the last
emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. The Mughal Emperors contributed a lot in the development of their empire
leaving a great history behind. The emperors are renowned all over the world for their delicate
architecture which aided in the beauty of Indian architecture. The architectural style adopted by them was
the blend of Persian, Indian and Central Asian cultures and their rich histories. This paper will examine
the influence of Persian art and architecture prominent in Mughal architectural sites. The Mughal rulers
built Forts, Mausoleums, Gardens, Mosques and Cities across the sub-continent which portrays the strong
aesthetics of the emperors and their keen interest in the arts. The Persian influence in the Mughal
architecture can be traced in sub-continent with the arrival of Babur in India after defeating Ibrahim
Lodhi in the battle of Panipat in 1526. India was a nation with a long history of Hindu and Buddhist
architecture when Babur came, and it was already rich in architectural traditions. Yet he also noticed that
the area lacked the richness and majesty of the Persian architecture he was accustomed to. Babur was
adamant about changing this and set out to develop a brand-new architectural style that would incorporate
the greatest elements of both. “The architecture of both Babur and Humayun sowed the seeds for future
construction under the Mughals.”1 The edifices of Mughal architecture can be found in India and Pakistan
which are the evidence of the zenith of Mughal architecture from 16 th to 19th century. Specifically the
Persian influence on Mughal architecture is the outcome of roots of Babur and later the cordial relations
between Persia and India. In the Mughal era, bilateral relations between Iran and India reached the
highest level in all aspects of life: so much so that it is called the “Golden Era” of the development of
socio-cultural and political ties and close relations between the two countries. 2 The Persian influence on
Mughal architecture transformed existing patterns of art and architecture in India. The Indo-Persian
relations are well-connected for another reason is that the wife of Jahangir, Nur Jehan and the wife of
Shah Jahan, Arjumand Banu had their roots from Persian origin. These both ladies had a significant role
in promoting the migration of Iranian artists to India to advance Persian art and architecture in India. The
Persian architectural constructions, whose stunning examples can be seen in forts, mosques, and tombs
from the time, have been used by Iranian artists to establish new architectural forms that are acclimatized
with the Indian environment. The Taj Mahal, which is considered to be a Persian spirit in an Indian body,
is the outstanding example of this masterpiece. Thus, Mughal style of architecture gradually came to
represent not Imperial authority but the social and cultural norms established by the Mughals during their
long tenure. Because Mughal, Islamic Indian buildings employ Persian architects, Persian architecture has
impacted Mughal architecture. Hence, the two architectural styles are essentially comparable. The
aesthetics and additional influences from other current or foreign civilizations are the key contrasts
between these two. Although the Mughal architectural style was being formed in India and the
neighboring South Asian nations in the 16th and 17th centuries, it was also influenced by the pre-existing
architectures as well as foreign architectural influences like Persian and others.

1
Catherine B.Asher C, Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992,p.37.
2
M.R.Pourjafar, & A.A. Taghvaee, Indo-Iranian Socio-Cultural Relations at Past, Present and Future
(with Special Reference to Architecture of Mughals'o Gurkanids' Period) (2004)
Persian influence on Mughal Culture and Arts

The Mughal Empire, which ruled much of the Indian subcontinent from the 16th to the 19th century, was
heavily influenced by Persian culture and arts. This was due in part to the fact that the Mughal rulers
themselves were of Central Asian and Persian descent, and had a deep appreciation for Persian art,
literature, and philosophy. One of the most significant ways in which Persian culture influenced the
Mughal Empire was through its architecture. The Mughals adopted many elements of Persian
architecture, such as the use of the pishtaq entranceway, the use of chhatris (domed pavilions) on top of
buildings, and the use of intricate tile work and calligraphy. In addition to architecture, Persian culture
also had a profound influence on Mughal literature, art, and music. Mughal emperors such as Akbar and
Jahangir patronized Persian poets and scholars, and many of the courtly arts and crafts, such as miniature
painting and carpet weaving, were heavily influenced by Persian styles. Therefore, the Persian influence
on Mughal culture and arts was a significant aspect of the empire's cultural identity, and helped to create a
unique blend of Indian, Persian, and Central Asian influences that is still evident in the art, architecture,
and literature of the region today.

Elements of Persian Influence on Mughal Architecture

The Domes

The Persian influence on Mughal architecture can be seen in the use of the dome, which was a prominent
feature in Persian architecture. The Mughals used domes in their buildings to create a grand and
impressive appearance, and to provide shade and ventilation. However, the Mughal architects also
modified the Persian dome design to suit the local climatic conditions and building techniques. While it is
true that the domes in Mughal architecture have Persian influences, it would be inaccurate to say that they
are purely Persian. The Mughal architects adapted and modified various architectural elements to create
their unique style, which is an important part of India's architectural heritage. Both architectural types
Mughal and Persian have domes, which have a similar model in that they sit atop a cylindrical drum
before narrowing to a point and being topped with a finial. Mughal structures occasionally have numerous
smaller domes adorning their rooftops. This is one of the Persian influences over the Mughal
architectures. Those domes can be witnessed in building like the Taj Mahal, Tomb of Jahangir and so on.

The Arches

One of the most commonly used arches in Mughal architecture is the pointed arch, which is a hallmark of
Islamic architecture. This type of arch is characterized by a pointed top and two curves that slope down
from the top. The pointed arch was used extensively in Mughal buildings such as the Taj Mahal, the Jama
Masjid, and the Red Fort. Another type of arch used in Mughal architecture is the horseshoe arch, which
is a feature of Central Asian and Persian architecture. The horseshoe arch has a round top and two curves
that slope inward to form a U-shape. This type of arch can be seen in buildings such as the Buland
Darwaza and the tomb of Salim Chishti in Fatehpur Sikri. The Mughal architects also used other types of
arches, such as the round arch and the four-centred arch, in their buildings. These arches were often used
in combination with each other to create complex and intricate designs. The arches in Mughal architecture
are an important element that reflects the synthesis of different architectural traditions and styles. The
Mughal architects adapted and modified various types of arches to suit their aesthetic and functional
requirements, and created a unique architectural style that continues to inspire and awe people to this day.
This fact is shown by two well-known structures: the Grand Mosque of Isfahan for Persian architecture
and the Taj Mahal for Mughal architecture. It was constructed for aesthetic purposes, as well as to house
Masyrabia's windows and reduce the amount of sunlight that enters in the buildings.

The Minarets

The minaret is an important architectural element in Mughal architecture. A minaret is a tall, slender
tower that is usually located next to a mosque, and is used to call the faithful to prayer. In Mughal
architecture, the minaret served both a functional and decorative purpose.

The Mughal architects drew inspiration from Central Asian and Persian architectural traditions in
designing their minarets. The most famous example of a minaret in Mughal architecture is the Qutub
Minar in Delhi, which was built in the 12th century during the rule of the Delhi Sultanate, a predecessor
of the Mughal Empire. The Qutub Minar is an example of Indo-Islamic architecture and is one of the
tallest minarets in the world.

In Mughal architecture, the minarets were usually built in pairs or groups of four, and were often
decorated with intricate patterns and designs. The minarets were typically made of red sandstone or
marble, and were adorned with decorative elements such as calligraphy, geometric patterns, and floral
motifs. The minarets were also used to create a visual balance and harmony with the main structure, such
as a mosque or a tomb.

One of the most famous examples of minarets in Mughal architecture can be seen in the Taj Mahal
complex in Agra, which features four minarets that surround the central tomb. The Taj Mahal's minarets
are made of white marble and are decorated with intricate inlaid designs. The minarets are an important
element in Mughal architecture, and reflect the influence of various architectural traditions and styles.
The Mughal architects adapted and modified the minaret to suit their aesthetic and functional
requirements, and created a unique architectural style that continues to inspire and awe people to this day.

The Iwans

The iwan is a key architectural element found in both Mughal and Persian architecture. It is a large,
vaulted space with a flat roof and open on one side, typically facing a courtyard or garden. The iwan
serves as a functional and decorative feature of the building, providing a sheltered area for social and
religious gatherings, and also adding a grand and majestic appearance to the structure. In Persian
architecture, the iwan was used extensively in public buildings such as mosques, madrasas, and
caravanserais. The iwan was often used as the main entrance to the building, and was adorned with
intricate tile work and calligraphy. In Mughal architecture, the iwan was also a common feature,
especially in public buildings such as mosques and tombs. “The use of the iwan in Mughal buildings,
such as the Mausoleum of Akbar the Great and the Agra Fort, is a testament to the enduring legacy of
Persian architectural traditions."3 The Mughal architects drew inspiration from Persian architecture and
incorporated the iwan into their designs. The iwan was often used as a transitional space between the
exterior and interior of the building, and was adorned with decorative elements such as intricate carvings
and geometric patterns. One of the most famous examples of the iwan in Mughal architecture can be seen
in the Jama Masjid in Delhi. The Jama Masjid's iwan is a grand and impressive structure with a large
3
Richard M Eaton, India's Islamic Traditions 711-1750. New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006.
central arch, and is adorned with intricate calligraphy and geometric patterns. The iwan is an important
architectural element in both Persian and Mughal architecture, and reflects the influence of various
architectural traditions and styles. The iwan is a symbol of grandeur and magnificence in these
architectural styles which adds in the beauty of the buildings

Muqarnas

Muqarnas is a distinctive form of ornamentation in Islamic architecture that consists of a series of three-
dimensional geometric shapes arranged in tiers, creating a honeycomb-like structure. Muqarnas was a
popular decorative element in Mughal architecture and was used extensively in many of the empire's most
famous buildings.

In Mughal architecture, muqarnas was typically used in the following ways:

Dome and vault decoration: Muqarnas was often used to decorate domes and vaults in Mughal
buildings. The intricate, three-dimensional designs added depth and texture to these structures, creating a
visually stunning effect.

Porticoes and arches: Muqarnas was also used to decorate porticoes and arches in Mughal buildings.
The intricate patterns created by muqarnas added a sense of complexity and depth to these structures,
making them appear more grand and impressive.

Ceiling decoration: Muqarnas was often used to decorate the ceilings of Mughal buildings. The
complex patterns and three-dimensional shapes created by muqarnas added a sense of drama and
grandeur to these spaces.

Niches and alcoves: Muqarnas was also used to decorate niches and alcoves in Mughal buildings. The
intricate patterns and three-dimensional shapes created by muqarnas added depth and texture to these
spaces, making them appear more ornate and visually stunning.

The use of muqarnas in Mughal architecture was a testament to the empire's commitment to creating
visually stunning and ornate buildings. The intricate patterns and three-dimensional shapes created by
muqarnas added depth, texture, and drama to Mughal structures, making them some of the most
impressive examples of Islamic architecture in the world. Muqarnas in Mughal architectural sites can be
witnessed in Taj Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, Humayun’s Tomb, Agra Fort and Badshahi Mosque.

Pishtaq

The pishtaq is a distinctive feature of Mughal architecture that is often seen in the design of mosques,
palaces, and tombs. A pishtaq is a rectangular or arched frame that surrounds the entrance to a building
and serves as a transition between the exterior and interior. Here are some characteristics of pishtaqs in
Mughal architecture:

Central Entrance: A pishtaq is usually placed at the center of a building's facade, and it serves as the
main entrance.

Elaborate Decoration: The pishtaq is often decorated with intricate carving, calligraphy, and tile work.
The decoration may include geometric patterns, floral motifs, and verses from the Quran.
Proportions: The pishtaq is designed to be visually balanced with the rest of the building. It is usually
taller and wider than the surrounding architectural elements, but it is still proportional to the overall size
of the building.

Multistory: In Mughal architecture, the pishtaq is often multistory, with each level decreasing in size as
it moves towards the top. This creates a sense of height and grandeur.

Domed Top: The top of the pishtaq is often crowned with a small dome, which is usually decorated with
tile work or calligraphy.

Some examples of Mughal buildings that feature pishtaqs include the Jama Masjid in Delhi, the Taj
Mahal in Agra, and the Humayun's Tomb in Delhi. The pishtaq is a distinctive feature of Mughal
architecture that adds to the grandeur and beauty of the buildings.

Geometric Patterns

Mughal architecture was heavily influenced by Persian art and culture, and this is reflected in the use of
Persian geometric patterns in Mughal architecture. Persian geometric patterns were incorporated into the
decoration of many Mughal buildings, including palaces, tombs, and mosques. Here are some examples
of Persian geometric patterns in Mughal architecture:

Arabesques: Arabesques are a common decorative element in Persian art and were also used extensively
in Mughal architecture. They consist of intricate, interlacing geometric patterns, which are often
combined with floral motifs.

Girih: Girih is a type of Islamic geometric pattern that originated in Persia. It consists of a network of
interlocking polygons and stars, which create intricate patterns. Girih patterns can be seen in the
decoration of many Mughal buildings, including the tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah in Agra.

Tiling: The use of tiles to create geometric patterns is another feature of Persian art that was adopted by
the Mughals. Mughal buildings often feature tiles arranged in complex geometric patterns, such as
hexagons, squares, and stars.

Hexagons: Hexagons are a common geometric shape used in Mughal architecture. They can be seen in
the design of tiles, screens, and other decorative elements.

Squares: Squares are another common geometric shape used in Mughal architecture. They are often used
to create intricate patterns, such as the chaharbagh layout of Mughal gardens.

Stars: Stars are a popular geometric shape in Mughal architecture and can be seen in the design of domes,
ceilings, and other decorative elements

The Analysis of Mughal Architecture through the lens of Persian influence:

Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal is widely considered to be the most iconic example of Mughal architecture, and it is well-
known that Persian architecture played an important role in the design of the monument. The Mughals
were heavily influenced by Persian culture and art, and this influence is evident in the design of the Taj
Mahal. The Persian architecture influenced the design of the Taj Mahal in following patterns:

The Symmetry: Persian architecture is known for its highly symmetrical design, and this is reflected in
the layout of the Taj Mahal. The monument is perfectly symmetrical in its design, with a central dome
flanked by four smaller domes, and four minarets at the corners of the platform.

The Calligraphy: Persian calligraphy is known for its elegance and beauty, and it was used extensively
in the decoration of the Taj Mahal. The walls of the monument are adorned with intricate calligraphy,
including verses from the Quran and other religious texts.

The Gardens: Persian gardens were an important part of Persian architecture, and the Mughals
incorporated this element into the design of the Taj Mahal. The monument is surrounded by a large
garden, with a central water channel and fountains.

The Tile work: Persian architecture is famous for its intricate tile work, and this technique was used
extensively in the decoration of the Taj Mahal. The monument is adorned with a variety of decorative
elements, including floral motifs and geometric patterns, all created using glazed tiles.

The Iwan: The iwan, a rectangular or arched space, is a common element in Persian architecture, and it
was used in the design of the Taj Mahal. The monument features a large iwan on the south side, which
serves as the main entrance to the tomb.

"The Taj Mahal is perhaps the most famous example of Mughal architecture, with its Persian-inspired
dome, minarets, and intricate carvings."4 The influence of Persian architecture on the design of the Taj
Mahal is evident in its symmetrical layout, intricate decoration, and use of garden elements. The
monument is a testament to the cultural exchange between the Mughals and Persians, and it continues to
be admired for its beauty and elegance.

Humayun’s Tomb

Humayun's Tomb is another famous example of Mughal architecture in India, and it also shows a strong
Persian influence. "The tomb of Humayun marks a new phase in the development of Mughal architecture.
It is the first great monumental tomb of the Mughals and one of the most magnificent examples of
Persian-inspired architecture in India."5

Here are some of the ways in which Persian architecture influenced the design of Humayun's Tomb:

The Double Domes: One of the most notable features of Humayun's Tomb is its double dome, which is a
hallmark of Persian architecture. The outer dome is larger and more decorative, while the inner dome is
smaller and serves as the actual roof of the tomb.

The Persian Calligraphy: Persian calligraphy is known for its beauty and elegance, and it was used
extensively in the decoration of Humayun's Tomb. The walls of the monument are adorned with intricate
calligraphy, including verses from the Quran and other religious texts.

4
Robert Hillenbrand, Islamic art and architecture. London: Thames and Hudson, (1999).
5
Catherine B.Asher C, Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
The Iwan: The iwan is a common element in Persian architecture, and it was also used in the design of
Humayun's Tomb. The monument features several iwans, including the main entrance on the south side.

The Gardens: Like the Taj Mahal, Humayun's Tomb also features a large garden surrounding the
monument. The garden is divided into four parts by walkways and water channels, and it includes several
fountains and pools.

The Decorative tile work: Persian architecture is known for its intricate tile work, and this technique was
also used in the decoration of Humayun's Tomb. The monument is adorned with a variety of decorative
elements, including floral motifs and geometric patterns, all created using glazed tiles.

The Persian influence on the design of Humayun's Tomb is evident in its use of double domes,
calligraphy, iwans, gardens, and tile work. The Mughals were known for their love of Persian culture and
art, and they incorporated these elements into their own architecture to create a unique style that continues
to be admired today.

The Tomb of Jahangir at Lahore

"Jahangir's Tomb is a masterpiece of Mughal architecture, blending Persian, Indian, and Islamic design
elements into a harmonious whole."6 Jahangir's Tomb is another example of Mughal architecture that
shows a strong influence from Persian architecture. Here are some of the ways in which Persian
architecture influenced the design of Jahangir's Tomb:
A central dome: Like many Persian buildings, Jahangir's Tomb features a central dome that is a hallmark
of Persian architecture. The dome is surrounded by smaller domes and chhatris (domed pavilions),
creating a symmetrical layout.

The Intricate Tile work: Persian architecture is famous for its intricate tile work, and this technique was
also used in the decoration of Jahangir's Tomb. The monument is adorned with a variety of decorative
elements, including floral motifs and geometric patterns, all created using glazed tiles.

The Calligraphy: Persian calligraphy is known for its beauty and elegance, and it was used extensively
in the decoration of Jahangir's Tomb. The walls of the monument are adorned with intricate calligraphy,
including verses from the Quran and other religious texts.

The Iwans: Like Humayun's Tomb, Jahangir's Tomb also features several iwans, or rectangular or arched
spaces, which are a common element in Persian architecture. These iwans provide access to the tomb and
other parts of the monument.

The Gardens: Persian gardens were an important part of Persian architecture, and they were also
incorporated into the design of Jahangir's Tomb. The monument is surrounded by a large garden, which
includes several water channels and fountains.

The Jahangir's Tomb is evident in its symmetrical layout, use of a central dome, intricate tile work,
calligraphy, iwans, and gardens. The Mughals were known for their appreciation of Persian culture and

6
Francis Robinson, The Mughal Emperors and the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran, and Central Asia,
1206-1925. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2007.
art, and they incorporated these elements into their own architecture to create a unique style which is
preserved till today.

Aaram Bagh today known as Ram Bagh at Agra India

The design of Aram Bagh garden was heavily influenced by Persian and Islamic styles of gardening,
which were popular during the Mughal period. Babur, who was a patron of the arts and a lover of nature,
was likely familiar with these styles and incorporated them into the garden's design.

Some of the key Persian and Islamic design elements seen in Aram Bagh include:

Central water channel: The garden's central water channel, which is surrounded by lush green lawns and
flowerbeds, is a common feature of Persian gardens in Mughal architecture. This channel also serves to
cool the surrounding air, making the garden a pleasant place to relax even in hot weather.

Fountains and cascades: Fountains and cascades were often used in Persian and Islamic gardens to
create a soothing, peaceful atmosphere. The sound of flowing water was thought to promote relaxation
and contemplation.

Symmetrical layout: The garden's symmetrical layout is another hallmark of Persian and Islamic
gardening styles. The layout creates a sense of balance and harmony, and is meant to reflect the order and
symmetry of the natural world.

Use of pavilions: The garden's pavilion, or Baradari, is another common feature of Persian and Islamic
gardens. These structures provide a shaded retreat from the sun, and are often decorated with intricate
designs and ornamentation.

“The garden's use of axial symmetry, water features, and architectural elements such as pavilions and
gateways demonstrates the influence of Persian garden design on Mughal architecture." 7 Precisely,
Persian and Islamic design elements played a significant role in the creation of Aram Bagh, reflecting the
Mughal Empire's cultural and artistic connections to the wider Islamic world.

Mughal Paintings

Mughal architecture combines Islamic, Persian, and Indian design elements. The renowned Mughal
paintings were created by the Persian artists Mir Sayyid Ali and Abu us Samad during the reign of
Humayun. Their work was gradually impacted by regional aesthetics to produce Indian Mughal art and
architecture. The Tutinama (Tales of Parrot) painting is the first instance of Mughal art painted during the
rule of Emperor Humayun. The Persian painters contributed a lot in establishing colorful paintings and
miniatures which beautified the Mughal court. Under Jahangir, softer, more subdued colours were used,
as well as progressively sophisticated brushstrokes. The images of nature, images from durbars, the king's
own life as it is described in “Jahangirnama”8 and portraits were the primary subjects of the paintings of
Mughal architecture. Further, Themes from Persian literature and Hindu mythology are depicted in
7
James L. Wescoat, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn, Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and
Prospects. Washington, D.C: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1996.
8
Jahangirnama known as Tuzk-e-Jahangiri is an autobiograhy of Emperor Jahangir which was originally
published in 1863 in Persian language.
paintings from the Mughal Empire. Throughout time, these themes gave way to more realistic topics
including royal portraits, events and details from imperial court, wild life and hunting scenes, and war
drawings. "Mughal paintings are a reflection of the cosmopolitan character of the Mughal court, which
blended Indian, Persian, and Central Asian cultures. Their Persian influence is evident in their use of
calligraphic inscriptions, intricate borders, and scenes of courtly life and hunting." 9

Conclusion

Conclusively, the Persian influence on Mughal architecture was significant and profound. It resulted in
the creation of some of the most beautiful and iconic buildings in the world, and it served as a testament
to the grandeur and sophistication of the Mughal era. The fusion of Persian and Indian architectural styles
created a unique and distinct style that continues to inspire architects and designers today. The legacy of
Persian influence on Mughal architecture is an important part of India's cultural heritage, and it serves as
a reminder of the enduring relationship between India and Iran. The Persian influence on Mughal
architecture is also significant because it reflects the cultural exchange between the two regions. The
Mughal Empire was a melting pot of cultures and religions, and the Persian influence on Mughal
architecture is just one example of this exchange. The Mughals were known for their tolerance and
acceptance of different cultures, and this is reflected in their architecture. The Persian influence on
Mughal architecture was a defining feature of one of the most magnificent architectural styles in history.
The Mughal era was a time of great cultural and intellectual achievement, and it laid the foundation for
the development of Indian architecture and art in the centuries that followed.

9
Ebba Koch, and Rosa Maria Cimino. Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology: Collected Essays. New Delhi:
Oxford University Press, 2001.