PROJECT MEMBERS

Name of the student Register number

 ABSTRACT
The use of two or more types of fibers in a suitable combination may
potentially improve the overall properties of concrete and also result in
performance concrete. The combining of fibers, often called hybridization, is
investigated in this paper for a M25 grade concrete. Control and two-fiber
hybrid composites were cast using different fiber proportions of steel,
polypropylene and glass fibre. Compressive test and split tensile strength were
performed and results were extensively analyzed to associate with above fiber
combinations. Based on experimental studies, the paper identifies fiber
combinations that demonstrate maximum compressive and flexural strength of
concrete.
 INTRODUCTION
The mechanical properties of concrete can be improved by randomly oriented
short discrete fibers which control initiation, propagation, or coalescence of cracks.
The main disadvantage of incorporating a fiber is the loss of workability and the
increased difficulty of casting. This status mostly leads to insufficient workability
and high volumes of entrapped air in concrete resulting in reduction of its strength
and durability. The modern concrete can be designed to have a high workability that
allows the concrete to flow in the congested reinforcement areas and fill complicated
formwork without segregation. The performance of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC)
depending on the properties of concrete and the fibers. The properties of fibers that
are usually of interest are fiber concentration, fiber geometry, fiber orientation, and
fiber distribution. Moreover, the use of a single type of fiber may improve the
properties of FRC to a limited level.
 However the concept of hybridization, which is the process of adding two or more types

of fiber into concrete, can offer more attractive engineering properties as the presence of

one fiber enables the more efficient utilization of the potential properties of the other fiber.

It has been shown from previous studies that the concept of hybridization with two different

fibers incorporated in a common cement matrix can offer more attractive engineering

properties because the presence of one fiber enables the more effective utilization of the

potential properties for the other fiber. Steel fiber has a considerably larger length and

higher Young’s modulus of elasticity as compared to the other fiber-types. This leads to an

improved flexural rigidity and has great potential for crack control, although the volumetric

density is high. It is also important to note that steel is conductive in both electric and

magnetic fields and hence, the steel fiber content has to be reduced to a certain level.
 OBJECTIVE

The usefulness of fiber reinforced concrete in various Civil Engineering

applications is thus indisputable. Hence this study explores the feasibility of hybrid
fiber reinforcement aim is to do parametric study on compressive strength, Flexural
strength, tensile strength study etc. with given grade of concrete, proportions and
percentage of steel, propylene and glass fibre.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
S.NO NAME CONCEPT

1 BANTHIA et.al
Hybrids based on the fiber constitutive response, in which one fiber is
stronger and stiffer and provides strength, while the other is more
ductile and provides toughness at high strains. Hybrids based on fiber
dimensions, where one fiber is very small and provides microcrack
control at early stages of loading; the other fiber is larger, to provide a
bridging mechanism across macrocracks.

2 GANG et al.
Fiber is the loss of workability and the increased difficulty of casting.
This status mostly leads to insufficient workability and high volumes of
entrapped air in concrete resulting in reduction of its strength and
durability (Burak et al, 2007). The modern concrete can be designed to
have a high workability that allows the concrete to flow in the congested
reinforcement areas and fill complicated formwork without segregation.
The
S.NO NAME CONCEPT

3 SAHMARAN et al
However the concept of hybridization, which is the process of adding
two or more types of fiber into concrete, can offer more attractive
engineering properties as the presence of one fiber enables the more
efficient utilization of the potential properties of the other fiber.

4 BENTUR et al.
It has been shown from previous studies that the concept of
hybridization with two different fibers incorporated in a common
cement matrix can offer more attractive engineering properties because
the presence of one fiber enables the more effective utilization of the
potential properties for the other fiber. Steel fiber has a considerably
larger length and higher Young’s modulus of elasticity as compared to
the other fiber-types. This leads to an improved flexural rigidity and has
great potential for crack control, although the volumetric density is high.
METHODOLOGY
 MATERIAL USED
 Cement.
 Fine aggregate.
 Coarse aggregate.
 Proportion of steel fiber and polypropylene
 Water
 CEMENT
Cements of different grades are available in market. We are using
Portland pozzolona cement of 43 Grade available in local market has
been used in the project and of specific gravity 3.15.It must be kept in
mind either we use low alkali cement or use Alkali resistance glass
fiber to reduce alkali content in the concrete.
S.NO PROPERTIES VALUES
.
1 Normal consistency 31 mm

2 Initial setting time 120 min

3 Final setting time 300 min

4 Fineness test 7%

5 Specific gravity 3.15

 FINE AGGREGATE
Sand was used as fine aggregate of specific gravity 2.86. Sand covers the
major part of the construction forum. Unit the introduction of fly ash and
quarry dust river sand was the only fine aggregate to used. In Tamil Nadu the
most common places of where river sand and collected in trichy. In the recent
decade river sand is being fast replacement by Quarry Dust, fly ash and pond
ash.
S.NO. PROPERTIES VALUE
1 Specific Gravity 2.86
2 Water absorption 1.65%
3 Fineness modulus 2.5
 COARSE AGGREGATE
Aggregate are the most mined materials in the world. The coarse aggregate is
the important materials to be added in concrete. The aggregate of size greater
than 4.75mm are generally termed as coarse aggregate are,
 Crushed aggregate
 Uncrushed aggregate

S.NO. PROPERTIES VALUE

1 Specific Gravity 2.70
2 Water absorption 1.40%
3 Bulk density 1490 kg/m3
 STEEL FIBER
Steel fibers are short, discrete lengths of steel with different aspect ratio
from about 30to 150 with different cross sections. Different types of Steel
fibers are hooked ends, crimped, glue hooked end etc these are most
commonly used fibers. Their shape will be Round of diameter 0.25 to
0.75mm. They Enhances flexural, impact and fatigue strength of concrete.
Thin shells and plates have also been constructed using steel fibers. In the
present work crimped steel fiber with flat end used. These steel fibers are
brought from Bharat Steel Chennai Pvt.Ltd (BSC). The properties off steel
fibers with their specifications are mentioned in the table below.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
FIBER

SPECIFICATIONS VALUES

Length in mm 55

Diameter in mm 1.0

Aspect ratio 55

Tensile strength in GPa 1.71

Elasticity modulus in GPa 205

Specific gravity 7.48

 POLYPROPYLENE FIBER

Polypropylene fiber is composed of crystalline and noncrystalline

(amorphous) regions. The fiber range in size from fractions of a micrometer to
centimeters in diameter. The manufacturing of this fiber have to two different
types. First one is pulling wire procedure with circular cross section or by
extruding the plastic film with rectangular cross section. And appearance of this
fiber in fibrillated bundles, mono filament. These fibers have different length
12mm, 24mm; 40mm cut length is available.In the present investigation the
polypropylene fibers with 12mm cut length is used. These polypropylene fibers
are brought from Bharat Steel Chennai Pvt Ltd (BSC). The properties off
polypropylene fibers with their specifications are mentioned in the table below.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
POLYPROPYLENE FIBER

SPECIFICATIONS VALUES

Length in mm 40

Diameter in mm 1

Aspect ratio 40

Specific gravity(g/cm2) 0.9

 GLASS FIBER

The Glass fiber use shall be high-quality Alkaline–Resistant glass fiber which is
designed to reinforce cementitious and other alkaline matrix
PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBER

SPECIFICATIONS VALUES

Length in mm 12

Diameter 14 microns

Density 26KN/m3

Specific gravity 2.6

Aspect ratio 857:1

Tensile strength 1700MPa

Modulus of elasticity 73GPa

 MIX DESIGN

Mix design is defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of

concrete and determining their relative proportions with the object of
producing concrete of certain minimum strength and durability as
economically as possible. The mix design must consider the environment that
the concrete will be in exposure to sea water, trucks, cars, forklifts, foot traffic
or extremes of hot and cold. A Mix design was conducted as per IS 10262-
1982 to arrive at M25 mix concrete.
 SPECIMEN PERCENTAGE OF PERCENTAGE OF PERCENTAGE OF
STEEL FIBRE POLYPROPYLENE GLASS FIBRE
USED FIBRE USED USED

1 0.5% 0.4% 0.1%

2 0.3% 0.5% 0.2%

3 0.4% 0.3% 0.3%

 TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX
PROPORTIONING
f’ck = fck+ 1.65 s

where,

f’ck= target average compressive strength at 28 days

fck= characteristic compressive strength at 28 days = 20 N/mm2

s = standard deviation = 4 N/mm2 (from Table 1, IS 10262 : 2009)

t = statistical value dependent on expected results

According to IS:456-2000 and IS 1343-1980, the characteristic strength is defined as that

value below which not more than 5 percent results are expected to fall, in which case the
above equation reduces to

Therefore, target strength = 25 + 1.65 x 4.0 = 31.6 N/mm 2

 
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT
  Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Compressive
  steel fibre used polypropylene fibre glass fibre used strength(N/mm2)
Specimen used
7 days 14 days 28 days

1 Concrete with 0 % addition of fibre 20.18 23.45 27.13

2 0.5% 0.4% 0.1% 31.52 40.41 47.25

3 0.3% 0.5% 0.2% 22.91 28.91 36

4 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 28.34 37.50 43.60

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF HHFRC

  Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Compressive

  steel fibre used polypropylene fibre glass fibre used strength(N/mm2)
Specimen used
7 days 14 28
days days

1 Concrete with 0 % addition of fibre 4.3 4.58 5.11

2 0.5% 0.4% 0.1% 5.29 7.17 9.68

3 0.3% 0.5% 0.2% 4.62 5.18 8.12

4 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 4.78 5.92 8.86

 CONCLUSION
The study on the effect of hybrid fibers with different proportions can still be a promising
work as there is always a need to overcome the problem of brittleness of concrete. The following
conclusions could be drawn from the present investigation-
Compressive Strength
• We conclude that the compressive strength between Steel fibre of 0.5%,Polypropylene of
0.4% & Glass fibre of 0.1% and Steel fibre of 0.4%,Polypropylene fibre of 0.3% & Glass fibre
of 0.3% is increase high as compare to other interval.
• 0.5%,Polypropylene of 0.4% & Glass fibre of 0.1% Gives High Strength as Compare to other
Combination
Split Tensile Strength
• 0.5%,Polypropylene of 0.4% & Glass fibre of 0.1% Gives High Strength as Compare to other
Combination
• 3. Slump Value Increasing the percentage of steel fiber in Hybrid Combination reduces the
slump value, to maintain the constant slump we have to increase the super plasticizers dose in
 REFERENCES
[1] Bentur A, Mindess S (1990). Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites, Elsevier Applied

Science, London, UK. 1990

[2] Banthia N, Nandakumar N (2003). Crack Growth Resistance of Hybrid Fiber Composites,

Cem. Con. Comp., 25(1): 3-9.

[3] Chen B, Liu J (2000).Contribution of hybrid fibers on the properties of the polypropylene

hybrid fibers, Cem. Con. Comp. 22(4): 343-351

[4] Kawamata A., Mihashi H., Fukuyama H. (2003) “Properties of hybrid fiber reinforced cement-

based composites.” Journal of advanced concrete Technology, 1-3, Japan concrete institute, pp

283-290.

[5] Balaguru P N & Shah S P. Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites", McGraw-Hill Inc; 1992.
[6] Marcovic I., Walraven J.(2003), “ Self-Compacting hybrid fiber Concrete-mix design,
Workability and Mechanical Properties”, Third International Symposium on Self-Compacting
Concrete 2003, Reykjavik, pp. 763-775
[7] Dawood E. T and Ramli M. (2011), “Contribution of Hybrid Fibers on The Hybrid Fibers
on the Properties of High Strength Concrete Having High Workability”, The Twelfth East
Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, Procedia Engineering
14 (2011) 814–820
[8] Ahmed S.F.U, Maalej M., Paramasivam P (2007), “Flexural responses of hybrid steel–
polyethylene fiber reinforced cement composites containing high volume fly ash”
Construction and Building Materials, 21 (2007), pp. 1088–1097
[9] Nataraja MC, Dhang N, Gupta AP (1999). Statistical variations in impact resistance of
steel fibre-reinforced concrete subjected to drop weight test. Cem. Con. Res., 29(8): 989-995.

[10] Ravichandran A.,Suguna K., And Ragunath P.N.(2009),” Strength Modeling of High-
Strength Concrete with Hybrid Fibre Reinforcement”, American Journal of Applied Sciences,
vol 6(2), pp219-223
Thanking you