CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

In day today life building is essential for all to live. In this modern
world, construction technology and architecture is very much improved.
The construction can be done through planning and designing and analyzing
etc…In ancient days the planning an designing of the Building can be made
manually but in this modern world some software are used are used (such as
AutoCAD, STADDpro, etc..,) Which can make it very simple and easy for
correction in future.
Civil engineers should design a building in economical way and also
fulfill the needs of client
In view of reducing the loads and cost of the building, framed
structure are constructed.

1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING

 Residential building
 Office building
 Educational building
 Industrial building
 Institutional building
 Business building
 Storage building
 Dwellings
 Assembly building

1
1.1.1 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different for
different classes of people depending on the income and status of the individual,
rich people require luxury building a standard residential building of the apartment
type has dining room, dressing room, bath and W.C, kitchen, living room, bed
room, veranda, staircase, etc…

1.1.2 OFFICE BUILDING

The building primarily to be used as an office or for office purposes,

administration, clerical money handling money, telephone and telegraph operating
and operating computer, calculating machines, ‘clerical work’ includes writing,
book keeping, sorting papers, typing, filling, duplicating, punching or tapes,
drawing of matter for publication and the editorial preparation of matter for
publication.

1.1.3 EDUCATIONAL BUILDING

These shall include any building used for school, college or day-care
purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is
not covered.

1.1.4 INDUSTRIAL BUILDING

These shall include any building or a part of a building or structure in

which products or materials of various kinds and properties are fabricated
assembled or processed like assembly plants, power plants, refineries, gas plants,
mills, dairies, factories, workshops, etc…

2
1.1.5 INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING

These shall include any building or a part thereof, which issued for
purposes, such as medical or other treatment in case of persons suffering from
physical and mental illness, diseases or infirmity, case of infants of aged persons
and for penal or correctional detention in which the liberty of the inmates is
restricted in institution building ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the
occupants it includes.

Hospitals, custodial institutions or penal institutions like jails, prisons

and reformatories.

1.1.6 BUSINESS BUILDING

These shall includes any building or a part of a buildings, which is used for
transaction of business for the keeping of accounts and records for similar purposes
– offices, banks, professional establishment, court houses, and libraries shall be
classified in this group so far as principal function of these is transaction of public
business and the keeping of books and records.

1.1.7 STORAGE BUILDING

These shall include any building or part of a building used primarily for
the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandize, like warehouse, cold
storage, depots, store house, garages, hangers, truck terminals, grain elevators,
barns and stables.

3
1.1.8 DEWELLINGS

These shall includes any building or part occupied by members of

single multi-family units with independent cooking facilities. These shall also
include apartment houses (flats)

1.1.9 ASSEMBLY BUILDING

These shall include any building or part of a building where groups of

people congregate or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic,
civil, travel and similar purposes, for example, theaters, motion picture houses,
assembly halls, marriage halls, city halls, town halls, auditoria, exhibition halls,
museums, skating rinks, gymnasiums, restaurants, (also used as assembly halls),
places of worship, dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations and terminals

1.2 The objective of the project are:

• Design project includes analysis, design of auditorium.
• Slab, beam, column and footing, stair case are going to design.
• Load conditions are taken from as per code IS 875-1987
• Guidelines for the designs are taken from IS 456-2000 and limits state
method is adopted.
• Plan, elevation and section are drawn in AUTO CAD.
• The analyses are done by using STAAD pro software.
• The elevation and 3D model is using RIVET ARCHITECTURE software.

4
1.3 The scope of the project is:

 Design using software can be useful if any additional modification has to be

done in the structure during its future life.

 To gain design knowledge on various structural elements like beam, column,

slab, foundation etc.

 To study how analysis is to be carried out by Stadd.Pro.

1.5 TYPES OF LOAD AND COMBINATION

DEAD LOADS:

Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loads the walls,
Beam, Columns, Flooring material and foundation system, and fixed equipment
accordance with IS 875-1987.

LIVE LOADS:

Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a auditorium. Live
Load is the externally load or force acting. The weight of people or goods in a
building or vehicle. After contrasted with dead load.IS 875-1987.

EARTHQUAKE LOADS:

Earthquake loads are horizontal loads caused by the earthquake and shall be
computed in accordance with IS 1893.The total force excerted on a structure by on
earthquake. The seismic loads on the structure during an earthquake for inertia
forces created. Mass of building ,the dynamic properties of indensity, duration
ground motion and soil-structure.IS 875-1987.

5
WINDLOADS:

Load experienced by member or structure due to wind pressure acting on the

surface. The load on a structure action of Wind. Produces no static loads on a
structure at highly variable magnitudes. The variation in pressures at different
locations on a building is action of wind IS 875-1987. In pounds per square foot,
placed on the exterior of a structure by wind.

This will depend on:

The angle at which the wind strikes the structure. The shape of the
structure (height, width, etc.)

LOAD COMBINATION

1.5*D (Dead load)

1.5*D + 1.5*L (Dead load+Live load)

1.5*D + 1.5*(W or S) (Dead load+Live load+Wind load)

0.9*D + 1.5*(W or S) (reversible wind/seismic forces)

1.2*D + 1.2*L + 1.2*(W or S) (reversible wind/seismic forces)

6
1.6 DESIGN THEORY

GENERAL:

The following are the design methods followed in India.

• Working stress method

• Ultimate load method

• Limit state method

WORKING STRESS METHOD:

This method is based on the elastic theory in which the material, concrete,
steel are to be stressed below their elastic limit under the design load. The factor of
safety value for different materials is obtained from experience. Usually factor of
safety values of 3 to 4 for concrete and 1.8 to 2 for steel are used in working stress
method.

ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD:

In ultimate strength design it is recognized that at high stresses in concrete

the relation between stress and strain is non-linear. Further, in this method the
design loads are multiples of the anticipated service loads. But in elastic design
stress is taken to be proportional to strain, and the design loads are equal to service
loads.

7
LIMIT STATE METHOD:

Limit states are the states beyond which the structure no longer satisfied the
specified performance requirements. The various limit states to be considered in
design may be grouped into the following two major categories:

Limit state of strength

The limit states, prescribed to avoid collapse of structure which may

endanger the safety of life and property, are grouped under this category. The limit
state of strength includes:

• Strength as governed by material.

• Bulking strength.

• Stability against overturning.

• Fracture due to fatigue.

• Brittle fracture.

Limit state of serviceability

The Limit state of serviceability include:

• Deflection.

• Vibration.

• Repairable damage or crack due to fatigue.

• Corrosion.

• Fire.

8
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
 P Thakre, S Jamle, K Meshram : To reduce the overall cost of the project,
it is highly recommend reducing the cost in different manner. To make
economic structure, the cost cutting should be done in every construction
stages. The dual systems in building structure consist of structural walls and
moment resisting frames. The walls are made up of RCC, which is a costly
material used. The purpose of current study is to explore the reduction in
shear wall area in multistorey building to reduce cost. Total 5 buildings
framed in Staad pro software abbreviated as SA, SB, SC, SD, SE supposed
to be situated at Seismic Zone III. Post parametric analysis results shows
that, the reduction in shear wall area should be adapted to a certain limit up
to 20 % for cost cutting.

 Edwards,L Torcellini,p This paper presents summary findings from a

literature search of the term ''daylighting''-using natural light in a building to
offset or replace electric lighting. According to the Department of Energy's
Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs 2000 BTS
Core Databook, in 1998, commercial buildings consumed 32% of the total
electricity in the United States, of which more than one-third went to
lighting. Using daylighting systems and turning off the lights will help
reduce this energy load. Electrical lighting adds to both the electrical and
cooling loads in a commercial building. Utility costs can be decreased when
daylighting is properly designed to replace electrical lighting. Along with the
importance of energy savings, studies have demonstrated the non-energy-
related benefits of daylighting. We compiled the data from books,
periodicals, Internet articles, and interviews. The books, periodicals, and
Internet articles provided the background information used to identify the
main subjects of the paper. The interviews provided us with details related to
specific buildings and companies that have integrated daylighting into their
buildings.

9
 G Winch: The aim of this paper is to propose a comprehensive framework
for the management of innovation in construction, addressing the
construction innovation problem in two distinctive ways at the institutional
and firm levels. First, an institutional perspective derived from research on
complex systems industries is developed which provides an alternative to the
volume production model for construction innovation research. The roles of
the innovation infrastructure, innovation superstructure and systems
integrator are all identified and applied to construction. The paper then
moves on to the firm level where the two key innovation dynamics - the top-
down adoption/implementation dynamic and the bottom up problem
solving/learning dynamic are identified. The paper ends by calling for more
case studies of the trajectories of construction innovations.

 ES Slaughter: Construction innovation offers the potential for significant

company, industry, and societal benefits. The objective of this paper is to
present five models of construction innovation, which can provide a basis
upon which companies can select and implement the innovations. Based
upon current management and economic theories of innovations, the models
reflect the unique conditions of constructed facilities, including the scale,
complexity, and longevity of the facilities, as well as their organizational and
social contexts. The innovations are differentiated by their degree of change
from current practice, and their links to other components and systems. The
five models are incremental, modular, architectural, system, and radical
innovations. Using this categorization of innovations, companies can plan
their implementation activities with respect to timing of commitment,
coordination among the project team, special resources, and level of
supervisory activity. Examples of construction innovations in each category
are discussed.

 CB Tatum Changing needs of owners, changing designs of constructed

facilities, and increased foreign competition for domestic construction
markets provide new incentives for advanced construction technology. This
paper describes a process for innovation in the construction firm, based on

10
 an investigation of several new construction methods. This process includes
recognizing forces and opportunities for innovation, creating a climate for
innovation, developing the necessary capabilities, providing new
construction technologies, experimenting and refining, and implementing.
The paper also develops practical applications to assist industry
professionals attempting to increase innovation within their firms and
implications to structure further investigations of construction innovation.

 S Karjalainen This review examines scientific literature on the effect of

gender on indoor thermal comfort. Gender differences have been generally
considered to be small and insignificant but this review shows that a
growing number of studies have found significant differences in thermal
comfort between the genders. Clearly more than half of the laboratory and
field studies have found that females express more dissatisfaction than males
in the same thermal environments.

 Very few studies have found males to be more dissatisfied than females. A
meta‐analysis shows that females are more likely than males to express
thermal dissatisfaction (ratio: 1.74, 95% confidence interval: 1.61–1.89).
However, most studies found no significant difference in neutral
temperatures between the genders. Females are more sensitive than males to
a deviation from an optimal temperature and express more dissatisfaction,
especially in cooler conditions.

11
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY

COLLECTION OF DATA

PLANNING

AUTOCAD

DESIGNING

SLAB

BEAMS

COLUMNS

STAIRCASE

LINTEL

SUNSHADE

COLUMN FOOTING

ESTIMATION

DETAILED ESTIMATION

ABSTRACT ESTIMATION

CONCLUSION

12
 CHAPTER 4
SPECIFICATIONS

Earth work:

Specification of earth work by mechanical means, i.e., excavations and

transporting equipment introduced. Specifications for earth work from major
works, import of earth and levelling works have been incorporated. Further,
constructions measures have been provided instead of pre-construction anti
terminate treatment.

Mortars:

Specification of lime mortar which is not in use now days have been
deleted. Standard of fly-ash have been up-dated.

Concrete work:

Specification of lime concrete which are not in use now days have been
deleted.

Reinforced cement concrete:

Specification of fly-ash had mixed cement concrete (FACC) and fly-ash

blended cement (PPCC), HSD bars of grade Fe415D, Fe500D, physical
properties and chemical composition of TMT bars, stripping time of from
work for RRC work using OPC43 grade cement and PPC, surface treatment
of shuttering by polymer-based water-soluable compunded, gas pressure
welding and RMC in corporate.

13
Brick work:

Specification of mechanized auto clave fly-ash lime bricks, sewer bricks,

burnt clay perforated building bricks and gypsum partition panels incorporated.

Stone work:
Specification of gang swa cut stone, providing and fixing dry stone cladding
and structural steel frame work for stone cladding have been added. Specification
of stone masonry in cement mortar with fines and with lime mortar are deleted.

Wood work and PVC Work:

Wood work in doors and windows for frame in deodar wood deleted as
deodar wood is not easily available. Specification of others species of wood,
available in market have been incorporate. Specification of LVL, UPVC, Solid
PVC, FRP flush and paneled door shutters and frames, wall paneling of calcium
silicate board and FRP charges included.

Steel Work:
Steel glazed doors and windows fixed, side hung, center hung, composite
units including mullion brand steel beadings are clubbed together and to be paid in
one item instead of earlier being measured in sqm. Profiles of pressed steel door
and windows framed revised.

Flooring:
Specification pertaining to be terms deleted. Specification for laying tiles in
flooring and a do with polymer based and adhesive included.

Roofing:
Non-asbestos cement sheet provided in place of asbestos cement sheet roofing.
Items of corrugated G.S sheet roofing 1.60mm thick & 1.25mm thick deleted as

14
these are not readily available. 20mm thick wooden plank roofing. 18mm insulting
board, 18mm flame retard and boar do roofs elated boards of these thickness are
not readily available. Lime concrete terracing deleted.
Finishing:
Items of plaster with lime deleted. Specification of gypsum plaster and
exterior painting on walls added.
Road work:
Items of preparation and consolidation of sub grade club bed together.
Supplying R.C.C post/struts/rails/pales at site are clubbed and to be paid in cubic
meter instead of numbers. Mix modified to 1:1.5:3 instead of 1:2:4. New items of
concertina coil fencing and chain link fencing. Dense Bituminous Macadam,
Bituminous concrete with CRMB & PMb are added. Various sign viz caution/
regulatory retro reflective board & overhead signage board roads marking (retro-
reflective) are also included channel, post delineators, Factory made RCC
pavements slabs, CC interlocking paver block & curbstones, Vacuumed-watered
CC pavement, Scarifying BM by mechanical mean set caveats been included.
Sanitary Installations:
Items of long pan W.C.C.P bras strap & union, G.I chain with G.I pull are
not in use now days and hence deleted. Specification of PVC is term and stainless
steels kitchen sink have been added.
Water supply:
Specification of PE-AL-PE pipes and CPVC pipes included. Items nomines
have been deleted.
Drainage:
Specification of stone ware pipes, RCC pipes. Updated and item not infuse
deleted.

15
 5.2.DESIGN OF SLAB

GIVEN DATA:

Floor size =18mX5m

M20 grade of concrete =7N/mm

Fe415 Steel =230N/mm²

Live load =2KN/m

Wall thick =230mm

TYPES OF SLAB:

Ly/lx=5/18

=0.27<2

This slab is two way slab

DESIGN CONSTANT:

K=93.33/σst+93.33 K=0.288

J=1-K/3

=1-0.288/3 J=0.904

Q=1/2×σcbc×J×K

=1/2×7×0.904×0.288 Q=0.91

DIMENSION OF SLAB:

Lx/D =28

18000/28=D

D=645mm

D=0.645m
16
ASSUME NOMINAL COVER=15mm

deff=D-nominal cover

=645-15=630mm

dx =630mm

dy=dx-(φ/2+φ/2)

=630-(10/2+10/2)

=630-10

dy =620mm

EFFECTIVE LENGTH:

SHORTEST SPAN

lx=Clear span +w/2+w/2

=18000+230/2+230/2

=18000+230

=18230mm

=18.23m

lx=Clear span +dx

=18230+630

= 18860mm

=18.86m

LONGEST SPAN

ly=Clear span +w/2+w/2

=5000+230/2+230/2
17
 =5230m

ly=Clear span +dy

=5000+620

=5620m

DESIGN OF LOAD

Self weight =1×D×b×ϒ

=1×0.645×1×25

=16.125KN/m

Live load =2KN/m

Finish load=0.75KN/m

Total load=16.125+2+0.75

=18.87KN/m

Facter load =1.5×18.87

=28.31KN/m

BENDING MOMENT CALCULATED

Mx=αx wlx2

My=αy wlx2

Ly/lx=0.27

αx=1

αy=1

Mx=1×28.31×18.86^2

=16.73×10^6Nmm

My=1×28.31×18.86^2
18
 =16.73×10^6Nmm

CHECK FOR DEPTH:

SHORTEST SPAN

dx eff=√Mx/Qb

=√16.73×10^6/0.91×1000

=135mm

LONEST SPAN

dyeff=√My/Qb

=√16.73×10^6/0.91×1000

dy eff=135mm

MAIN REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

SHORTEST SPAN

Mx=0.87xfyxAstxdx(1-fyxAst/fckxbxd)

16.73x10^6=0.87x415xAstx630x(1-415xAst/20x1000x630)

Ast=74.06mm²

ASSUME 10mmdia bars

ast= лd²/4

=л×10^2/4

=78.53mm2

NOS of bars=Ast/ast

=74.06/78.53

=2NOS

Spacing of bars=ast/Ast×1000
19
 =1000mmC/C

MAIN REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

SHORTEST SPAN

Mx=0.87xfyxAstxdx(1-fyxAst/fckxbxd)

16.73x10^6=0.87x415xAstx630x(1-415xAst/20x1000x630)

Ast=74.06mm²

ASSUME 10mmdia bars

ast= лd²/4

=л×10^2/4

=78.53mm2

NOS of bars=Ast/ast

=74.06/78.53

=2NOS

Spacing of bars=ast/Ast×1000

=1000mmC/C

20
PROVIDE 10mm DIA
BARS @SPACING
800mm

CROSS SECTION Y-Y

PLAN

ALL DIMENSION IN 'm'

CROSS SECTION X-X

21
 5.3. DESIGN OF BEAM

GIVEN DATA:

Span=18m

Wall thick=230mm

Live load=2KN/m

Dead load=1.5KN/m

Finish load=0.125KN/m

M20 grade of concrete=7N/mm²

Fe415 grade of steel=230N/mm²

DESIN OF CONSTANT

K=93.33/σst+93.33

K=0.288

J=1-K/3

=1-0.288/3

J=0.904

Q=1/2×σcbc×K×J

=1/2×7×0.288×0.904

Q=0.91

DIMENSION OF BEAM

Deff = Span/10(or) Span/8

=18000/10(or) 18000/8

=1800(or) 2250

22
 =1800mm

D=1800+50

D=1850mm

BREATH OF THE BEAM:

B=1/2×D (or) 2/3×D

=1/2×1850 (or) 2/3×1850

B=925mm

SIZE OF THE THE BEAM=925mm×1235mm

EFFECTIVE LENGTH:

Leff =Clear span +W/2+W/2

Clear span=18-0.925/2-0.925/2

=17.075mm

Leff=17.075+3.2

=20.275mm

DESIGN OF LOAD

Self weight=1× D ×ϒ

=1×1.85×0.925×25

=42.78KN/m

Live load=2KN/m

Dead load=1.5KN/m

Finish load=0.125KN/m

23
 Total load=42.78+2+1.5+0.125

=46.405KN/m

DESIGN OF BENDINGMOMENT

M=Wl2/2

=46.405×18^2

M=18.7×10^6Nmm

V=Wl/2

=46.405×18/2

V=4.17×10^3N

CHECK FOR DEBTH

M=√Qbd²

18.7×10^6=0.91×925×d²

dreq=1200mm

dpro > dreq

Hence OK

MAIN REINFORCEMENT

M=0.87×fy×Ast×dx(1-Astxfy/fckxbxd)

18.7×10^6=0.87×415×Ast×1800x(1-Astx415/7x1000x1800)

Ast=288.80mm²

ASSUME 16mm dia bars

ast=201.06

NOS of bars=Ast/ast=288.80/201.06

24
 NOS of bars=2NOS

Spacing of bars=700mmC/C

CHECK FOR SHEAR

τv=V/bd

=0.25N/mm² τc=0.50N/mm²

τc max=2.8N/mm²

VERTICAL STRIPS

SV1=Ast×0.87×fy/0.4×b

Asv=2 legged 8mm dia bars

SV1=100mm

SV2=0.75×1800

=1350mm

SV3=300mm

25
LOAD CALCULATION:
SLAB LOAD

Depth of slab=200mm

Live load =1.5KN/m²

Floor Finish =1KN/m²

Dead load of slab =dxγ

=0.2x25

=5KN/m²

Total load =7.5KN/m²

Unlimited load =7.5x1.5

=11.25KN/m²

BEAM LOAD

Size of beam =0.3mx0.45m

Dead load =0.3x0.45x25

=3.375KN/m

Finish load =1KN/m

Total load =4.375KN/m

Unlimited load =1.5x4.375

=6.56KN/m

GROUP 1:

B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,B8,B9,B10,B11,B12

= One triangular load+Dead load of beam

= Wlx/3+6.56
26
 =11.25x5/3+6.56

= 25.31KN/m

C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10,C11,C12,C13,C14

Wl/2=25.31x5/2

=63.27KN/m

GROUP 2:

B7,B13

=One trapezoidal load+Dead load

=Wlx/2 x(1-1/2R)

=11.25x5/2 x(1-1/2x1.5)+6.56

=21.56KN/m

=Wl/2

=21.56x18/2

=194.04KN

Column load =63.27+194.04

=257.31KN

27
 5.4.DESIGN OF COLUMN
GIVEN

P=300KN

=300x10³

leff =5m

fy =Fe415

fu =M20

DESIGN OF SQUARE COLUMN

DIMENSION CALCULATE

Ac=2% of Ag

Ac=0.02xAg

Pu=1.5x300x10³

=450x10³N

Pu=450x10³N

Pu=0.4fckxAc+0.67fyxAsc

450X10³ =0.4X20X(Ag-0.02Ag)+0.67x415x0.02Ag

Ag=33.57x10³mm²

Ag=a²

33.57x10³=a²

a = 183.22

a = 185mm

Area =185mmx185mm
28
SIENDERNESS RATIO

leff/d ≤12

=5000/185

27.02>12

THIS COLUMN IS A LONG COLUMN

AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Pu=0.4fckxAc+0.67fyxAsc

Ac=Ag-Asc

Ac=a²-Asc

Ac=185²-Asc

450x10³= 0.4x20x(185²-Asc)+0.6x250xAsc

Asc=1105mm²

ASSUME 32mm dia bars

Asc =πx32²/4=804.24mm²

NOS OF BARS=Asc/asc=1105/804.24

NOS=4NOS

PROVIDE32mm DIA BARS@4NOS

CHECK FOR ECCENTRICITY

Emin=L/500+D/30=500/500+185/30

Emin=16

Eper=0.05xD=0.05x185

Eper=9.25

Emin>Eper
29
CHECK FOR Asc

4nos of Asc=4xπx32²/4

Asc =3.21x10³mm²

CHECK FOR Asc

ASCmin=0.8% of Ag

=0.8/100x33.57x10³

Asc min=270mm²

Asc max=4% of Ag

=4/100x33.57x10³

=1345mm²

Ascmin<Ascmax

LATERAL TIE

(1) 6 mm

(2) 1/4xd=1/4x32=8mm

PROVIDE LATERAL TIE FOR 8mm dia bars

PITCH

(1) d =Size of column=185mm

(2) 16xd=16x32=512mm

(3) 300mm

PROVIDE 2legged 8mm dia bars@ PITCH 300mmC

30
 PROVIDE 8mm DIA BARS

PROVIDE 32mm DIA BARS

SECTION

PLAN

31
 5.5.DESIGN OF FOUNDATION

Maximum bending moment

M=195 x 103 x 3 x 1.275 x (1.275/2)

=475KN-m

Factored moment

Mu=1.5 m

=713 KN-m

Equating Mulim to Mu

0.138 f ck b d2 =0.138 x 20 x 3000 x d2

=713 x 106

32
 d =294mm

Providing 12mm ɸ bars at a clear cover of 60mm

Effective cover to upper layer of bars = 60 + 12 + 6

=78mm

Dreq =294 + 78

= 372 mm

The depth may be increased by 30 percent to limit the shear stresses.

Overall depth =500 mm

Actual effective depth d=500 – 78

=422 mm

Depth from punching shear consideration

Punching load = column load – Reaction on column area

= 1750 x 103 – (195 x 0.452)

=1710 KN

Factored Punching load = 1.5 x 1710

= 2565 KN

M20 concrete = 1.8 N/mm2

punching load=4 x 450 x D x1.8

= 2565 x 103

D = 791mm

Hence,

provide an overall depth of 800 mm

33
 Effective depth =722 mm

(Mu / bd2) = ((713 x 106) / (3000 x 7222)

(Mu / bd2) = 0.45

Percentage of steel required pt = 0.128

Ast = (0.128/100) x 3000 x 800

= 3072mm2

Use 12 mm ɸ bar

ast= (π/4) x 122=113mm²

Number of bar=Ast/ast

=3072/113

NOS= 28nos

A st= 28 x ((π/4) x 122)

Ast = 3164 mm2

34
35
36
37
 Scale 1:1

ALL DIMENSION ARE IN mm

Foundation

38
 DISCUSSION OF RESULT:
SLAB

 Percentage of slab is 0.12, and dia of bar is 8mm.

 Number of bars is 3(per meter).

 Total area of steel is 80 mm² (per meter).

 Spacing between bar is 1000 mm c/c.

BEAM

 Dia of bar is 12mm.

 Number of bars is 2.

 Total area of steel is 290 mm².

 Spacing of stirrups for beam is 700 mm c/c.

COLUMN

 Column is Long column.

 Cross section area is 185mm x 185 mm, dia of bar is 32mm.

 Number of bars is 4.

 Total area of concrete is 1105 mm².

 For the lateral ties spacing is 300 mm and dia of bar is 8 mm.

FOUNDATION

 Size of footing is 2x2 and depth is 0.8 mm and dia of bar is 12mm.

 Percentage of steel is 0.128, and total area of steel is 3164 mm2.

 Number of bars is 28.

39
 CHAPTER-6

DETAILED ESTIMATE

Measurement in m
s.no description No L B D Total
quantity(M3)
1 Earth work
in
excavation:
Short walls 2 6.2 0.9 0.9 10.04
Long walls 2 17.4 0.9 0.9 28.18
38.22
2 P.C.C
Short walls 2 6.2 0.9 0.3 3.348
Long walls 2 17.4 0.9 0.3 9.396
12.744
Brickwork
in
foundation
and plinth
3 walls
short wall:
1st footing 2 5.9 0.6 0.3 2.13
2nd footing 2 5.8 0.5 0.3 1.74
plinth walls 2 5.7 0.4 0.6 2.74
Long walls:
1st footing 2 17.7 0.6 0.3 6.372
2nd footing 2 17.8 0.5 0.3 5.34
plinth walls 2 17.9 0.4 0.6 8.592

20.3

4 Brick work:
Long walls 2 17.4 0.3 4.5 46.98
short walls 2 6.2 0.3 4.5 16.74

40
 63.72

Toilet
walls:
long wall 2 2.5 0.3 3 4.5
short wall 4 2 0.3 3 7.2
partition
wall 1 2.5 0.15 3 1.125
76.545

Reduction
for
5 openings:
5 Door 1 2.5 0.3 3 2.25
windows 8 1.8 0.3 1.5 6.48
ventilations 2 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.216
8.946
total brick work 67.599
6 Roof slab 1 18 5 0.15 13.15
plastering
7 for roof 2 18 5 - 180

41
6.1.1. EARTH WORK EXCAVATION:

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

1M3 Deep excavation 42.5 m3 42.5

Narrow
1M3 excavation 97.7 m3 97.7
Rs 140.21/m3

6.1.2. CEMENT MORTAR 1:2 -1M3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

720kg Cement 25400 tonne 18288
1M3 M-SAND 777 m3 777
1M3 Mixing charges 65.9 m3 65.9
RS 19130.9/M3

6.1.3. CEMENT MORTAR 1:3-1M3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

480 Kg Cement 25400 Tonne 12192
1m3 M-sand 777 m 3
777
1m3 mixing charges 65.9 m3
65.9

6.1.4. CEMENT MORTAR 1:4- 1M3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

360Kg Cement 25400 tonne 9144
1m3 M-sand 777 m3 777
1m3 mixing charges 65.9 m3 65.9
Rs 9993.9/m3

42
6.1.5. CEMENT MORTAR 1:5- 1M3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

288kg Cement 25400 tonne 7313.2
1m3 M-sand 777 m3 777
1m3 mixing charges 65.9 m3 65.9
Rs 8158.1/m3

6.1.6. CONCRETE BROKEN STONE (40MM SIZE) CC 1:5:10-10M3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

Hard broken
9.5M3 stone (40mm) 929 m3 8825.5
3
3.8M3 C.M 1:5 2300 m 8740
1.8nos Mason II 508 Nos 914.4
17.7nos mazdoor-I 355 Nos 6283.5
14.1nos Mason-II 320 Nos 4512
RS=29275.4/10M3
Rate for 1m3=Rs.2927.54

6.1.7. BRICK WORK IN C.M 1:3 USING I CLASS BRICK - 10M3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

BRICK
5000nos (19X9X9) 7085 M3 35425
3 3
2.2m C.M 1:3 3200 M 7040
3.5nos Mason I 567 Nos 1984.5
7.1nos Mazdoor-I 355 Nos 2520.5
10.6nos Mason-II 508 Nos 5384.8
21.2 nos Mazdoor-II 320 Nos 6784
3
RS.591388/10m

Rate for 1m3 =Rs.5913.88/10M3

43
6.1.8. DAMP PROOF COURSE 10M2 IN CM 1:3, 20MM THICK
USING CRUDE OIL - 10M2
QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT
0.21M3 C.M 1:3 3200 M3 672
3
5.8kg Crude oil 8 M 46.4
1.1nos Mason-I 567 Nos 623.7
2.1nos Mazdoor-I 355 Nos 745.5
1.1nos Masoon-II 508 Nos 558.8
1.1nos Mazdoor –II 320 Nos 352
Rs=2998.4/10m3

Rate for 1m3=Rs.299.84

6.1.9. R.C.C SLAB TO A THICKNESS OF 120mm 1:1.5:3-10m3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

Broken stone 20
3
9m mm 1293 m3 11637
4320 kg sand 777 Kg 3356.64
1200kg Cement 25400 Tone 30480
35.3 nos mason I 567 Nos 20015.1
2 2
120m Mazdooor I 355 m 42600
1200kg Steel 40500 Tone 48600
1200kg Bar bending 1500 Tone 18000
3 3
120m Centring charges 230 m 27600
15kg Binding wire 100 Kg 1500
3
RS=203788.74/10M
Rate for 1m3=RS.20378.88

44
6.1.10. RCC BEAM AND COLUMN 120MM THICK 1:1.5:3-10M3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

Broken stone 20
9M3 mm 1293 m3 11637
3
4320KG M sand 777 m 3356.64
1500KG cement 25400 tonne 38100
35.3NOS mason I 567 nos 20015.1
92M2 mazdoor I 355 m2 32660
1500KG Steel 40500 tonne 60750
1200KG Bar bending 1500 tonne 18000
120M3 Centring charges 230 m3 27600
15KG Binding wire 100 kg 1500
RS=142743.74/10m3
Rate for 1m3=RS.14274.37

6.1.11. PLASTERING WITH CEMENT MORTAR 1:2 12MM

THICK-10M3
QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT
3 3
0.14M C.M 1:2 4400 M 616
1.1NOS Mason I 567 NOS 623.7
0.5NOS Mazdoor I 355 NOS 177.5
1.1 NOS Mazdoor II 320 NOS 352
RS.1769.2/10M3
Rate for 1m3=Rs.176.93

6.1.12. PLASTERING WITH CEMENT MORTAR 1:3 12MM

THICK-10M3
QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT
0.14M3 C.M 1:2 3200 m3 448
1.1 NOS Mason I 567 nos 623.7
0.5 NOS Mazdoor I 355 nos 177.5
1.1 NOS Mazdoor II 320 nos 352
RS=1601.2/10m3
Rate for
1m3=Rs.160.12

45
6.1.13. PLASTERING WITH CEMENET MORTAR 1:4 12MM THICK-
10M3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

0.22M3 C.M 1:2 2800 M3 616
2.2NOS Mason I 567 NOS 1247.4
0.5NOS Mazdoor I 355 NOS 177.5
3.2NOS Mazdoor II 320 NOS 1024
RS.3064.9/10M3
Rate for
1m3=Rs.306.4

6.1.14. PLASTERING WITH CEMENT MORTAR 1:5 12MM THICK-10M3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

0.22M3 C.M 1:2 2800 M3 616
2.2NOS Mason I 567 NOS 1247.4
0.5NOS Mazdoor I 355 NOS 177.5
3.2NOS Mazdoor II 320 NOS 1024
RS.3064.9/10M3
Rate for
1m3=Rs.306.4
Rate for 1m3 =RS.295.49

6.1.15. PAINTING WITH CEMENT MORTAR 1:3-10M3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

0.04M3 C.M 1:3 3200 M3 128
2.2Nos Mason II 508 nos 1117.6
0.5nos Mazdoor I 355 nos 177.5
1.1nos Mazdoor II 320 nos 352
RS.1775.1/10m3
Rate for 1m3=RS.177.5

46
6.1.16. BRICK WORK FOR PARTITTION WALL IN CM 1:3 &
PLASTERING IN C.M 1:5 BOTH THE SIDE COMPLTE-10M2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

1M3 C.M 1:3 4500 M3 4500
Plastering C.M
20M3 1:5 220 M2 4400
1NOS Mason I 567 NOS 567
RS.9467/10M3
Rate for 1m3=Rs.946.7

6.1.17. FLOORING WITH CC 1:5:10 100MM THICK & FINISHED WITH

GRANITE TILES (400MM X 400MM X 20MM) THICK & PAINTED WITH
WHITE CEMENT -10M2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

fine screened
0.05M3 lime 919 M3 45.95
1.1Nos mason I 567 NOS 623.7
0.3nos mazdoor I 355 NOS 106.5
1.9nos mazdoor II 320 NOS 608
RS.1384.15/100M2
Rate for 1m3=Rs.13.84

6.1.18. WHITE WASHING WITH TWO COAT-100M2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

Fine screened
3
0.07M lime 919 m3 64.33
1.6nos Mason I 567 Nos 812.8
0.5nos Mazdoor-I 355 Nos 177.5
2.7nos Mazdoor-II 320 Nos 864
Rs=1918.63/100m3
Rate for

47
 1m2=Rs.19.18

6.1.19. DISTEMPERING SWITH TWO coat-10m2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

3
1.34KG Distemper 246 m 329.64
0.5nos Painter class 1 454 Nos 227
0.5nos Mazdoor-I 355 Nos 177.5
0.8nos Mazdoor-II 320 Nos 160
3
Rs.894.14/10m
Rate for
1m3=Rs.89.4

6.1.20. PRIMARY COATING NEW WOOD WORK-10M2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT
Ready mix
0.61 KG primer 356 Kg 217.16
0.7Nos Painter class 1 454 Nos 317.8
1 litre Turbine 100 Lit 100
L.s, Brush etc.., 80
2
Rs.714.96/10m
Rate for
1m3=Rs.71.49

6.1.21. PAINTING TWO COAT WITH READYMIX PAINTING-10m2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

Ready mix
1.4KG primer 356 Kg 498.4
1LITRE Paint 136.5 Litre 136.5
0.7 nos Turpentine 100 1 nos 70
L.s., Brush etc.., 50
Rs.754.9/10m2
Rate for

48
 1m2=Rs.75.50

6.1.22. BEST VARNISHING WOOD WORK ONE COAT-10M2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

0.77LIT BEST varnish 251 Lit 193.27
0.7 nos painter class 1 454 Nos 317.8
0.6 litre linseed oil 60 Lit 36
0.7 mazdoor I 355 NOS NOS 248.5
RS=795.57/10M2
Rate for
1m2=rs.80

6.1.23. PAINTING WITH CM 1:3-10M2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

0.04M2 C.M 1:3 3200 1M3 128
2.2NOS Mason II 508 NOS 1117.6
0.5NOS Mazdoor I 355 NOS 177.5
1.1NOS mazdoor II 320 NOS 352
RRS.1775.1/10M2
Rate for 1m2=Rs.177.5

49
6.1.24.SUPPLY OF DOORS AND WINDOWS

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

Fixing of main
door with teak
1 Nos wood 94672 1 nos 946672
provision of
country wood
4nos door 32751 1 nos 32751
2 nos P.V.C doors 2750 1 nos 5500
provision of
glazed and
4nos grilled window 7700 1nos 30800
provision of
2nos ventilator 4500 1 nos 9000
1nos strong room 8000 1nos 8000
Rs=180723

50
 COST OF LABOUR

1.Mason I class -Rs.567 each/day

2.Mason II class -Rs.508 each/day
3.Mazdoor I class -Rs.355 each/day
4.Mazdoor II class -Rs.320 each/day
5.Painter I class -Rs.454 each/day
6.Painter II class -Rs.421 each/day
7.Filter I class -Rs.501 each/day
8.Mixing charges(hand mix) -Rs.66 each/day
9.Mixing charges(machine mix) -Rs.87.5 each/day
10.carpenter I class -Rs.555 each/day
11.Girding charges -Rs.200 each/day

51
6.2. ABSTRACT ESTIMATION OF AUDITORIUM BUILDING:

S.NO DESCRIPTION QUANTITY RATE/M3 AMOUNT

Earth work in 38.22
1 excavation: 140.2 5358.44
2 P.C.C 12.744 2927.54 37308.57
Brickwork in
foundation and
3 plinth walls 20.3 20378.87 413691
4 Brick work 67.599 5913.88 399772.4
5 R.C.C slab 13.15 20378.87 267982.1
plastering for
6 roof 180 939.03 169025.4
Plastering for
7 wall 168 939.03 157757
1450895

The approximate rate of auditorium building is =15,00,000/-

52
 CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION

The planning design and estimation of auditorium has been completely

effectively in our project. The proposed AUDITORIUM in an under the
construction. It will be completed within 18 months. Detailed, estimate, sub data
and main data or prepared as per standard specification. All drawings in this
project report was drafted using AutoCAD software. The correct schedules of
rates are adopted. The approximate amount for the AUDITORIUM is 1500000.

53
 CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES
1.Dr.B.C.Punmia,Ashok kumar jain, Design of elements R.C.C. Designs
Reinforced concrete structures,2002.

2.Ahmed Ali Elkhateep,Ain shams Engineering journal of sound and vibration

78(4)

3.Howard latham, Subjective measurements-practice,The measurement of quality

in auditorium axoustics by subjective scaling methods.

4.Chan Haan &Fergus Fricke,staristical investigation of Geometrial parameters for

the acoustic design of auditoria.

5.Bodycombe,Audience Geometry,Journal of sound and vibration.

54