WOLDIA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+2 BUILDING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF B.SC. DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ADVISOR NAME:- MR. ABAYNEH A.

SUBMITTED TO:- CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Submission date:-

WOLDIA, ETHIOPIA
 DECLARATION

This thesis has been done by students of Woldia University Institute of Technology, school of civil
and water engineering, department of civil engineering. We are responsible for all the information
mentioned in this thesis project.

Approval of advisors

We certified that the above statement made by students is correct to the best of our knowledge and
belief.

PREPARED BY ID

1. FIRAOL EJARA 104254

2. EYOB SISAY 104106
3. SURAFEL ABEBE 103959
4. EPHREM DILNESA 103530
5. EBSA ALIYI 0894/08
6. HAYAT MUHAMMED 02160/09

Department head Approved by: - ………………………………

Date: ………………………. Signature: ………………………

Advisor: - …. …………………………………………………...

Approved by: - ………………………………………………….

Date: ………………………. Signature: ……………………….

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our greatest thanks from the depth of our heart is to God for endowing us with the courage, strength
as well as health through-out our school time and for the successful accomplishment of this project.

Next we would like to express our deepest gratitude to our project advisor Mr. Abayneh A. for their
valuable advice and support throughout the project for the completion of this work.

We also like to extend our recognitions to all school of Civil Engineering Staffs for their willingness
to share their knowledge and experience.

Last but not the least, we would like to thank all who contributed for the successful completion of
this paper by us giving their countless material & moral support.
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Now a day’s construction industry plays a great role for the development of a nation in all aspects.
As we all agree, behind every construction activity there must have structural analysis and design,
from this consideration directly or indirectly structural analysis and design have a huge application in
the development of a nation.

This thesis works on the structural analysis and design of G+2 used for residential building by the
new Ethiopian building code of standard ES EN 2015 based on what we have studied in the past
academic years.

The thesis will have an objective to develop new skill, strength our capacity on structural analysis
and design as well as integrate different discipline for specified and justified problem. Beside this, it
will create awareness for others to develop this project idea for civil engineering profession.

This paper contains nine (9) chapters; the first one is the general introduction and material properties.

The second chapter is analysis and design of roof, the third and fourth chapters’ deal with slab
analysis and stair case design. Chapter five and six are about modeling and lateral load analysis
whereas chapter seven and eight deals with beam design and column design.

The ninth chapter is foundation design of the building the 10th chapter deals with recommendation
and conclusion.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground

The project is a structural analysis and design of G+2 Building in Woldia, Ethiopia by the new
Ethiopian building code of standard ES EN 2015.

In our structural design, our main aim is to ensure that our structure will perform during its design
life and check that the structure is capable of caring loads applied on it. Design loads acting on
individual elements are evaluated by using hand calculations and software as aids. We use this
design loads to calculate internal forces and deflections at critical points along the elements. The
objective of the design is structural safety, serviceability, and durability.
1.2 Design Criteria for Buildings

To analyze or design a structure, it is necessary to establish criteria for determining whether a given
structure is acceptable for use in a specified circumstance. The most important criteria are; Safety,
Serviceability, Efficiency, Construction, Costs etc.

Safety

It implies the likelihood of partial or total collapse of the structure is acceptably low not only under
normally expected loads (service loads) but also under abnormal but probable overloads (such as due
to an earthquake or extreme wind). Collapse may occur due to various possibilities such as exceeding
the load bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue and fracture etc.

Serviceability

The structure must be able to carry the design load safely without excessive material distress and
with deformations within an acceptable range. This is achieved by using safety factors in the design
of the element. By altering the size, shape, and choice of material, stresses in a structure can be
maintained at safe levels and such that material distress (e.g. cracking) does not occur. This is
basically a strength criterion and is of fundamental importance Associated with deformations
including movements in structures and vibration. Control is achieved through stiffness of a structure
and its damping characteristics.

Constructions

Construction includes considerations such as the type of effort or human power required to construct
a given facility, the type and extent of equipment required, and the total amount of time necessary to
complete construction.
 Costs

It is an influential factor in the choice of most structures. The cost criterion cannot be separated from
the criteria of efficiency and construction. The total cost of a structure depends primarily on the
amount and cost of material used, cost of labor required to construct the facility, and the cost of
equipment needed during construction. A highly efficient structure that is not difficult to construct
will probably be an economical one.

Durability

The structure shall be designed such that deterioration over its design working life does not impair
the performance of the structure below that intended, having due regards to its environment and the
anticipated level of maintenance.
1.3 Design Philosophies

Over the years, various design philosophies have evolved in different parts of the world, with regard
to reinforced concrete and steel. Each design philosophy is built upon a few fundamental
assumptions.

1. Working Stress Method (WSM)

This was the traditional method of design philosophy. The conceptual basis of it is structural material
behaves in a linear elastic manner and that adequate safety can be ensured by suitably restricting the
stresses in the material induced by the expected working loads' (service loads which mean un-
factored loads) on the structure. As the specified permissible (allowable) stresses are kept well below
the material strength (i.e., in the initial phase of the stress-strain curve), the assumption of linear
elastic behavior is considered justifiable. The ratio of the strength of the material to the permissible
stress is often referred to as the factor of safety. The main drawback of WSM are it does not provide
a realistic measure of the actual factor of safety underlying a design since it provides large section
and become uneconomical also it is not applicable semi-plastic or doesn't' account inelastic strain
property of material. It has also been found to be unsafe when dealing with the stability of structures
subject to overturning forces.

2. Ultimate Strength (Load) Method (USM)

With the growing realization of the shortcomings of WSM in reinforced concrete design, and with
increased understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete at ultimate loads, the ultimate load
method of design (ULM) evolved in the 1950s and became an alternative to WSM. In this method,
the non-linear stress−strain curves of concrete and steel are accounted and safety measure in the
design is introduced by an appropriate choice of the load factor, defined as the ratio of the ultimate
load (design load) to the working load. In this also it possible for different types of loads to be
assigned different load factors under combined loading conditions, thereby avoiding the shortcoming
of WSM. But the main shortcoming of this method is it does not apply factors of safety to material
stresses, it cannot directly take account of the variability of materials, and also it cannot be used to
calculate the deflections of cracking at working loads since excessive deformation& cracking formed
in given section.

3. Limit States Method (LSM)

The philosophy of the limit states method of design (LSM) represents a definite advancement over
the traditional design philosophies. Unlike WSM, which based calculations on service load
conditions alone, and unlike ULM, which based calculations on ultimate load conditions alone, LSM
aims for a comprehensive and rational solution to the design problem, by considering safety at
ultimate loads and serviceability at working loads. It uses a multiple safety factor format which
attempts to provide adequate safety at ultimate loads as well as adequate serviceability at service
loads, by considering all possible “limit states”.

Limit States:- A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a structure ceases to
perform its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either safety or serviceability i.e., it either
collapses or becomes unserviceable. There are three types of limit states.

1. Ultimate limit states:- (or limit states of collapse):- which deal with strength, overturning,
sliding, buckling, fatigue fracture, etc. It concerns safety of people and the structure. Also, ultimate
limit states shall be verified where they are relevant:

Loss of equilibrium of the structure or any part of it, considered as a rigid body.
Failure by excessive deformation, transformation of the structure or any part of it into a
mechanism, rupture, loss of stability of the structure or any part of it, including supports
and foundations.
Failure caused by fatigue or other time-dependent effect.

2. Serviceability limit states:-Which deal with discomfort to occupancy or malfunction, caused by

excessive deflection, crack-width, vibration, leakage and loss of durability, etc. It concerns the
functioning of the structure or structural members under normal use, the comfort of people and
appearance of the construction work. The verification of serviceability limit states should be based
on criteria concerning the following aspects:-

a) Deformations that affect

 The appearance,
The comfort of users, or
The functioning of the structure (including the functioning of machines or services), or that
cause damage to finishes or non-structural members

b) Vibrations

That cause discomfort to people, or

That limits the functional effectiveness of the structure

c) Damage that is likely to adversely affect

The appearance,
The durability, or
The functioning of the structure.

3. Special limit state: - This class of limit states involves damage or failure due to abnormal
conditions or abnormal loadings and includes:

Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes,

Structural effects of fire, explosions, or vehicular
Structural effects of corrosion or deterioration and collapse
Long-term physical or chemical instability (normally not a problem with concrete structure.
1.4 Design criteria according to ES EN 1992:2015

To analyze and design a structure, it is necessary to establish criteria’s or requirements for

determining whether a given structure is acceptable for use in a specified circumstance or for use
directly as a design objective that must be met. ES EN 1990:2015 gives the following during design
of reinforced concrete or any structure for that matter.

1. A structure shall be designed and executed un such a way that it will, during its basic requirements
intended life, with appropriate degree of reliability and in economical way sustain all actions and
influences likely to occur during execution and use and remain fit for the use for which it is required
(ES EN 1990:2015 section 2.1(1) P).

2. A structure shall be designed to have adequate structural resistance, serviceability, and durability
(ES EN 1990:2015 section 2.1(2) P).

3. In the case of fire, the structural resistance shall be adequate for the required period of time (ES
EN 1990:2015 section 2.1(3) P).
4. A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events
such as explosion, impact, and the consequences of human errors, to an extent disproportionate to the
original cause (ES EN 1990:2015 section 2.1(4) P).

5. Potential damage shall be avoided or limited by appropriate choice of one or more of the
followings (ES EN 1990:2015 section 2.1(5) P).

Avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards to which a structure can be subjected;

Selecting a structural form which has low sensitivity to the hazards considered;

Selecting a structural form and design that can survive adequately the accidental removal of
an individual or limited part of structure, or occurrence of acceptable localized damage;

Avoiding as far as possible structural systems that can collapse without warning;

Tying the structural member together.

According to ES EN 1990:2015 section 2.1(6) P the basic design criteria’s or requirements listed
above should be met by the choice of suitable material, by appropriate design and detailing, and by
specifying control procedures for design, production, execution, and use relevant to particular
project.
1.5 Design situations

Design situations are situations that take the circumstances under which the structure is required to
fulfill its function. According to ES EN 1990:2015 section 3.2 design situations are classified as
follows: Persistence design situations, which refer to conditions of normal use; Transient design
situation, which refer to temporary conditions applicable to the structure, e.g. during execution or
repair; Accidental situations, which refer to exceptional conditions applicable to the structure or to its
exposure, e.g. to fire, exposure, impact or the consequences of localized failure; Seismic design
situations, which refer conditions applicable to the structure when subjected to seismic events.

According section 3.2 of ES EN 1990:2015, Design situations shall be sufficiently Sevier and the
execution and use of the structure.

Material

Two whose properties must be known are concrete structural steel for truss and steel reinforcement.
In case of concrete, the property with which we are primarily concerned is its compressive strength.
For steel, however, it is its tensile strength capacity which is important.

Concrete
Concrete is a very variable material, having a wide range of strength and stress-strain curves. A
typical curve for concrete in compression is the ratio between stressed and strains is approximately
linear at first and the concrete behaves almost as an elastic material with virtually full recovery of
displacement if the load is removed. Eventually, the curve is no longer linear and the concrete
behaves more and more as plastic material. If the load were to be removed during the plastic range
the recovery would no longer be complete and a permanent deformation would remain. The ultimate
strain for most structural concrete tends to be a constant value approximately 0.0035, although this is
likely to reduce for concretes with cube strengths above about 50 N/mm2. ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
table 3.1

The design concrete strength, fcd is obtained by dividing the characteristic cylindrical strength, fck,
of concrete by the partial safety factor for concrete, γc. However, the design stress is obtained by
applying a reduction factor, αcc, to the design strength. This is given in ES EN 1992-1-1:2015.

The main measure of structural quality of concrete is its Characteristic compressive cylinder
strength. It is denoted by concrete strength classes which relate to the characteristic (5%) cylinder
strength fck, or the cube strength fck, cube determined at 28 days by using Class I
workmanship and ordinary loading condition with a maximum value of Cmax in accordance with
EN 206-1.

Note: The recommended value of Cmax is C90/105

The value of the design compressive strength is defined as

fcd = 0.8*fck

c

c  1.5 For Persistent & Transient

c  1.2 For Accidental state in euro code-1992, the below Table.

Where:  c is a Partial safety factor for a concrete structure in persistent and transient
Design situation, taken for unfavorable design condition.

Note:-0.8 is the coefficient taking to account long-term effects on the compressive strength and
unfavourable effects resulting from the way the load is applied. This values lies between 0.8 and 1.0.
Characteristic tensile strength:- refers to the axial tensile strength determined by tests in
accordance with standard issued from the characteristic cylinder compressive strength with an
empirical relation.
fctk , 0.05  0.7*fctm

fctk , 0.95  1.3*fctm

fctm  0.30(fck/10)2/3  (c50 / 60)

fctm  2.12(1 fctm /10)  (c50 / 60)

Where: fctk =Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete in MPa

fctd =Design tensile strength of concrete in MPa

fck =Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days

Deformation properties of concrete: - The values of the material properties required for the
calculation of instantaneous and time-dependent deformations of concrete depend not only upon the
grades of concrete but also upon the properties of the aggregates and other parameters related to the
mix design and the environment.

Modulus of elasticity (Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete): - is controlled by the module of

elasticity of its components or on the concrete grade and the actual properties of the aggregate used
in the absence of more accurate data, an estimate of mean values of secant modulus Ecm can be
obtained from concrete grade by the following equation:-
Ecm 22( fcm /10)0.3inGpa

fcm  fck  8 in Mpa

Where: fcm= Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength

fck=Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days

Note: The value of fcm & fck are obtained from euro code -2 design of concrete structure Part– 1
Table 3.1 for each concrete grade.

fcd=𝑎𝑐𝑐∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 /γc

Where c = is the partial safety factor for concrete, and

αcc = Is the coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive
strength and of unfavorable effects resulting from the way the load is applied (recommended
value is 0.85).
Table: 1.1 Partial factors for materials for ultimate state

  
Design situation c for concrete s for reinforcement steel s for pre-stressing steel

Persistent & transient 1.5 1.15 1.15

Accidental 1.2 1.0 1.0

1.5 Reinforcing steel

As mentioned earlier in this chapter, because concrete is weak in tension, it is reinforced with steel
bars or wires that can resist the tensile stresses. The most common types of reinforcements for non
pre stressed members are hot rolled deformed bars. A typical stress-strain curve for a hot rolled high
yield steel (commonly used for reinforcement). Steel behaves as an elastic material, with the strain
proportional to the stress up to the yield, at which point there is sudden increase in strain with no
change in stress. After the yield point, this becomes a plastic material and the strain increases
rapidly up to the ultimate value.

Figure; 1.1 Stress-strain diagrams for hot rolled high yielding reinforcement bars

It is a high-strength and high-cost steel bar used in concrete construction (e.g., in a beam or wall) to
provide additional strength. When reinforcing steel is used in concrete, the concrete is made to resist
compression stress and the steel is made to resist tensile stress with or without additional
compressive stress.

Design yield strength of reinforcement

Where, γs=1.15 for Persistent & Transient condition&1.0 for Accidental condition in euro code-1992,
the above Table.

Where: γs -Partial safety factor for reinforcing steel

fyk - the characteristic tensile strength of steel

1.6 General description of the building

The project is a structural analysis and design of G+2 Building in Woldia, Ethiopia by the new
Ethiopian building code of standard ES EN 2015.The building is solid slabs to support the loads due
to occupancy.
 CHAPTER TWO

WIND LOAD ANALYSIS AND ROOF DESIGN

2.1 Introduction

The effect of wind on structures is significant on light and dynamic structures. It has considerable
effect on vertically standing walls, columns, beams, roof material etc. However, since the effect of
wind on that element like wall, columns, beams and flat roof are insignificant we analyze only for
truss roof.
2.1. Methods of Analysis

There are two methods for wind load analysis, namely, the quasi-static method and detailed dynamic
analysis. The quasi-static method is a very stiff structure the movement of the structure with wind
will be negligible and the wind affect can be analyzed by quasi-static approach. Dynamic analysis is
the stiffness of the structure decreases the deflection can become very large and the force related to
mass and acceleration of the structure can be much greater than the wind force itself. We use quasi-
static method for wind load analysis.

2.3 Roof Analysis and Design

Table 1; Terrain categories and terrain parameters ES EN 1990, 4.3.2 Table 4.1

Terrain category Z0(m) Zmin(m)

0 Sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea 0.003 1

I Lakes or flat and horizontal area with negligible vegetationand without obstacles 0.01 1

II Area with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles (trees, buildings) 0.05 2
with separations of at least 20 obstacle height

III Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings or with isolated obstacles with 0.3 5
separations of maximum 20 obstacle heights (such as villages, suburban terrain,
permanent forest)

IV Area in which at least 15 % of the surface is covered with buildings and their 1.0 10
average height exceeds 15 m

The terrain categories are illustrated in Annex A.1.

The building is located in Woldia city around piassa, because the terrain category is III.

2.3.1 Load analysis

A. Wind Load

The roof is categorized according to EBCS-EN-1-1:2015 table 6.19 under category H - Roofs not
accessible except for normal maintenance, repair, painting and minor repairs.

From the same reference on table 6.10

Category H sloping roof qk = 0.4 – 1.0KN/m2, Recommended value = 0.4KN/m2

Qk = 1.0 -1.5KN, Recommended value = 1.0KN

I. External pressure (We)

𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝(𝑍𝑒) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑒(𝑍𝑒)…………………………………𝑞𝑝(𝑍𝑒) = 𝑞𝑏 ∗ 𝐶𝑒(𝑍𝑒)

𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞𝑏 ∗ 𝐶𝑒(𝑍𝑒) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑒(𝑍𝑒)
Where;

(𝑧𝑒) - is the peak velocity pressure

(𝑍𝑒) - is exposure coefficient

𝐶𝑝𝑒 (𝑍𝑒) - is the external pressure coefficient.

Characteristics of wind load

Step 1: - Basic wind velocity (Vb)

VB=Cdir*Cseasonal*vb, 0

Where:

Cdir= Directional factor it’s taken to be 1 recommended value

Cseasonal= seasonal factor to be taken 1 recommended value

VB = Cdir*Cseasonal*vb, 0 …………..(Vb,0 = 22m/s)

= 1*1*22 m/s = 22m/s

Step 2: - Mean wind velocity (Vm)

The mean wind velocity at the height z above terrain depend on the terrain roughness and orography
and the basic wind velocity, and it’s determined by
 Vm= Cr (Z) *CO (Z) *Vb

Where: Vm =mean wind velocity

CO (Z) =orographic factor

Vb =basic wind velocity

Cr (Z) =is the roughness coefficient

Z= height of the building

Cr (Z) = kr*ln (Z/ZO)… ..................................... For ZMIN ≤ Z ≤ ZMAX

Cr (Z) = Cr (ZMIN)… .......................................... For Z< ZMIN

Where:

ZO =roughness length.

Kt = terrain factor.

Kt= 0.19(ZO/ ZO,II) 0.07

Where:

Z0, II= 0.05m (Terrain category II, ESEN (1994-2015) Table 4.1)

Zmin= minimum height defined in ESEN TABLE 4.1

Zmax= Maximum height which is recommended above 200m height

Assume the terrain category III it’s described on the table (i.e. Z0= 0.3m,

ZII = 0.05m, Zmin=5m)

Kr = 0.19(ZO/ ZO,II)0.07

= 0.19*(0.3/0.05)0.07

= 0.2154

Then substitute the value in the equation Cr (z)

So, in our case Zmin ≤ Z ≤ Zmax……………for 5m < 12.26m < 200m ok!!!!

Cr (Z) = kr*ln (Z/ZO)

 = 0.2154 ln (12.26/0.3)

= 0.7992
Orographic factor is depend on ȹ= upstream slop

In our case co(z)=1 because the area is flat now we can calculate mean wind velocity

Vm = Cr (Z) *CO (Z) *VB

Vm (12.26) = 1*0.7992*22m/s

= 17.582m/s

Step3: Wind turbulence lv(Z)

 lv = 1/(1*ln(12.26/0.3) = 0.2695

Step 4:- Determine peak wind velocity

qp (z) = [(1+7*lv) *1/2* ρ*Vm (z) 2]

Where: -
ρ= density of air 1.25 kg/m3 recommend value. ESEN page 16
qp (12.26) = [(1+7*0.2695) *1/2*1.25*(17.582)2sec]
= 557.683N/m2 ↔ 0.557683 kpa

Step 5:- Wind pressure coefficient

Wind pressure acting on the external surface

We= qp (z)*Cpe

Where: qp (ze) = is the peak velocity pressure

Ze= the reference height for the external pressure

Cpe=external pressure coefficient

Wind pressure acting on the internal surface

We= qp (z)*Cpi

Where: qp (zi) = is the peak velocity pressure

Zi= the reference height for the internal pressure

Cpi=internal pressure coefficient

Now calculate the external pressure coefficient Cpe=?

Calculation for doupitch roof design when θ=0

According to ESEN the Doupitch roof

 Case-1 - When the wind direction at θ = 00

e = b or 2h which ever small

b = cross width dimension (b = 16.8m)

2h = 2*12.26m = 24.52m, then e = b or 16.8m

Area calculation for each zone

F = 1.68m*4.2m = 7.056m2

G = 1.68*8.4 = 14.112m2

H = 2.945*16.8 = 49.476m2

J = 2.945*16.8 = 49.476m2

I =1.68*16.8-2.9*.8 = 25.904m2

Calculate the external pressure coefficient Cpe using pitch angle 220 at θ = 00

The external pressure coefficient Cpe for buildings and individual parts of building depend on
the sizeof loaded area
Cpe = Cpe1.......................................... A < 1m2

Cpe = Cpe, 1+ (Cpe, 10 -Cpe, 1) log10A......................1m2 < A <10 m2

Cpe = Cp10------------------------------------------------ A>10m2

Zone F G H J I

Area(m2) 7.056 14.112 49.476 49.476 25.904

In our case on region F the area is b/n 1m2 & 10m2 so we use area interpolation againfor region F

The pressure coefficient for each zone are given depend on their area in table 7.5 ESEN 2015.

Pitch angle = tan-1(height/ 0.5*width) = tan-1(1.8m/0.5*9.25m) = 21.270

Zone for wind direction at θ = 00

F G H J I
pitch
angle Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1
-0.9 -2 -0.8 -1.5 -0.3 -0.4 -1 -1.5
15 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0
-0.7 -1.8 -0.7 -1.5 -0.25 -0.4 -0.5 -1.03
21.27 0.43 0.43 0.3 0 0
-0.5 -1.5 -0.5 -1.5 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5
30 0.7 0.7 0.4 0 0

2
Cpe10 = -0.7 CpeF = Cpe,1 + ( Cpe,10 – Cpe,1)*log,F = -1.8+(-0.7-(-1.8))*log(7.056m )

Cpe 9.8= x Cpe, 7.056 = -0.87

Cpe 1 =-1.8

The maximum values of Cpe when the pitch angle is 21.270

Zone F G H J I

Cpe (-ve) -0.87 -0.7 -25 -0.4 -0.5

Cpe (+ve) 0.43 0.43 0.3 0 0

Therefore, the external pressure will be when θ = 00

Maximum positive pressure = 0.43 * qp (z)

Minimum negative pressure = -0.87 * qp (z)

Case – 2 - When the wind direction at θ = 900

e = b or 2h which ever small

b = cross width dimension = 9.25m and 2h = 2*12.26 = 24.52m

Area calculation for each zone

F&G = 2.313 * 0.925 = 2.14m2

H = 4.625*3.7 = 17.11m2

I =12.175*4.625-2.9*.8 = 53.99m2

The external pressure coefficient Cpe for buildings and individual parts of building depend on
the sizeof loaded area
Cpe= Cpe1.......................................... A <1 m2

Cpe= Cpe,1+(Cpe,10 -Cpe,1)log10A. ............. 1m2 < A < 10m2

Cpe = Cp10 ........................................................................... A > 10m2

In our case on region F&G the area is b/n 1m2 & 10m2 so we use area

Therefore, the external pressure will be when θ = 900

 Zone for wind direction at 90
F G H I
pitch
angle Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1
15 -1.3 -2 -1.3 -2 -0.6 -1.2 -0.5
21.27 -1.21 -1.77 -1.35 -2 -0.69 -1.2 -0.5
30 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4 -2 -0.8 -1.2 -0.5
Calculate external coefficient again for region F&G

Cpe10 = -1.21 Cpe,F&G = Cpe,1+(Cpe,10-Cpe,1)logA

Cpe 2.14= X X = -1.58 for F

Cpe 1 =-1.77

Zone F G H I

Cpe (-ve) -1.58 -1.79 -0.69 -0.5

Maximum positive pressure = 0 * qp (z)

Maximum negative pressure = -1.79*qp

Step 6: - Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi)

∑ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑝𝑒−𝑣𝑒
𝜇 =
∑ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑝𝑒

The internal pressure coefficient for the building having openings and internal partition is read from
Figure 7.13 of ESEN 1991:2015. But, since the openings are not uniformly distributed and calculating
of openings for each floor and story is tedious and time taken, we prefer to use recommended values
given in the manual when calculation of opening ratio is impossible. ESEN 1991:2015 recommend
+0.2 and -0.3 as extreme internal pressure coefficients for this case. Using these values of internal
pressure coefficients and the selected maximum external pressure coefficients, we calculate the net
pressure coefficients for each section of the roof. The net pressure coefficient is the vector sum of
external and internal wind pressure coefficients. Mathematically Cpnet = Cpe-Cpi (considering their
sign), the operation is tabulated below and we add negative external and positive internal pressures
since their vector combination gives maximum magnitude of net pressure coefficient.

FOR θ =00
qp = 0.557kpa
Maximum positive pressure = (0.43-(-0.3))*qp = +0.41kpa

Maximum suction pressure = (-0.87-0.2)*qp = -0.597 kpa

FOR θ =900
Maximum positive pressure = (0-(-0.3))*qp = +0.167kpa
Maximum suction pressure = (-1.79-0.2)*qp = -1.11kpa

Therefore, the worst case is occurred when θ =00 & 900 is

Maximum suction = -1.11kpa @ θ=900

Maximum pressure = 0.41kpa @ θ=00

2.5 Design of truss roof
Design load

The loads to be considered in the design of purlin and truss member are:-

A. Wind load (suction and pressure)

B. Self-weight of roof covering

C. Self-weight purlin

D. Self-weight of truss and

E. Live loads

Wind load

Maximum suction = -1.11kN/m2

Maximum pressure= 0.41kN/m2

Self-weight of roof covering

From architectural design we give EGA-300 roof covering & thickness =0.5mm

Weight = 3.92Kg/m or 0.0385kN/m

To determine per area load, the weight is divided by width of the sheet

= 0.0385 kN/m /0.823m = 0.0467kN/m2

= 0.0467cos21.27 = 0.044kN/m2 Governing load

= 0.0467sin21.27 = 0.0169kN/m2
Imposed load (live load)H-roof

Concentrated load =1kN

Distributed load = 0.4kN/m2

The possible load on the purlin are: -

Dead load of the roof covering = 0.044kN/m2 Governing load

Distributed live load = 0.4kN/m2

LL = 0.4cos21.27 = 0.373kN/m2 Governing load

= 0.4sin21.27 = 0.145kN/m2

Wind load

Point load calculation and determination of purlin spacing

Looking wind pressure and referring “cold formed welded structures and furniture steel tubing
manual” of kality steel industry.

Wind load

Case (1) Positive Pressure

WL=0.41*Cos21.27o=0.38kN/m2 (governing load)

WL=0.41Sin21.27o=0.149kN/m2

Case (2) Negative Pressure

WL= -1.11*Cos21.27o= -1.034kN/m2 (governing load)

WL= -1.11*Sin21.27o= -0.403kN/m2

Load combination

Combo 1 Pd = 1.35DL+1.5LL = 1.35*0.044+1.5*0.373 = 0.619kN/m2

Combo 2 Pd = Combo 1 +0.9WL = 0.619+0.9*0.38 = 0.961kN/m2

Combo 3 Pd = Combo 1 – 0.9WL = 0.619-(-0.9*1.034) = 1.55kN/m2

Combo 4 Pd = DL+1.5WL = 0.044+1.5*0.38 = 0.614kN/m2

Combo 5 Pd = DL-1.5WL = 0.044-(-1.5*1.034) = 1.595kN/m2 (governing load)

Combo 6 Pd = DL+LL (for serviceability) = 0.044+0.373 = 0.417kN/m2

For uniform distributed load perpendicular to roof for 0.3mm thickness

Pd = 1.595kN/m2

To find spacing between the purlin

Pd = 1.595KN/m2*0.823m = 1.313kN/m
Uniform load 3.06 1.96 1.36 1.0 0.77 0.61 0.49 0.41
capacity(kN/m)

Span length(m) 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.5 2.75

1.36= 1.5 1.36-1.0 = 1.313-1.0 x = 1.53m

1.313 = x 1.5-1.75 x-1.75

1.0 = 1.75

Design EGA sheet (EGA300)

Check the capacity of roof cover Check the capacity of EGA sheet for flexure of maximum loading
for unit meter strip as follow.

Msd = w*l2 = 1.313*1.532 = 0.384KNm

8 8
RA = RB = wl = 1.313*1.53 = 1.004KN = Vmax
2 2
Mpl, Rd = Wpl* fy use S275 and Wpl = 2393mm3 from kality manual
𝛾𝑚𝑜

Mpl,Rd = Wpl* fy = 2393mm3*275N/mm2 = 0.658kNm >Msd --------------OK !!!

𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.0

Vpl,Rd = Av*fy where, Av = width of EGA sheet * it’s thickness

𝛾𝑚𝑜√3

= (823*0.5) mm2 = 411.5mm2

Vpl,Rd = 411.5*275 = 65.33kN> Vmax---------------------------------------------- OK !!!

1.0*√3

2.6 Analysis and design of purlin

From the above equation we get the value of purlin c/c spacing 1.64m Where assume the
value of Length of purlin= 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑐/𝑐 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 3𝑚.

i. Load cases
The three significant loads which act on purlin are

a) Dead load
b) Live load
c) Wind load
a. Dead load on purlin from EGA sheet perpendicular to roof cover
 Weight of roof cover = 0.0385kN/m
  Increase the weight of roof cover transferred to the purlin by
50% to includeoverlapping and fastening.
DL due to EGA = 0.0385kN/m + 0.5 × 0.0385kN/m = 0.0578kN/m
b. Dead load on purlin due to its self-weight
Initially, assume 60x40x3.0RHS with mechanical Properties (from Kality
Metal ProductsFactory Products Catalogue)

Self-Weight of Purlin:
𝜔𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛=5.19kg/m𝑥9.81 m/s2 = 50.9139N/m = 0.051kN/m

Total dead load (DL) = 0.0578 + 0.051 = 0.109kN/m

c. Live load on purlin.

Distributed Live Load =1.53m × 0.4kN/m2 = 0.612kN/m

Concentrated Live load = 1.0kN*1.53m = 1.53kNm

d. Wind load on Purlin transferred from roof cover

WL=0.41kN/m2*1.53m = 0.627KN/m… .............. positive pressure

WL= -1.11KN/m2*1.53m = -1.698KN/m………...suction pressure

Parallel and perpendicular loads

Dead Load (DL) = 0.166 kN/m

𝜃=tan−1( 2 H / L )
Where, H=height of truss and L = length of truss

H=1.8m and L=9.25m, Therefore 𝜃 = 21.27

Parallel to rafter = 0.166sin21.27𝑜= 0.0602kN/m

Perpendicular to rafter = 0.166cos 21.27𝑜= 0.155kN/m

Live Load (LL)

 Distributed (LL) = 0.656kN/m

Parallel to rafter = 0.656sin 21.27𝑜=
0.238kN/m Perpendicular to rafter =
0.656cos 21.27𝑜= 0.611kN/m
 Concentrated Live load = 𝟏.53𝐊𝐍
Parallel to rafter = 1.53sin 21.27𝑜=
0.555kN Perpendicular to rafter =
1.53cos 21.27𝑜=1.43kN
Wind load
WL = 0.41kN/m2 ∗ 1.53m = 0.6273kN⁄m ..................... positive pressure
Parallel to rafter = 0.6273sin21.27𝑜= 0.228kN/m
Perpendicular to rafter = 0.6724cos 21.27𝑜 = 0.585kN/m
WL = −1.11KN/m2 ∗ 1.53 = −1.698kN⁄m Suction pressure
Parallel to rafter = −1.698sin 21.27𝑜= −0.616kN/m
Perpendicular to rafter = −1.698cos 21.27𝑜= -1.582kN/m

I. Load combinations: -
 Comb1 Pd = 1.35DL + 1.5LL
 Comb2 Pd = 1.35DL + 1.5LL + 0.9WL (governing case for positive load)
 Comb3 Pd = 1.35DL + 1.5LL − 0.9WL
 Com4 Pd = DL + 1.5WL
 Com5 Pd = DL − 1.5WL (Governing load for negative load)
 Com6 Pd = DL + LL for serviceability
Combination(positive) Uniform distributed live load Uniform Concentrated live load

Parallel perpendicular Parallel Perpendicular

Combo 1 0.438 1.126 0.0813kN/m+0.8833kN 0.0813kN/m+2.15kN

Combo 2 0.6432 1.653 0.287kN/m+0.8833kN 0.608kN/m+2.15kN

Combo 3 0.992 2.55 0.636kN/m+0.8833kN 1.51kN/m+2.15kN

Combo 4 0.402 1.033 0.402 1.033

Combo 5 0.984 2.528 0.984 2.528

Combo 6 0.274 0.704 0.0361kN/m+0.555kN 0.0361kN/m+1.43kN

i. Analysis of purlin
Case-1. Maximum loading combination case, when it is perpendicular to the rafter.
Maximum distributed load applied to purlin
Pd = 2.528KN/m

Msd = w*l2 = 2.528*3.02 = 2.844KNm

8 8
RA = RB = wl = 2.528*3.0 = 3.792KN = Vmax
2 2
Mpl, Rd = Wpl* fy 𝛾𝑚𝑜 / use S275 and Wplx = 12,590mm3 and wply = 10,440mm3from kality manual

Mpl,Rd = Wpl* fy = 12,590mm3*275N/mm2 = 3.462KNm > Msd --------------OK !!!

𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.0

Vpl,Rd = Av*fy where, Av = 2*H*t and 2*b*t

𝛾𝑚𝑜√3

= (2*70*3.0) mm2 = 420mm2

= (2*50*3.0) mm2 = 300mm2

Vpl,Rd = 420*275 = 66.68KN > Vmax---------------------------------------------- OK !!!

1.0*√3

Vpl,Rd = 300*275 = 47.63KN > Vmax---------------------------------------------- OK !!!

1.0*√3

Case-2. Maximum loading combination case, when it is parallel to the rafter

Maximum distributed load applied to purlin Pd = 0.992KN/m

Msd = w*l2 = 0.992*32 = 1.116KNm

8 8
RA = RB = wl = 0.992*3 = 1.488KN = Vmax
2 2
Mpl, Rd = Wpl* fy use S275 and wply = 10,440mm3 from kality manual
𝛾𝑚𝑜

Mpl,Rd = Wpl* fy = 10,440mm3*275N/mm2 = 2.871KNm > Msd --------------OK !!!

𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.0
4. Load analysis and design of truss

Roof trusses are composed of tension and compression members joined together by welding or
riveting. The loads supported on the roofing elements are transferred from purlin.

Load on truss

I. The reaction from purlin

The reaction from the purlin should be multiplied by two since a single truss carries the reaction from adjacent
purlins.

R on the nodes of the truss = 2*3.792= 7.584 kN (perpendicular to purlin

Resolving reactions into x and y components

Rx=R*sinθ =7.584*sin21.27=2.75kN
Ry=R * cosθ =7.584*cos21.27=7.1kN

Select the maximum value from the axial load for top and bottom chord

For top chord (tension) = 18.9kN

For bottom chord (compression) = -7.76kN

Among the above results 18.90kN and -7.76kN are the maximum tension and compression forces
respectively.

For diagonal member Compression = -14.90KN

Selection of section

To Select RHS section for rafter from kality manual see the following.

Npl,Rd=Afy/mo
A=Npl, Rd/fy A=7.76*1000/275

A>28.22mm2
A>0.2822cm2 then we have to assume the area greater than 0.2822cm2
Nominal size HxBxT=100*60*4
Thickness=4mm
Weight per meter=9.22Kg/m
Area=11.75cm2
Moment of inertia =152.8cm4
Radius of gyration=3.60cm
Plastic modulus=30.52cm3

To Select RHS section for diagonal section from kality manual see the following.
Npl,Rd=Afy/mo fy for diagonal section =275N/mm2
A=Npl,Rd/fy
A=14.90*1000/275
A>54.18mm2
A>0.5418cm2 then we have to assume the area greater than 0.5418cm2
Nominal size HxBxT=40x20x2.5
Thickness=2.5mm
Weight per meter=2.03Kg/m
Area=2.59cm2
Moment of inertia =4.69cm4
Radius of gyration=1.35cm
Plastic modulus=2.35cm3

Check Section capacity in tension for rafter

First classify the section

=(235/fy)0.5= (235/275)0.5=0.92 ES EN 1993 table 5.2

C=H-2t=100-2x4=92mm

C/t=92/4=23

c/t ≤ 33 class 1

c/t ≤ 38 class 2 then classify the section

C/t=23<33(33x0.92=30.36) it is ok therefore it is class 1

For tension in axial tension the design plastic resistance NED/Npl, Rd<=1.0 ES EN1993:2015 section
6.5

Npl,Rd=Afy/mo

Where NED =applied load

Npl, Rd=the plastic (yielding) resistance of the section

NED=18.90kN
Npl,Rd=Afy/mo= 259*275/1 =71.2250kN
Npl, Rd> NED i. e 71.225KN >18.9kN-------------------------OK
 Check Section capacity in compression for rafter

=(235/fy)0.5= (235/275)0.5=0.92 ............................. ES EN 1993 table 5.2

C=H-2t=40-2x2.5=35mm

C/t=35/2.5=14

c/t ≤ 33 class 1

c/t ≤ 38 class 2 then classify the section

C/t=14<33(33x0.92=30.36) ok therefore it is class 1

The buckling resistance of the compression member
Npl,Rd=XAfy/m1 ……ES EN 1993 2015 section 6.47 for Class 1,2 and 3 cross-sections

Where Npl, Rd = buckling strength of the section

X= reduction factor
X=1/(+(2-2)0.5), but X<1.0… ....................................... ES EN1993 section 6.49
=non dimensional slenderness ratio
=Lcr*1/(i*1)… .............................................ES EN1993 section 6.49
Lcr= is the buckling length in the buckling
plane considered Lcr=KL, K for welding =0.65
L=0.98m
Lcr=1.64mx0.65 =1.1m= 110cm
i= rx Radius of gyration=3.60cm
1=*(E/fy)0.5=93.9*

1= 93.9*0.92=86.388
=110cmx1/(3.60cmx86.388) =0.543
 =0.5(1+-0.2)+2)
The imperfection factor Depend on the buckling curve; our curve is hot section hot finished
‘‘a’’curve see ES EN 1993 table 6.2

Buckling curve a0 A b C d
Imperfection factor α 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
 Table2. 20 Imperfection factors

Then a0=0.13

 =0.5(1+0.354-0.2) +0.3542) =0.573

X=1/(+(2-2)0.5) = 1/(0.573+(0.5732-0.3542)0.5) =0.977< 1… ok

Npl,Rd=Afy/m1

Npl, Rd =0.977x11.75x100mm2x275N/ mm2/1=315.69kN, NED =18.9kN

Npl, Rd (315.69kN) > NED (18.9kN) ok the section is safe

Check for the diagonal section

For tension in axial tension the design plastic resistance

First classify the section

=(235/fy)0.5 ES EN 1993 table 5.2

= (235/235)0.5=1

33=33

C=b-2t

C = 40mm-2*2.5mm = 35mm

c/t = 35/2.5 = 14

28<33………………………….class1… ESEN1993 table 5.2

NED/Nt, Rd<=1.0… ES EN 1993 2015 section 6.5

Npl,Rd = Afy/mo.

= 2.59cm2*100*235N/mm2/ (1000*1.0)=60.87kN >NED---------OK

14.90kN/60.87kN = 0.245

NED/Npl, Rd<=1.0… OK!

Check Section capacity in compression for diagonal

The buckling resistance of the compression

member Npl,Rd=XAfy/m1 ES EN 1993 2015
section 6.47

X=1/(+(2-2)),but X<=1.0….........................................ES EN1993 section 6.49

=Lcr*1/(i*1)
Lcr = KL, K for welding =0.65

Lcr=0.65*1.64

=1.07m=107cm

I =r =1.76cm

1= 93.9
1= 93.9
= 107*1/ (1.35*93.9)
= 0.844
 = 0.5(1+(-0.2+^2)
=imperfection factor
Depend on the buckling curve, our curve is hot section hot finished a curve see ES EN 1993 table 6.2
=0.21 see table 6.1
=0.5(1+0.21(0.844-0.2)+0.8442) =0.924
X=1/ (0.924+(0.9242-0.8442))=0.769>1,

Nb, Rd=2.59cm2*100*235N/mm2/1.0

=46.81kN>14.90KN
Nb, Rd > NED… .............................................. OK!!!!!!
 CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SOLID SLAB

3.1 Solid slab Analysis & design
Slabs are the flooring systems of most structures. The slab is a two-dimensional structural member,
also called a surface element which transfers the loads to the beams or column. In this chapter we
show the analysis and design of a solid slab for building.

Slabs may be designed using different methods. In this particular project the type we used in slab
Design is coefficient method. Design of slab contains different procedures and we try to provide
Sample for each steps and the rest one is done by Microsoft Excel.

Panel formation
3.2 Check slab type one way or two ways
Slab can be divided in to two categories based on load transfer mechanisms to adjacent sides,
those are:-

One-way slab: - transfer load to the shortest direction and

Two-way slab: - transfer load to both shorter and longer direction

This phenomenon is identified by the ratio of their longer to shorter side considering Ly as
Longer side and Lx as shorter side, if

Ly/Lx > 2The slab is termed as one-way slab and

If Ly/Lx ≤ 2The slab is termed as two-way slab

Depend on the above Ly, Lx & Ly/Lx value;.

Panel Ly(m) Lx(m) Ly/Lx Types of slab Support

1 4.5 2.5 1.80 Two way End Span
2 4.5 2.5 1.80 Two way End Span
3 4.5 3.1 1.45 Two way End Span
4 4.5 3.9 1.15 Two way End Span
5 4.5 3.9 1.15 Two way End Span
6 4.5 3 1.50 Two way End Span
7 4.5 3 1.50 Two way End Span
8 4.5 4 1.13 Two way End Span
9 4.5 4 1.13 Two way End Span

3.3 Concrete cover determination

Concrete characteristic strength: fck = 20 MPa
Type of reinforcement / tendon: = Reinforcement bar
Maximum diameter of reinforcement / tendon: Φ = 8 mm
Environment exposure class: = XC1
Design working life: = 50 years
Member with slab geometry: = No
Concrete cast against uneven surface: = None
Special quality control of the concrete production: = No
Nominal aggregate size greater than 32 mm: = No
Nationally Defined Parameters
Allowance for deviation to calculate nominal cover: Δcdev = 10
Nationally Defined Parameters: = CEN default
Calculation of structural class
The structural class is calculated according to the rules specified in ES EN1992-1-
12015 Table 4.3N:
The initial structural class is S4 (corresponding to the reference design working
life of 50 years)
The next working life class that is applicable for the structure is 50 years
The minimum structural class is S1
Therefore, the structural class is S4.
Calculation of concrete cover for durability

For reinforcement steel the minimum cover for durability cmin,dur is calculated in

accordance with ES EN1992-1-1-2015 Table 4.4N.

For structural class S4 and exposure class XC1 the minimum cover for

durability cmin,dur is equal to cmin,dur = 15.0 mm.

Calculation of concrete cover for bond

The minimum cover for bond cmin,b is calculated in accordance with ES EN1992-1-

12015.
For reinforcement bars the minimum cover for bond is calculated in accordance

with ES EN1992-1-1 2015 Table 4.2N as: cmin,b = 1.0⋅Φ, where Φ is the diameter of

the reinforcement bar (or equivalent diameter of bundled bars).

Therefore, minimum cover for bond is cmin,b = 8.0 mm.

Calculation of minimum concrete cover

According to ES EN1992-1-1 2015 (2) P the greater value of concrete cover

satisfying the requirements for both bond and durability is used:

cmin = max {cmin, b, cmin,dur + Δcdur,γ - Δcdur,st - Δcdur,add, 10 mm}

According to ES EN1992-1-1 2015 the additive safety element is Δcdur,γ = 0.0 mm.
 The following modification factors are not applicable:

Reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel Δcdur,st = 0 mm

Reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection Δcdur,add =

0 mm.

Therefore, the minimum concrete cover is calculated as:

cmin = max {8.0 mm, 15.0 mm + 0.0 mm - 0 mm - 0 mm, 10 mm} = 15.0 mm

Calculation of nominal concrete cover

The nominal concrete cover cnom is calculated by adding to the minimum

cover cmin the allowance for deviation Δcdev, as specified in ES EN1992-1-1 2015

In this calculation the allowance for deviation is considered as Δcdev = 10.0 mm.

The required nominal concrete cover is:

cnom = cmin + Δcdev = 15.0 mm + 10.0 mm = 25.0 mm

Therefore, the required nominal concrete cover is cnom = 25.0 mm.

2.4 Slab depth calculation

According to Euro code 1992-1-1-2015 to determine depth limits to span/depth ratio may be
formulated, which will be adequate for avoiding deflection problems in normal circumstances. So
that it is not necessary to calculate the deflections explicitly.

Table 2.7. Basic ratios of span/effective depth for RC members without axial
compression
Structural system K Concrete highly Concrete lightly
stressed ρ=1.5% stressed ρ=0.5%
Simply supported beam, one- 1.0 14 20
or two-way spanning simply
supported slab
End span of continues beam or 1.3 18 26
one-way continuous slab or
two-way spanning slab

continuous over one long side

 Interior span of beam or one- 1.5 20 30
way or two-way spanning slab
Slab supported on columns 1.2 17 24
without beams (flat slab)
(based on longer span)
Cantilever 0.4 6 8
 Assume the slab is lightly reinforced (ρ=0.5%) from above table.

To determine the slab depth, the following two equations are considered from ES EN
1992-1- 1:2015

 Slab system depth determination (typical floor)

Minimum depth

From above Table

We use, K=1.3 b/c its end span

0.5 1.5
𝐿= 1.3 [11+1.5√25 (0.5/0.5) +3.2√20( − 1)^ ]
𝑑 0.5

𝐿=22.1, Lx=2500mm for panel 1&2

 𝑑

d = l/22.1*1.25 = 2500/27.625 = 90.50m

Panel K 𝜌0 (%) 𝜌 (%) Fck l/d fyk (500/fyk) (l/d)*(500/fck) Lx(mm) d(mm)
1 1.3 0.447 0.50 20 22.1 400 1.25 27.625 2500 90.50
2 1.3 0.447 0.50 20 22.1 400 1.25 27.625 2500 90.50
3 1.3 0.447 0.50 20 22.1 400 1.25 27.625 3100 112.22
4 1.3 0.447 0.50 20 22.1 400 1.25 27.625 3900 141.18
5 1.3 0.447 0.50 20 22.1 400 1.25 27.625 3900 141.18
6 1.3 0.447 0.50 20 22.1 400 1.25 27.625 3000 108.60
7 1.3 0.447 0.50 20 22.1 400 1.25 27.625 3000 108.60
8 1.3 0.447 0.50 20 22.1 400 1.25 27.625 4000 144.80
9 1.3 0.447 0.50 20 22.1 400 1.25 27.625 4000 144.80

Governing depth is 144.8mm

Using Ø 8 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 25𝑚𝑚m

So, D= 144.8+25+8/2= 173.8mm

Use, D= 180mm

2.5 Load computation

The slab is loaded with both DL and LL. Dead load comes from self-weight of slab, floor finish,
cement screed, plastering and partition load. Live loads are either movable or moving load without
any acceleration or impact.

Dead and live loads are calculated depending on the service of the slabs and self- weight. Ignoring
any localized effects caused by concentrated load, the partition loads are distributed over the area of
the slab. The design loads are factored according to the following formula

Pd= 1.35GK+ 1.5QK where: Pd-design load

GK-Dead load

QK-live load
Since an individual panel might have different function and finishing material, we might encounter
different live load and dead load in a single panel. In such cases we used the maximum value as a
governing dead load or live load for that panel.

Self-weight;- are the weights of the structural members themselves, such as beams and columns, the
weights of roof surfaces, floor slabs, ceilings, or permanent partitions, and so on. Self- weights
associated with the structure can be determined if the materials and sizes of the various components
are known. Some of the standard material unit weights used for the purpose of determining the load
on each floor are shown in the table below.
2.4.1 Dead load calculation
Dead load =RC Slab + Cement screed + Plastering/mortar + floor finish + partition load According
to “ESEN 1991 - 1-1:2014 table A-1, A-5“the unit weight of different Construction materials are
specified below.

Material type Unit weight(kN/m³)

Reinforced concrete 25
Cement screed 23
Steel 78.5
PVC 16
Ceramic 21
HCB 16
Material property

C20/25
fcd=((0.85*25)/1.5=11.33Mpa
fctm  fck) 2/3 = 2.21Mpa

fcm = fck + 8Mpa = 28Mpa

Floor finish( ceramic) 0.02*21 0.42 KN/m2

Cement screed 0.03*23 0.69 KN/m2
RC slab 0.18*25 4.5 KN/m2
PVC 0.002*16 0.032KN/m2
Plastering 0.02*23 0.46 KN/m2
Gk 5.68KN/m2
Partition load and self-weight

Sample calculation

For panel 2
Unit weight of HCB=16 kN/m³, t=0.15m, h= 2.89m L=5.28m

P=16kN/m³* 0.15m*2.89m*5.28+2(0.02*2.89*5.28)*23=50.46 KN

A= 2.5m*4.5m= 11.25m2

Self-weight

(Gk ) = 5.68KN/m2

DL= p/A+ Gk

DL=50.66 KN /11.25m2+5.68KN/m2 =10.18KN/m2

LL=3 KN/m2

Panel Self-weight (kN/m2) Gk(KN/m2 qk(KN/m2) Pd = (1.35Gk+1.5qk kN/m2

1 5.68
2 5.68
3 5.68
4 5.68
5 5.68
6 5.68
7 5.68
8 5.68
9 5.68
5.68 3 12.17
10.18 2 16.74
9.87 2 16.32
9.02 3 16.68
5.68 3 12.17
8.82 3 16.41
9.38 3 17.16
7.06 3 14.03
5.68 3 12.17

Moment calculation for individual panels

Moment for individual panels with edge simply supported or fully fixed may be computed, the
bending moment on slabs assumes 1m width beam and depth D thickness of slab the support
andspan moments are calculated as;
Ly=longer span of the panel Lx=shorter span of the panel

Mxs= αxs*pd*Lx2,
Mxf= αxf*pd*Lx2
Mys= αys*pd*Lx2 ,
Myf= αyf*pd*Lx2

Where, the subscripts are

 S=support
 F=field
 X=short direction
 Y=longer direction

Moments for circular slab (panel 9)

Moment for radial = wr2/16 = 12.17*4.362/16 = 14.46kN.m

Moment for circumstances = wr2/8 = 12.17*4.362/8 = 28.92kN.m

Moments
Panel Coefficents Pd (KN/m^2) Lx(m) (KN.m)
Bxs = 0.000 12.17 2.5 Mxs = 0.00
Bxf = 0.0864 12.17 2.5 Mxf = 6.57
Bys = 0.058 12.17 2.5 Mys = 4.41
1 Byf = 0.044 12.17 2.5 Myf = 3.35
Bxs = 0.0882 16.74 2.5 Mxs = 9.23
Bxf = 0.066 16.74 2.5 Mxf = 6.91
Bys = 0.045 16.74 2.5 Mys = 4.71
2 Byf = 0.034 16.74 2.5 Myf = 3.56
3 Bxs = 0.062 16.72 3.1 Mxs = 9.96
 Bxf = 0.047 16.72 3.1 Mxf = 7.55
Bys = 0.000 16.72 3.1 Mys = 0.00
Byf = 0.034 16.72 3.1 Myf = 5.46
Bxs = 0.048 16.68 3.9 Mxs = 12.18
Bxf = 0.036 16.68 3.9 Mxf = 9.13
Bys = 0.037 16.68 3.9 Mys = 9.39
4 Byf = 0.028 16.68 3.9 Myf = 7.10
Bxs = 0.063 12.17 3.9 Mxs = 11.66
Bxf = 0.047 12.17 3.9 Mxf = 8.70
Bys = 0.045 12.17 3.9 Mys = 8.33
5 Byf = 0.034 12.17 3.9 Myf = 6.29
Bxs = 0.058 16.41 3 Mxs = 8.57
Bxf = 0.043 16.41 3 Mxf = 6.35
Bys = 0.037 16.41 3 Mys = 5.46
6 Byf = 0.028 16.41 3 Myf = 4.14
Bxs = 0.058 17.18 3 Mxs = 8.97
Bxf = 0.043 17.18 3 Mxf = 6.65
Bys = 0.037 17.18 3 Mys = 5.72
7 Byf = 0.028 17.18 3 Myf = 4.33
Bxs = 0.058 14.03 4 Mxs = 13.02
Bxf = 0.044 14.03 4 Mxf = 9.88
Bys = 0.045 14.03 4 Mys = 10.10
8 Byf = 0.034 14.03 4 Myf = 7.63
Bxs = 0 12.17 R=4.36 Mxs = 28.92
9 Bxf = 0 12.17 R=4.36 Mxf = 14.46
UNADJUSTED MOMENT
Support moment adjustment

Between panel 1 and 2

Change = ((9.23-4.71)/9.23)*100% = 48.97% >10% use moment distribution

Member Stiffness D.F

BA I /4.5 0.222I 0.5
Joint B
I/4.5 0.5
BC 0.222I

=
Stiffness= KBA I/L K Bc= I/L = I/4.5

DfBA= DfBC = 0.222I/(0.222I+0.222I)=0.5

B
BA BC
0.5 0.5
9.23 4.71
4.52
D.F -2.26 2.26
6.97KNm 6.97KNm

Between panel 3 and 4

Change = ((9.96-9.39)/9.96)*100% = 5.723% <10% use average of the two

(9.96+9.39)/2 = 9.68KNm

Span moment adjustment

Panel 1

Mxf uadj=6.57KN.m

Mxs adj= 6.97KN.m

Mxs uadj=4.71KN.m

Myf uadj=3.35KN.m

Mys undj=0.00 KN.m

Mys adj=0.00KN.m

Mxf adj=Mxf unadj + Mxsunadj - Mxsadj = 6.57+4.71-6.97 = 4.31KN.m

Myf adj= Myf unadj + Mysunadj – Mysadj = 3.35 + 0.00-0.00 = 3.35KN.m

By using the above formula we will adjust all support and span moment

Adjusted moment
Reinforcement and spacing calculation

D = 180mm and use ø8

d= 180-25-8/2=151mm

Reinforcement for support

For P1 &P2

Md =6.97KN.m

K=M/fck*b*d2

= (6.97*106)/(20*1000*1512)=0.01528

Z=d/2((1+(1-3.53k)1/2))

=151/2((1+ (1-3.53*0.01528)1/2))= 148.94mm

As=M/ (fyd*Z)

=6.97*106/(347.83*148.94)=134.54mm2

Use ø8

S=as*b/As

= (3.14*82*1000)/(134.54*4)=373.42mm

Use ø8c/c 370mm

Panel 2 and 3

Md =7.62KN.m

K=M/fck*b*d2

= (7.62*106)/(20*1000*1512)=0.01671

Z=d/2((1+(1-3.53k)1/2))

=151/2((1+ (1-3.53*0.01671)1/2))= 148.74mm

As=M/ (fyd*Z)
=7.62*106/(347.83*148.74)=147.29mm2

Use ø8

S=as*b/As

= (3.14*82*1000)/(147.29*4)=341.1mm

Use ø8c/c 340mm

Smax =min (Scal, 3h, 400)

Smax =min (3*180,400) = (540,400)

Smax = 400mm

fctm = 0.3(fck)2/3 = 0.3*(20)2/3 = 2.21Mpa

Asmin=(0.26*fctm*b*d)/fyk = (0.26*2.21*1000*151)/400 = 216.912mm2

Reinforcement calculation
Moment
Panel (KNm) d(mm) K Z(mm) As(mm2) Spacing(mm) Reinforcement
Mxs 6.97 151 0.01528 148.93 134.55 373.591 ø8c/c370
Mxf 4.31 151 0.00945 149.73 212.60 236.430 ø8c/c230
Mys 0 151 0.00000 151.00 0.00 0.000 0
1 Myf 3.35 151 0.00735 150.01 212.60 236.430 ø8c/c230
Mxs 6.97 151 0.01528 148.93 134.55 373.591 ø8c/c230
Mxf 9.17 151 0.02011 148.27 177.81 282.696 ø8c/c230
Mys 7.62 151 0.01671 148.74 147.29 341.275 ø8c/c230
2 Myf 0 151 0.00000 151.00 0.00 0.000 0
Mxs 0 151 0.00000 151.00 0.00 0.000 0
Mxf 7.55 151 0.01656 148.76 145.91 344.488 ø8c/c340
Mys 9.68 151 0.02123 148.12 187.89 267.522 ø8c/c260
3 Myf 8.08 151 0.01772 148.60 156.32 321.545 ø8c/c320
Mxs 11.9 151 0.02614 147.43 232.44 216.247 ø8c/c210
4 Mxf 9.39 151 0.02059 148.20 182.15 275.948 ø8c/c270
 Mys 7.81 151 0.01713 148.68 151.02 332.844 ø8c/c330
Myf 8.39 151 0.01840 148.51 162.42 309.470 ø8c/c300
Mxs 11.9 151 0.02614 147.43 232.44 216.247 ø8c/c210
Mxf 8.44 151 0.01851 148.49 163.41 307.605 ø8c/c300
Mys 6.95 151 0.01524 148.94 134.15 374.681 ø8c/c370
5 Myf 7.67 151 0.01682 148.72 148.27 339.016 ø8c/c330
Mxs 8.77 151 0.01923 148.39 169.91 295.831 ø8c/c290
Mxf 6.15 151 0.01349 149.18 118.52 424.103 ø8c/c400
Mys 13.1 151 0.02870 147.07 255.88 196.438 ø8c/c190
6 Myf 2.65 151 0.00581 150.22 212.60 236.430 ø8c/c230
Mxs 8.77 151 0.01923 148.39 169.91 295.831 ø8c/c290
Mxf 6.85 151 0.01502 148.97 132.20 380.228 ø8c/c380
Mys 8.66 151 0.01899 148.43 167.74 299.656 ø8c/c290
7 Myf 0 151 0.00000 151.00 0.00 0.000 0
Mxs 13.6 151 0.02978 146.92 265.73 295.408 ø8c/c250
Mxf 9.88 151 0.02167 148.06 191.85 261.999 ø8c/c260
Mys 8.66 151 0.01899 148.43 167.74 299.656 ø8c/c290
8 Myf 9.85 151 0.02160 148.06 191.26 262.814 ø8c/c260
Ms(-ve) 14.5 151 0.02978 146.92 265.73 189.155 ø8c/c180
9 Mf(+ve) 28.9 151 0.06197 142.23 571.22 137.425 ø10c/c130

Check depth for deflection

For panel 9

M = 28.92KN.m

As provided = 571.22mm2 for the maximum moment can taken

Spro=130mm

dmin =180-25-10/2=150mm

Aspro= b*as/Spro

ρ = As/bd = 571.22/150*1000 = 0.00393 = 0.381% <0.5%-----------------Ok!!!!!!

1.5
dactual=1.3 [11+1.5√20 0.447/0.381 +3.2√20 ( 0.447/0.381− 1)^ ]

dactual = 142.66mm<dused-----------------------------------------------OK
 CHAPTER FOUR

STAIRCASE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Stair case
Stair case is steps arranged in series and is an inclined structural system leading from one floor to
another providing communication between floors. They should be provided with natural light and proper
ventilation. Their location should be accessible for public buildings and centrally for easy access and
privacy in residential buildings.

Common Terms

Tread; - a single step of stair case or horizontal face that its width usually taken as the horizontal
distance between risers.
Riser; - a vertical face of a step and its height generally is taken as the vertical distance between
the treads.
Flight;-a series of steps extending from floor to floor, or from a floor to an intermediate landing
or platform.
Landing; - are used where turns are necessary or to break up long climbs.

The available data we have are

 Thickness of the ceramic = 30mm

 Thickness of plastering = 20mm

  Thickness of cement screed = 30mm

 Riser = 180mm
 Tread = 280mm

 Live load = 4kN/m2

 Material: C-20/25, S-400

According to EC-2 table 7.4N take the value of K=1.0, concrete lightly stressed ρ=0.5% is 25 for
simple supported slab of structural system.

Assume the soffit slab is lightly reinforced (ρ=0.5%)

= (20)1/2 *10-3 = 0.00447 = 0.447% < ρ

Since    o we use

l/d=16.99 Because we used S400 multiply the value by 500 = 1.25

ƒ𝑦𝑘

l/d=16.99*1.25=21.25
l=lx=4500mm
So, d=4500/21.25=211.765mm

We use Ø 12 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 25 𝑚𝑚

So, H=211.76+25+12/2=242.765mm

Use, D=250mm
For first trial the value of staircase depth is high then by iteration method the depth is D=220mm and
ρ=0.39%

4.2 Loading

Dead load at stair for 1m strip width

 Self-weight of the flight (Inclined slab)

Dslab * concreat

=0.22m*25KN/m3/cos (32.48)*1m=6.51KN/m

 2cm plastering

=0.02cm*23KN/ m3 /cos (32.48)*1m=0.545KN/m

 Own weight due to step per unit run

 0.5 * riser * con = 0.5*(0.18*0.28*1*25)/cos32.48 = 1.5KN/m

 3cm cement screed on the tread

=0.3*0.28*23*1.0*(8/2.24)=0.69kN/m
 3cm cement screed on the riser
 0.03m* 0.18*23kN / m3 *1m*(9/2.24)  0.499kN / m

 2cm ceramic floor tile for riser

 0.02m* 23kN / m2 *0.18*9*1m/2.24  0.333kN / m

 2.0cm ceramic tile on the tread

 0.02m* 23kN / m2 *0.28*9*1m/2.24  0.46kN / m

Total dead load on the steps DL= 10.16kN/m

  Live load at stair
Live load=4.0kN/m2
For 1m strip width=4 kN/m2*1m=4kN/m
 Design load at stair
Dead load=1.35*10.16=13.716kN/m

Live load=1.5*4=6kN/m

Pd=1.35*10.16+1.5*4 =19.72kN/m
 Dead load on landing
 Self-weight of the flight (landing slab)

=0.22m*25kN/m*1m = 5.5kN/m

 2cm plastering

=0.02m*23kN/m*1m=0.46kN/m

 3cm cement screed on the landing

=0.03m*23kN/m3*1m=0.69kN/m

 2cm ceramic floor tile for landing

=0.02m*23KN/m2*1m=0.46kN/m

Total dead load on landing = 6.565KN/m

Pd=1.35*6.565+1.5*4 = 14.86KNm
 1.19m 2.24m 1.07m

Med = 40.98KNm

4.3 Design for flexure

d = 189mm fyd = fyk/1.15 = 400/1.15 = 347.83Mpa

b = 1000mm

K = Med/fck*bd2 = 40.98*106/20*1000*1892 = 0.05736 < K limit

z = d/2(1+(1-3.53*k)1/2)
z = 169/2(1+(1-3.53*0.05736)1/2) =178.89mm

= 40.98*106/347.83*189.89 = 658.55mm2

The minimum and maximum value of area of reinforcement is computed in accordance with
the provision of the code.

Ast,min= max(0.26* fctm*b*d)/ fyk, 0.0013btd)------------------ES EN 1991: 2015 Art9.2.1.1(1)

As,min=271.5mm2

As.max=0.04*Ac=0.04*1000*189=7560mm2

Ast,min =108.5994mm2 ≤ Ast,calc= 6320mm2 Ok!

Use ø12

S= (3.14*62*1000)/658.55= 171.65mm

Provide ø12 c/c 170mm

Asp = (3.14*62*1000)/170 = 664.94mm2

Check for deflection

ρ= As/b*d =658.55/(1000*189) = 0.0039

=0.0039 = 0.0039--------------------------OK

4500/d = 1*(11+1.5(201/2)*(0.447/0.39) + 3.2(20)0.5*((0.447/0.39)-1)3/2)*(500/400)

4500/d= 24.4082

d = 4500/24.4082 = 184.36mm < dused------------------------------OK

Secondary reinforcement

Astrans=20%Asmain

=0.2*658.55mm2
=131.71mm2

ASmin=271.5mm2; Astrans <ASmin

so take Asmin =271.5mm2

Use ø10

S = as*b/As = 3.14*1000*52/271.5 = 289.134mm

Use ø10 c/c 280mm

 CHAPTER FIVE

FRAME ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

5.1 Load on frame
A frame system is a structural system in which both the vertical and lateral loads are mainly resisted by
the frames.

5.1.1Lateral loads
In a building design, forces which act on the structures in different mode should be considered. Lateral
Loads are one of the modes of forces and they include:

1. Wind load
2. Earthquake

5.1.2 Load combination

The design load combinations are used for determining the various combinations of load cases for
which the structure needs to be designed. The load combinations factors are applied to the forces
obtained from the associated load cases and are summed to obtain the factored load design forces. In
considering combination of actions the relevant cases shall be considered to enable the critical design
conditions to be established at all sections.

Therefore, based on ES EN 1990:2015 section 6.4.3.2 and 6.4.3.4 and ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section 5.2
(geometric imperfection) the following combinations are obtained.

LOAD COMBINATION

1. ULS=1.35DL + 1.5LL
2. SLS=DL + LL
3. QuakeX1=DL + 0.3LL + EGX1 + 0.3EGY1
4. QuakeX2=DL + 0.3LL + EGX1 + 0.3EGY2
5. QuakeX3=DL + 0.3LL + EGX2 + 0.3EGY1
6. QuakeX4=DL + 0.3LL + EGX2 + 0.3EGY2
7. QuakeX5=DL + 0.3LL – EGX1 + 0.3EGY1
8. QuakeX6=DL + 0.3LL – EGX1 + 0.3EGY2
 9. QuakeX7=DL + 0.3LL – EGX2 +0.3EGY1
10. QuakeX8=DL + 0.3LL – EGX2 + 0.3EGY2
11. QuakeX9=DL + 0.3LL + EGX1 – 0.3EGY1
12. QuakeX10=DL + 0.3LL + EGX1 – 0.3EGY2
13. QuakeX11=DL + 0.3LL + EGX2 – 0.3EGY1
14. QuakeX12=DL + 0.3LL + EGX2 – 0.3EGY2
15. QuakeX13=DL + 0.3LL – EGX1 – 0.3EGY1
16. QuakeX14=DL + 0.3LL – EGX1 – 0.3EGY2
17. QuakeX15=DL + 0.3LL – EGX2 – 0.3EGY1
18. QuakeX16=DL + 0.3LL –EGX2 - 0.3EGY2
19. QuakeY1=DL + 0.3LL +EGY1 + 0.3EGX1
20. QuakeY2=DL + 0.3LL + EGY1 + 0.3EGX2
21. QuakeY3=DL + 0.3LL + EGY2 + 0.3EGX1
22. QuakeY4=DL + 0.3LL + EGY2 + 0.3EGX2
23. QuakeY5=DL + 0.3LL – EGY1 + 0.3EGX1
24. QuakeY6=DL + 0.3LL – EGY1 + 0.3EGX2
25. QuakeY7=DL + 0.3LL – EGY2 + 0.3EGX1
26. QuakeY8=DL + 0.3LL – EGY2 + 0.3EGX2
27. QuakeY9=DL + 0.3LL + EGY1 – 0.3EGX1
28. QuakeY10=DL + 0.3LL +EGY1 – 0.3EGX2
29. QuakeY11=DL + 0.3LL + EGY2 – 0.3EGX1
30. QuakeY12=DL + 0.3LL + EGY2 – 0.3EGX2
31. QuakeY13=DL + 0.3LL – EGY1 – 0.3EGX1
32. QuakeY14=DL + 0.3LL – EGY1 – 0.3EGX2
33. QuakeY15=DL + 0.3LL – EGY2 – 0.3EGX1
34. QuakeY16=DL + 0.3LL – EGY2 – 0.3EGX2
35. Envelop
Where EGX1 is in positive +X direction

EGX2 is in negative –X direction

EGY1 is in positive +Y direction

 EGY2 is in negative -Y direction

Modeling of frame
Moment in short direction
Moment in long direction
Axial force
 CHAPTER SIX
LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS
6.1 Lateral load
In a building design, forces which act on the structures in different mode so, it must considered. Lateral
loads are modes of forces and they include:

Wind load
Earthquake
Earth pressure

For this project, we consider only earthquake loads.

6.2 Analysis of earthquake loads in buildings

Earthquake or seismic load on a building depends upon its geographical location, lateral stiffness and
mass, and is reversible. Its effect should be considered along both axes of a building taken one at a
time. A force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. During an earthquake, the mass is
imparted by the building whereas the acceleration is imparted by the ground disturbance. In order to
have a minimum force, the mass of the building should be as low as possible. There can be no control on
the ground acceleration being an act of the Nature! The point of application of this internal force is the
center of gravity of the mass on each floor of the building. Once there is a force, there has to be an
equal and opposite reaction to balance this force. The internal force is resisted by the building and the
resisting force acts at the center of rigidity at each floor of the building or shear center of the building at
each story.
Earthquake characteristics

Earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the
earth's crust that creates seismic waves. As experienced by structures, earthquakes consist of random
horizontal and vertical movements of the earth's surface. As the ground moves, inertia tends to keep
structures in place, resulting in the imposition of displacements and forces that can have catastrophic
results. A properly built structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive. It has
to be properly designed to withstand the seismic effects while sustaining an acceptable level of
damage. The purpose of seismic design is to proportion structures so that they can withstand the
displacements and the forces induced by the ground motion.

Assumptions considered during the analysis of earthquake are as follows:

Earth quake causes impulsive ground motion, which is complex and irregular in character, changing in
period and amplitude each lasting for small duration. Therefore resonance of the type as visualized
under steady-state sinusoidal excitations will not occur as it would need time to build up such
amplitudes.

Earth quake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood or maximum seawaves.

The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, may be taken as per elastic analysis.

There are two methods of analysis on earthquake. They are:

1. Equivalent Static Analysis–For regular building structures

2. Dynamic Analysis–for irregular building structures Therefor we use Equivalent Static Analysis
method

Note;-We use Euro code 8 Part 1 PrEN 1998-1(12-2003) is used during assessment of the impact of an
earthquake on the design and during analysis and design.

1. Identification of ground type

Ground types A, B, C, D, and E, described by the strati-graphic profiles and parameters given in Table
3.1 of “ESEN1998-1, 2014 Section 3.1.2” may be used to account for the influence of local ground
conditions on the seismic action.

This may also be done by additionally taking into account the influence of deep geology on the seismic
action.
Considering deposits of very dense sand and gravel for a certain meter thickness characterized by a
gradual increase of mechanical properties with depth.

We choose a ground type B. Function of our building mixed use building. Hence, for ordinary buildings
Importance class III with importance factor (γ)=1.2 can be taken from “ES-EN 1998- 1:2015, Section
4.2.5(4), Table 4.3.” Even though, our project site is located in Addis Ababa for academic purpose we
consider the hazard zone of our project site to be in zone 4.

Ground Description of stratigraphic Parameters

Type profile
Vs,30(m/s) NSPT Cu(kPa)
(blows/30cm)
A Rock or other rock-like >800 - -
geological formation, including at
most 5m of weaker material at the
surface.

B Deposits of very dense sand, 360-800 >50 >250

gravel, or very stiff clay, at least
several tens of meters in
thickness, characterized by a
gradual increase of mechanical
properties with depth.

C Deep deposits of dense or 180-360 15-50 70-250

medium-dense sand gravel or stiff
clay with thickness from several
tens to many hundreds of meter.
 D Deposits of loose-to-medium <180 <15 <70
cohesion less soil (with or
without some soft cohesive
layers), or o predominantly soft-
to-firm cohesive soil.

E A soil profile consisting of a

surface alluvium layer with vs.
values of type C or D and
thickness varying between about
5m and 20m, underlain by stiffer
material with vs.>800m/s.

S1 Deposits consisting, or containing <100(indica - 10-20

a layer at least 10m thick, of soft tive)
clays/silts with a high plasticity
index (PI>40) and high water
content.

S2 Deposits of liquefiable soils, of

sensitive clays, or any other soil
profile not included in types A-E

or S1.
FromES-EN1998-1:2014, ANNEXD (INFORMATIVE) for zone3,
α=agr/g=0.10Where,
Agr=Reference ground acceleration

g=is gravitational force (9.81m/s2)

agr=0.10*9.81=0.981m/s2.
Assuming a recorded surface wave magnitude of less than 5.5, we have decided to use type 1
spectrum. And the required information for Type1 spectrum and Ground Type B.

2. Determination of period of vibration (T)

T is the vibration period of a linear single degree of freedom system (T=T1, T1=fundamental period of
vibration of the building expressed by method of structural dynamics or Rayleigh method, for building
with height of up 20m

T = T1= C1*H3/4

C1= 0.075 for moment resistance space concrete framesH = 10.26m

T1= 0.075*10.263/4= 0.42995sec

Identify spectrum type and soil factor

Design spectrum is type 1 recommended

Ground S TB(S) TC(S) TD(S)

type

A 1.0 0.15 0.4 2.0

B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2.0
C 1.15 0.2 0.6 2.0
D 1.35 0.2 0.8 2.0
E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2.0

TB is the lower limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch
TC is the upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch
TD is the value defining the beginning of the constant displacement response range Of the
spectrum
S is the soil factor
From design spectrum table T1=T is between TB(S) =0.15, TC = 0.5, and TD(S) =2

Since, TB ≤ T1≤ TC 0.15≤ 0.42995≤ 0.5

3. Design ground acceleration(ag)

The earthquake motion at a given point of the surface is generally represented by an elastic ground
acceleration spectrum, called “elastic response spectrum”. Normalized elastic response spectra are
shown in annex A – Figure A.1 of ES EN 1998: 2015.
Behavior factor (q0)

Basic value of behavior factor (q0) depends on the type of the structural system and on its regularity in
elevation. For buildings that are regular in elevation the basic values of (q0) for various structural types
are given in table below of ES EN 1998-1-2015 as shown below.
STRUCTURAL TYPE DCM DCH

Frame system, dual system, coupled wall system 3.0αu/α1 4.0αu/α1

Uncoupled wall system 3.0 4,5αu/α1

Torsion ally flexible system 2.0 3.0

Inverted pendulum system 1.5 2.0

In our case; - qo=DCM, qo=3.0ᾳu/ᾳ1

Note; the value of qo should be reduced by 20% for buildings which are not regular in elevation or for
non-regular in elevation buildings the decreased values of the behavior factor are given by the
reference values multiplied by 0.8

ᾳu/ᾳ1 is known as the multiplication factor. For the buildings which are regular in plan the approximate
value of this factor is given as follows;-

a) Frames or frame equivalent dual system

- One story buildings: ᾳu/ᾳ1=1.1
- Multistory, one-bay frames ᾳu/ᾳ1 =1.2
- Multistory, multi-bay frames or frame equivalent dual structures: ᾳu/ᾳ1=1.3
b) Wall or wall-equivalent dual systems
- Wall system with only two uncoupled walls per horizontal directions: ᾳu/ᾳ1=1
- Other uncoupled wall systems: ᾳu/ᾳ1=1.1
- Wall-equivalent dual or coupled wall system:
ᾳu/ᾳ1=1.2
In our case, its multy- by- frames.

So, ᾳu/ᾳ1=1.3

qo= 3.0*1.3=3.9
Factor reflecting prevailing failure mode (kw)
Prevailing failure mode in structural system with walls shall be taken as follows
kw= - 1.0 for frame and frame equivalent systems
- (1+ ᾳ0)/3 but not less than 0.5, for wall-equivalent and torsional
flexible system

Where;-

ᾳ0, is the prevailing aspect ratio of the walls of the

structural systemᾳ0 = Σhwi/lwi
hwi =is the height of wall i
lwi =is the length of the section of wall
In our case kw= 1.0 for frame and frame equivalent
systems.q=qo*kw ≥ 1.5

q=3.9*1 ≥ 1.5
q=3.9 ≥ 1.5
➢ Damping correction factor (η) =1
➢ The recommended value for the lower bound factor foe the horizontal design
spectrum(β) = 0.

Sd(T1)= ag*s*η*2.5/q ≥ β*ag

= 0.981*1.2*1*2.5/3.9 ≥ 0.2*0.981
= 0.7546 ≥ 0.196
Sd(T1)= 0.7546m/s
Correction factor (λ)
λ is the correction factor, the value of which is equal to:
λ = (0.85 if T1 < 2 *TC and the building, has more than two story, 1.0
 0therwise) we use λ = 1
Base Shear Force (Fb)
The seismic base shear force (Fb) for each horizontal direction in which the building is
analyzed,shall be determined using the following expression:

Fb= Sd(T1) ∗ m * λ

Where: Sd(T)= is the ordinate of the design spectrum at period

T1= is the fundamental period of vibration of the building for the lateral motion in the direction
considered.

λ is the correction factor=1

Fb = 0.7546 ∗ 0.85 * 1m

Fb = 0.641m