PRINCIPLE PROPERTIES OF BUILDING

MATERIALS

Building materials have an important role to play in this modern age of

technology.

There are certain general factors which affect the choice of materials
for a particular scheme. Perhaps the most important of these is the
climatic background.

Another factor is the economic aspect of the choice of materials.

The rapid advance of constructional methods, the increasing

introduction of mechanical tools and plants, and changes in the
organisation of the building industry may appreciably influence the
choice of materials.
1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

Material Bulk density (kg/m3)

Brick 1600–1800
Granite 2500–2700
Sand 1450–1650
Pine wood 500–600
Steel 7850
M = mass of dry material (g)
V = volume of material including the pores (mm3)
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
 The important mechanical properties considered for building materials are: strength,
compressive, tensile, bending, impact, hardness, plasticity, elasticity and abrasion
resistance.
 Introduction - Foundation
General:
A building is a structure consisting of walls, floors and
roofs.

Purpose: residence, education, business, Manufacturing,

storage, hospitalization, entertainment and worship etc.

Factors for method of construction and Material:

1. Character of occupancy
2. Location of site
3. Climate
4. Local material
5. Funds available
Types of buildings:

1. Residential buildings

2. Educational buildings
3. Institutional buildings

4. Assembly buildings
5. Business buildings

6. Mercantile buildings
7. Industrial

8. Storage

9. Hazardous
Components of building:
Broadly into 2 parts-
1. Sub structure
2. Super structure

Sub parts:
a. Foundations
b. Plinth
c. Walls
d. Columns
e. Floors
f. Doors, windows and ventilators
g. Stairs
h. Roof
i. Building finishes
j. Building services
Design Loads

The basic requirements of any structural component of a

building is that it should be strong enough to carry or
support all possible types of loads.

1. Dead loads

2. Live loads

3. Wind loads
Dead loads:
- A building shall comprise of the weight of all walls,
partitions, floors and roofs and shall include the weight of
all other permanent construction in the building

- From unit weights of the some common material , as per

IS: 1911 - 1967
Live loads

Super imposed loads, consists movable or variable

loads, due to people occupancy, furniture, temporary
stores, machinery etc.
Wind load on industrial building:

Pe = Cs. Ca.Cg.q
4. Snow Loads:
s = . so
where , s = design snow load in Pa on plan area of roof
m = shape coefficient for the type of roof under
consideration
s0 = ground snow load Pa
Further details IS:875 - 1987

5. Earthquake Loads:
- vibration at ground
- X & Y directions in horizontal plane (dangerous lateral loads)
- z direction in vertical plane

Total design lateral force or siesmic base shear (Vb) = Ah. W

w = seismic weight of building, Ah = horizontal acceleration spectrum
coefficient =
Z .I Sa
Ah  .
2.R g
Function of Foundation:
 Basic function of a foundation is to transmit the dead loads,
superimposed loads or live loads and wind loads

 Since it is at below the G.L signs of failure of foundation are not

noticeable.

 Foundation should be sufficiently strong to prevent excessive

settlement as well as unequal settlement
Functions of Foundations…..

1. Reduction of load intensity

2. Even distribution of load

3. Provision of level surface

4. Lateral stability

5. Safety against the undermining

6. Protection against soil movements

 Essential requirements of good foundation

1. It shall be sustain the D.L, L.L and to transmit them to

subsoil, the pressure on it should not cause settlement.

2. It should be rigid so that settlements are minimized

3. Foundation should be taken sufficiently deep to guard the

building against the damage or distress caused by
swelling or shrinkage of the sub-soil
 Types of Foundations

Foundations may be broadly classified into 2

1. Shallow foundations
 If depth of foundation equal to or less than its
width

2. Deep foundations:
 If depth of foundation equal to or greater than its
width
Shallow Foundations: Loads will transfer at shallow depths
1. Spread footings
2. Combined footings
3. Strap Foundation
4. Mat Foundation

a. Spread footings: spreading the

super imposed load of wall or
column over a larger area
b. Combined footings: A spread footing support the two or more
column is termed as combined footing.
i. Rectangular
ii. Trepezoidal
iii.Combined column-wall
c. Strap footings: If the independent footings of two
columns are connected by a beam called strap footings.
 d. Mat Foundation:
 A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire
area beneath a structure and supports all the walls and
columns.
 Deep foundation:
 Transfer the loads at deeper depths

Different types:
1. Deep strip, rectangular or square footing
2. Pile foundation
3. Pier foundation
4. Well foundation or caissons
Pile foundation:

Main function:
1. Transmit the load at deeper depths, when firm bearing
capacity not available at shallow depths
2. When we heavy loads coming from the super structure
3. When ground soil is having expansive nature
Pile foundation…
Piles used in building 4 types:-
1. End bearing piles
2. Friction piles
3. Combined end bearing and friction piles
4. Compaction piles
Pier foundation:
It is larger diameter to support larger
Super imposed loads to the firm
Strata.
Example: Bridge foundation

Well foundation: its like box type structures – circular or

rectangular shape, much higher diameter than pier
foundation