HISTORY

Islamic architecture has a rich and diversified history dating back millennia,
representing the Islamic world's cultural, religious, and creative achievements.
Islamic architecture has its roots in the 7th century, when Islam first emerged in
the Arabian Peninsula. Initially, Islamic architectural styles were influenced by pre-
existing architectural traditions such as Byzantine and Persian, but they evolved
throughout time into separate forms distinguished by specific traits.

One distinguishing feature of Islamic architecture is its concentration on

geometric patterns and elaborate motifs. This is especially obvious in the usage of
arabesque, a complex and symmetrical decoration that frequently covers surfaces
such as walls, ceilings, and floors. The elaborate geometric patterns are not only
beautiful, but also symbolic, expressing the Islamic worldview's inherent unity and
order.

Mosques are fundamental to Islamic architecture, acting as both places of

prayer and gathering spaces for the community. Mosques' designs vary by area,
displaying a combination of local customs and Islamic precepts. One of the most
famous examples is the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain, which has a spectacular
horseshoe arch, elaborate mosaics, and a harmonic combination of Islamic and
Moorish architectural elements.

The use of calligraphy is another distinguishing aspect of Islamic

architecture. Arabic calligraphy, with its graceful and flowing style, is commonly
used to express lines from the Quran or other holy texts. Calligraphy is more than
just a decorative feature; it also serves to express the divine message and
enhance the spiritual ambiance of a room.

Throughout history, Islamic architecture has expanded across broad

geographical areas, influencing a variety of cultures and civilizations. From the
architectural marvels of the Alhambra in Spain to the complex patterns of Turkey's
Blue Mosque, Islamic architecture exemplifies Islamic civilization's enduring heritage
and contributions to the world of art and architecture.
Several significant breakthroughs and successes in Islamic architecture have had
a long-term influence on the architectural environment. Here are some major events
and trends:

1. The early period of Islamic architecture (7th-10th centuries) was marked by

the construction of the first mosques, such as the Prophet's Mosque in
Medina and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. These early constructions
established Islamic architectural ideas, including basic patterns, domes, and
minarets.
2. The Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates (7th-13th centuries) saw the creation
of Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock, a symbol of early Islamic architecture. The
Abbasid Caliphate, which was based in Baghdad, helped to shape palace
architecture, with constructions such as Samarra's Palace of the Caliphs
featuring beautiful stucco ornamentation and unique architectural concepts.
3. Islamic Spain (8th-15th centuries): Islamic control in Spain, notably during the
Umayyad and Al-Andalus periods, resulted in architectural wonders such as
the Alhambra in Granada. The Alhambra is known for its superb Islamic art,
elaborate tilework, and breathtaking gardens, which reflect a unique
combination of Islamic, Moorish, and Spanish architectural features.
4. Seljuk and Ottoman Empires (11th-20th centuries): The Seljuk Turks, and
subsequently the Ottoman Empire, contributed significantly to the
development of Islamic architecture. The Seljuks added aspects such as the
massive entry gate (iwan) to buildings, whilst the Ottomans left an everlasting
stamp with monuments like Istanbul's Hagia Sophia and the Blue Mosque.
Ottoman architecture is distinguished by huge domes, minarets, and
widespread use of tiles.
5. Mughal Empire (16th-19th centuries): In South Asia, the Mughal Empire built
some of the most renowned specimens of Islamic architecture, including
Agra’s Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal is known for its symmetrical form, white
marble structure, and beautiful inlay work, which exemplifies a mix of Persian,
Indian, and Islamic architectural elements.
6. Contemporary Islamic Architecture: Today, architects in Islamic-majority
countries and throughout the world continue to be inspired by traditional
Islamic architectural principles while adding contemporary aspects. The King
Abdullah Economic City in Saudi Arabia, the Petronas Towers in Malaysia, and
the Qatar National Museum are examples of contemporary Islamic
architecture that combines tradition with modernity.
The history of Islamic architecture is diverse and dynamic, reflecting the
cultural, political, and artistic evolution of Islamic societies over the centuries.
Each period and region have contributed uniquely to the rich tapestry of Islamic
architectural heritage.
GEOGRAPHY and LOCATION

Islamic architecture, with its diverse and rich legacy, spans regions and
continents, demonstrating Islam's global reach. The geographical dispersion of
Islamic architecture is inextricably linked to the historical spread of Islamic
civilizations. The Arabian Peninsula, as the cradle of Islam, is home to early Islamic
architectural marvels including the Prophet's Mosque in Medina and the Quba
Mosque. These structures, with their modest designs and emphasis on community
prayer, established the fundamental ideas of Islamic architectural traditions.

Moving westward, the Islamic influence in North Africa is obvious in Tunisia's

Great Mosque of Kairouan, which features characteristic horseshoe arches and
geometric motifs. Islamic governance in Spain throughout the Umayyad and Al-
Andalus periods had a lasting influence, as seen by the Alhambra in Granada and the
Great Mosque of Cordoba. These constructions are a unique combination of Islamic,
Moorish, and Western architectural forms, highlighting the cross-cultural
connections that shaped the region's history.

In Central Asia and Persia, the Seljuk and Timurid empires helped to produce
complex tilework and unique patterns. The Jameh Mosque in Isfahan in Iran and the
Samarkand Registan in Uzbekistan are examples of the region's architectural
brilliance. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia left an unmistakable stamp on
Istanbul's Hagia Sophia and Blue Mosque, which include majestic domes, towering
minarets, and exquisite tilework.

During the Mughal Empire, architectural influences from Persian, Indian, and
Islamic cultures merged on the Indian subcontinent. The Taj Mahal in Agra, the
Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, and the Jama Masjid in Delhi all demonstrate the
grandeur and elaborate workmanship that became synonymous with Mughal
architecture. Finally, Southeast Asia has developed a distinct adaption of Islamic
architecture, combining local traditions with Islamic inspirations. The Sultan Omar
Ali Saifuddin Mosque in Brunei and the Great Mosque of Banda Aceh in Indonesia
demonstrate regional variety within the larger Islamic architectural context.

In conclusion, the geography of Islamic architecture reveals a complex

interaction of historical, cultural, and regional factors. From the simplicity of early
Arabian constructions to the grandeur of Mughal monuments, Islamic architecture
has grown and adapted, leaving an unmistakable mark on the landscapes and skylines
of many different locations across the world.
 A sequence of significant events has influenced the geography of Islamic
architecture, revealing the dynamic interaction of historical, cultural, and political
influences. The erection of Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock, completed in 691 CE
during the Umayyad Caliphate, was a watershed point in Islamic architectural history.
This landmark tower, with its unique golden dome and elaborate tilework, is not only
a marvel of Islamic art, but also represents Jerusalem's spiritual significance in
Islam, influencing the region's architectural story.

From the eighth to the fifteenth century, Islamic governance in Spain, known
as Al-Andalus, saw a golden period for Islamic architecture. The Alhambra in
Granada, with its palaces, courtyards, and gardens, represents the blending of
Islamic, Moorish, and Western elements. Similarly, the Great Mosque of Cordoba,
with its horseshoe arches and exquisite adornment, exemplifies the ethnic variety
that defined the geography of Islamic architecture throughout this time period.

The Ottoman Empire, which existed from the 14th to the early twentieth
century, had a considerable effect on Islamic architecture, notably in Anatolia. The
conversion of the Hagia Sophia into a mosque in the 15th century and the
construction of the Blue Mosque in the 17th century demonstrate the Ottoman
focus on grandeur, towering domes, and meticulous tilework. These constructions
not only functioned as places of worship, but also as emblems of Ottoman imperial
authority and culture.

A cultural renaissance occurred in Safavid Persia during the 17th century,

influencing the geography of Islamic architecture. The Safavids, noted for their
encouragement of the arts, built architectural marvels like the Shah Mosque in
Isfahan, which is distinguished by its magnificent tilework, inventive design, and
incorporation of calligraphy into structural components. This time demonstrates
how geopolitical and cultural forces may influence a region's architectural
character.

Finally, the Mughal Empire had a significant effect on Islamic architecture in

the 16th and 17th centuries. Emperor Shah Jahan's commissioning of the Taj Mahal
in Agra as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal is a timeless emblem of love and
architectural beauty. The Taj Mahal's beautiful craftsmanship, white marble
structure, and immaculate gardens demonstrate the integration of Persian, Indian,
and Islamic architectural features, leaving an everlasting mark on the geography of
Islamic architecture in South Asia.
DESIGN CHARACTERS

Islamic architecture incorporates a wide range of architectural characteristics

that contribute to its particular character. Here are 18 examples of architectural
components typically seen in Islamic architecture:

1. Geometric Patterns: Surfaces are adorned with complicated geometric

patterns, such as tessellations, star patterns, and interlocking motifs.

2. Arabesque: Intricate scrolling and interlacing foliage patterns that lend

movement and continuity to architectural surfaces.

3. Calligraphy: is the employment of Arabic writing, particularly Quranic

passages, as ornamental components on walls, domes, and arches.
4. Domes: Prominent domes that represent the cosmic sphere and are
frequently decorated with complex motifs and calligraphy.

5. Minarets: are tall, thin towers with balconies that broadcast the call to prayer,
adding to the verticality of Islamic architecture.

6. Courtyards: are central open spaces within structures, such as mosques and
palaces, that are used for socializing and praying.

7. Gardens: Landscaped gardens that represent paradise and are typically

included into the overall design of structures.
8. Islamic Arch: Islamic design has pointed or horseshoe arches at doors,
windows, and arcades.

9. Iwan: A vaulted hall or chamber, frequently open on one side, that provides
shelter and serves as a focal point in mosque design.

10. Mihrab: A recess in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca
for prayer, frequently decorated with beautiful designs and calligraphy.

11. Mashrabiya: Latticed wooden screens used for seclusion and ventilation with
geometric designs that are commonly found in windows.
12. Mosaics: are intricate tilework that creates patterns, pictures, and
calligraphic inscriptions on walls, domes, and floors.

13. Muqarnas: are stalactite-like ornamental embellishments found in domes and

arches that give depth and intricacy.

14. Qibla Wall: The wall in a mosque that faces Mecca, which is generally marked
by a mihrab and elaborate decorations.

15. Horseshoe Arches: are arch designs with a rounded top and flared sides that
are commonly utilized in Islamic architecture.
16. Cupolas: are small, elegant domes that are sometimes clustered together to
provide decorative aspects to structures.

17. Water Features: Fountains, ponds, and mirrored surfaces are symbols of
purity that are frequently used into courtyard architecture.

18. Mudéjar Influence: Decorative aspects inspired by Islamic architecture in non-

Islamic locations, such as Seville's Alcázar.
DESIGN INFLUENCE

Islamic architecture has had a deep and long-lasting impact on design across
several fields. Contemporary designers have embraced the elaborate geometric
patterns and arabesque motifs seen in Islamic architecture, inspiring a wide range
of items, including textiles, pottery, and graphic design. These patterns, with their
accuracy and symmetry, add a feeling of harmony and visual richness to
contemporary graphic design. The combination of traditional Islamic motifs with
modern aesthetics has become a distinguishing characteristic in branding,
packaging, and digital media.

Islamic architecture has had a considerable architectural effect in the realm

of interior design. Horseshoe arches, rich calligraphy, and colorful tilework seen
in mosques and palaces have all influenced the design of spectacular interiors
across the world. Modern houses and commercial buildings frequently combine
Islamic design influences, resulting in a combination of classic beauty and
contemporary utility. This influence is especially noticeable in ornamental items such
as furniture, lighting fixtures, and wall coverings.

Islamic architecture has had a significant effect on urban planning and

landscape architecture. The notion of open courtyards, which has been used in
Islamic design for centuries, has impacted modern landscape architecture. Public
spaces and gardens frequently have courtyard-like characteristics that allow for
social gathering, meditation, and relaxation. The design concepts of Islamic
gardens, which include water features, paths, and lush foliage, have influenced the
building of peaceful and visually appealing public areas all over the world.

In terms of fashion, Islamic architecture has inspired textile design and

clothing. Traditional Islamic designs, particularly those found in tiles and mosaics,
are frequently depicted in fabric prints. The beauty of Islamic design, with its
emphasis on fine details and brilliant hues, has permeated the fashion industry,
resulting in clothing that represent a blend of cultural history and current style.

Islamic design concepts have had an impact on the worldwide architectural

scene as well. The usage of domes, arches, and minarets, which are typical of Islamic
architecture, may be seen in modern structures all over the world. Architects
sometimes take inspiration from the timeless elegance of Islamic architecture and
incorporate comparable characteristics into modern designs, resulting in a perfect
balance of history and modernity.
Finally, Islamic architecture's design influences may be seen throughout a wide range
of creative sectors, including graphic and interior design, urban planning, fashion,
and architecture. The timeless beauty and cultural depth of Islamic design continue
to inspire and define today's visual language.

Images that portray Islamic architecture:

TAJ MAHAL, INDIA

DOME OF THE ROCK,

JERUSALEM
JAME MOSQUE OF YAZD, IRAN

GREAT MOSQUE OF SAMARRA, IRAQ

THE CITADEL OF ALEPPO, SYRIA