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Gladi: Jurnal Ilmu Keolahragaan 15 (03) 2024, 296-312
Permalink/DOI: https://doi.org/10.21009/GJIK.153.04

THE EFFECT OF KICK SPEED, AGILITY, AND CONFIDENCE

ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF YOUNG PENCAK SILAT
ATHLETES IN WEST SUMATRA

Suci Wulandari1, Heni Widyaningsih2, Widiastuti3, Ayu Purnama Wenly4

1234
Physical Education, Faculty of Sports Science Universitas Negri Jakarta, Indonesia

Correspondiing author. Email : wulandarisuci367@gmail.com

(Submission Track: Received: 21-06-2024, Final Revision: 28-09-2024, Available Online: 30-09-2024)

Abstract This study focuses on the relationship between attack speed, agility, and athlete achievement in
pencak silat sports. This research also explores the role of self-confidence as a mediator in the relationship.
The purpose of this study is to identify the direct and indirect influence of attack speed and agility on the
achievement of pencak silat athletes by taking into account the role of confidence as a mediating variable.
This research method uses the statistical analysis path method to test the relationship between these
variables. Data were collected from pencak silat athletes and analyzed using significance tests to determine
direct and indirect influences. The results of the study showed: attack speed had a direct significant
influence on confidence (significance value 0.025 < 0.05), Agility had a direct significant influence on
confidence (significance value 0.043 < 0.05), Attack speed had a direct significant influence on
achievement (significance value 0.026 < 0.05), Agility had a direct significant influence on achievement
(significance value 0.043 < 0.05), Confidence has direct significant influence on achievement (significance
value 0.000 < 0.05), Attack speed has an indirect influence through confidence on achievement greater than
its direct influence, Agility has an indirect influence through confidence on achievement greater than its
direct influence. The conclusion of this study shows that attack speed and agility have a significant influence
on the achievement of pencak silat athletes, both directly and through confident mediation. The
development of attack speed, agility, and confidence should be the main focus in the training program to
improve the athlete's performance

Keywords: Kick Speed, Agility, Confidence, Pencak Silat

Copyright © 2024 Suci Wulandari1, Widyaningsih2, Widyawati3Ayu Purnama Wenly4

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
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INTRODUCTION coaching program is made for early

Science and technology as the childhood, elementary school (SD),
basis of the aspect of sports coaching are junior high school (SMP), high school
an integral part of the sports coaching (SMA) and even students at various
process. Forming reliable athletes is no universities and colleges.
longer able to be done in traditional To get sustainable achievements,
ways, therefore it is time to use the these athletes from West Sumatra
coaching method using science and participate in various kinds of matches,
technology to change the pattern of as well as events held at the
modern sports coaching (Burhaein et al. city/regency, provincial, national and
2021) . international levels. These pencak silat
Scientific sports coaching is championships are held to find out the
required to be the foundation in the success rate of the coaching process that
process of nurturing and coaching has been received by athletes. One of
athletes from a program to achieve them is the National Student Sports
maximum achievement. Achievement Week (POPNAS). The National Student
sports is a type of sport that requires the Sports Week is the highest multi-sport
coaching and development of sportsmen event for students at the national level,
in a planned, tiered and sustainable which is held every two years.
manner through training and POPNAS is a prestigious sports
competitions to achieve achievements competition at the national level for
with the support of sports science and students and is a people's event party in
technology. supporting their respective regions to
One of the sports achievements become the best in Indonesia.
that has attracted the attention of many Pencak silat is a martial sport
parties is pencak silat. This sport from consisting of 2 categories of matches.
Indonesia has been developed in almost Pencak Silat as a sport consists of two
all regions of Indonesia, including West categories: artistic (art) and combat
Sumatra. Various coaching and training (tanding) . The art category focuses on
programs have been carried out to movement patterns, while the fight is a
maximize the achievements achieved by full-contact duel that takes place on a
athletes from West Sumatra. This circular mat measuring 8 m in diameter.
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Both art and combat in pencak silat Prasetyo, 2017) . Excellent physical
require good technical, physical, mental condition and strong mentality are the
and tactical components to display the main capital for athletes to excel. The
movements to the maximum. Physical, physical components needed by pencak
technical, tactical and mental silat athletes include speed (Sundara et
components are aspects that need to be al., 2020a) , agility, and endurance of leg
trained for silat athletes to get maximum muscle strength. According to Awan
achievements. (so et al., 2018) (Dewi, Hariono in Nurhidayah & Graha (2017)
2014) The components of physical conditions
Technique is a special movement required in pencak silat include
owned by certain sports. Techniques in endurance, strength, speed,
pencak silat are a movement that can be coordination, and flexibility
used to attack or avoid the opponent's (Nurhidayah & Graha, 2017a)
attack. The basic techniques in pencak
silat are defense (evasive, evasive, and The ability to move quickly is an
parry), attack (punches, kicks, falls, and important component of the sport as well
locks) and down techniques (bottom as pencak silat. Speed in pencak silat is
sweeps, bottom circles, and cuts) needed to anticipate attacks from
(Nugroho in . The basic techniques of opponents, make attacks and avoid
pencak silat are in the form of punches, attacks. (Ihsan & Suwirman, 2018) The
kicks, parries, dodges, drops and ability to move quickly in a straight line
sweeps. (Siswantoyo & Graha, 2016) or in different directions (change of
(Nusufi, 2015) direction) is an integral component of
In addition to basic techniques, successful performance in a variety of
physical condition is also one of the sports (Bompa & Buzzichelli, 2019a) .
important factors for athletes to achieve Speed is the ability to carry out a
peak achievements. Pencak silat athletes movement in a short time (Satria et al.,
must have a good physical condition in 2021)
order to get brilliant achievements. In addition to speed, agility is
(Ridhwan & Hariyanto, 2021) also a physical component that must be
Physical condition has important role to mastered by pencak silat athletes. Agility
achieve an achievement in sports (F Y is a complex set of interdependent skills
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that converge for the athlete to respond confidence. This can be seen from the
to an external stimulus with a rapid number of athletes who have
deceleration, change of direction, and successfully qualified for the national
reacceleration . Agility is a response to level (POPNAS) from the regional level
the stimulus given by the opponent (POPWIL) which is still limited. For
(Bompa & Buzzichelli, 2019b) (Young example, in 2016, there were 10
& Farrow, 2013) . Silat fighters who numbers that managed to pass the Riau
have good agility will easily move the POPWIL, while in 2018 there was a
whole body quickly, making changes in decrease so that 8 numbers were
speed or direction in response to the recorded to have passed the Aceh
stimulus received. POPWIL, and in 2022 there were 10
In an effort to achieve numbers recorded again at the Jakarta
achievements, self-confidence is a very POPNAS PRA which managed to pass
important aspect for athletes. athletes to the national level.
Confidence has a significant correlation Through this study of
with improving athletes' performance, inmaximity, several things that need to
therefore, confidence is considered a be considered in the training pattern are
determining factor for success for found to increase the effectiveness of the
athletes in various competitions. athletes' technical and physical training.
However, overconfidence can be a The evaluation showed that there were
problem, especially when athletes feel shortcomings in the repetition of
that their abilities exceed their exercises and a lack of adequate pre-
opponents. This can cause athletes to facilities. This signals the need for
underestimate their opponents and feel adjustments in the training program to
that they will not be defeated by anyone. ensure that athletes can develop their
In the regional championships abilities to the fullest.
and open pencak silat championships in Based on observations on the
West Sumatra, many young athletes field during the regional championships,
have not reached their maximum it can be seen that many pencak silat
potential to compete at the national athletes are not optimal in carrying out
level. One of the main reasons is a lack attacks and lack confidence when doing
of physical condition and a lack of so. The attacks carried out look less
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powerful and slow, so they are easy to competitions at the national and
predict and anticipate by opponents. As international levels.
a result, athletes are often easily knocked The response given by some
down by opponents in matches. athletes in training often seems very
Apart from the physical aspect, it slow, and they have difficulty moving
is also important to strengthen the their whole body and changing direction
mental aspect of athletes, especially self- quickly. This phenomenon provides a
confidence. Coaches can help athletes to clear picture that the physical and
build their confidence through special confident components have a significant
training and psychological coaching. role in the achievements of West
With the increase in confidence, it is Sumatra pencak silat athletes.
hoped that athletes will be more Suboptimal physical conditions,
confident in attacking and competing on such as low kick speed and agility, as
the mat. well as lack of confidence, have been
It is also important to provide proven to be factors that cause a decline
athletes with an understanding of the in the achievements achieved by West
importance of maintaining their overall Sumatra pencak silat athletes. This
physical and mental health. Good reflects the need for problem-solving in
nutrition, adequate rest, and effective improving physical condition and
stress management can help improve an strengthening athletes' confidence.
athlete's overall physical and mental Seeing the problems faced by
condition. West Sumatra pencak silat athletes, the
In the long term, improvements author felt interested in conducting more
in the training pattern and mental in-depth research and discussing the
coaching of pencak silat athletes in West direct or indirect influence of speed,
Sumatra are expected to significantly agility, and confidence on the
improve their achievements. With achievements of athletes in the area.
continuous improvement, it is hoped that This research is expected to provide a
the number of athletes who have deeper understanding of the factors that
successfully qualified for the national affect the achievement of pencak silat
level will also increase, and they can athletes and provide a foundation for the
compete more competitively in various
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development of more effective training Data analysis will be carried out

programs. using appropriate statistical methods,
The direct influence of speed, such as regression analysis to identify
agility, and confidence on the the relationship between independent
achievement of pencak silat athletes in variables (speed, agility, and
West Sumatra can be the main focus in confidence) and dependent variables
this study. Direct measurements of (athlete achievement). In addition,
athletes' physical abilities and qualitative analyses will be conducted to
confidence levels, as well as analysis of unearth a deeper understanding of other
their relationship to achievement, will be factors that may influence the
an integral part of the study. relationship.
The study will also pay attention The results of this study are
to indirect factors that affect the expected to make a significant
relationship between speed, agility, and contribution to the development of
confidence and the achievement of pencak silat sports in West Sumatra.
pencak silat athletes. For example, Practical implications of this study could
environmental factors, social support, include recommendations for the
and internal motivations of athletes can development of more targeted training
play an important role in shaping their programs, as well as suggestions for
physical and psychological condition. increasing support and motivation for
The research methods used will athletes. Thus, it is hoped that the
include quantitative and qualitative data achievements of West Sumatra pencak
collection. Direct measurements of silat athletes can increase significantly in
athletes' speed and agility can be done the future.
through standardized physical tests,
while confidence levels can be evaluated METHOD
through questionnaires or interviews. In In general, the purpose of the
addition, direct observation of athletes' study is to find out whether or not there
training and matches will also be carried is a direct influence between attack
out to understand the context more speed, agility and confidence on the
deeply. achievement of West Sumatra pencak
silat youth athletes. In this study, the
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population was West Sumatra youth which it is continued with (Sarwono,

athletes who had achievements from the 2011) path analysis.
regional level totaling 200 athletes. The Research instruments are tools
sample technique used in this study is used to collect data. Instruments help
Simple Random Sampling, which means researchers in the process of collecting
that as many as n samples are taken from data on research, in this case the
the population of N and each member of instrument can be accounted for and
the population has the same chance of meet the requirements of test validity and
being taken. The sample (Sugiono, reliability ( Attendant , 2016) . The
2017) used in this study is as many as instruments in this study are:
150 West Sumatra youth pencak silat The instrument to measure the
athletes, there is this study that is used as speed of the sickle kick uses metion
a population of West Sumatra youth capture technology that records
athletes who have had achievements movement realistically. To measure
from the regional level. agility uses a one-leg side jump rotation
This study uses associative instrument. To measure confidence with
quantitative research methods, with a questionnaire.
quantitative approaches and survey The variables studied consisted
method techniques and uses path of four variables consisting of three
analysis techniques. Path analysis is an exogenous variables and one
analysis technique used to analyze the endogenous variable. Exogenous
inherent causal relationship between variables consist of attack speed (X1),
variables arranged based on a temporary agility (X2), confidence (Y) and
sequence by using path coefficient as a endogenous variables are the
value measure in determining the achievements of Pencak silat youth
magnitude of the influence of the athletes (Z). The pattern of relationships
exogenous independent variable on the between research variables is involved in
endogenous dependent variable. This the following figure:
research is classified as a type of
quantitative research that uses multiple
regression data analysis techniques, after
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deviations. Second, inferential data

analysis is carried out to test the
Figure 1. Constellation Structural hypothesis using path analysis. Path
relationships between research analysis, all hypothesis tests are carried
variables. out using a = 0.05. Before the hypothesis
Information: X1 is the speed of was tested, the regression galakassiran
the kick, X2 Is agility, Y is PEself- was first tested, using the Liliefors

discipline, Z Is achievement Ρx2x1 Is technique, and the homogeneity of

Variable path coefficients x2 with the variance using the barlett test technique.

variable X1, ρyx1 Is Variable path To calculate the direct and

indirect influence of an independent
coefficients X1 with variable Y, ρyx2 Is
variable on the bound variable is
Variable path coefficients X2 through
reflected in the path coefficient. As for
with variable Y, ρx1yz Is Variable path
determining the path coefficient, the
coefficients X1 through with the Z
following assumptions are needed: (1)
variable, and ρx2yz Is Variable path
the relationship between two variables
coefficients X2 with the Z variable.
must be a linear, additive and causal
The data analysis technique is
relationship; (2) the system adheres to
carried out through two stages of
the one-way principle; (3) all residual
analysis, namely descriptive and
variables are not correlated and do not
inferential data analysis. First,
correlate with the causal variables; (4)
descriptive data analysis, this is done to
the data of each variable must be
analyze the data that has been collected
continuum;
to obtain an overview of the
In the path analysis model, two
characteristics of the distribution of the
types of variables are known, namely;
values of each variable studied.
exogenous variables and endogenous
Descriptive analysis is used in
variables. Exogenous variables have a
terms of data presentation, central size,
direct or indirect influence on
and spread size. Data presentation uses
endogenous variables, while endogenous
distribution lists and histograms. The
variables are variables that can affect
central measures include mean, median,
other endogenous variables.
and mode. The size of the spread
includes variants, and standard
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In accordance with the 0.407) = 0.7701 can be found. Thus a

framework of thinking that has been model path diagram is obtained.
developed, the endogenous variables in
Figure 2. Direct Effect X1, X2 Affects Y2
this study are Achievement (Z), while
exogenous variables include Kick Speed
(X1), Agility (X2), and Confidence (Y).
The model of the structural equation of
this research consists of three types of
structures. The calculation was carried
out with computer-aided athletes. The
Tables and Figures are placed in
program used is a data analysis package
the text group after the table or figure is
contained in SPPS 24.
referenced. Each image must be given a
Figure Caption at the bottom of the
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
image and numbered in Arabic numerals
Referring to the output of Model
followed by the image title. Each table
I Regression in the coefficient table, it
must be given a Table Caption and
can be seen that the significance values
numbered in Arabic numerals at the top
of the two variables, namely Speed =
of the table followed by the table title.
0.025 and X2 = 0.043 are less than 0.05.
Model II Path Coefficient: Based on the
This result provides a conclusion that the
output of Model II Regression in the
Regression Mod I, namely the variables
Coefficients table, it is known that the
X1 and X2 has a significant effect on Y.
significance values of the three
The magnitude of the R2 or R Square
variables, namely X1 = 0.036, X2 =
value contained in the Model Summary
0.043 and Y = 0.7701 are less than 0.05.
table is 0.407, this shows that the
This result concludes that the Regression
contribution or contribution of the
of Model II, namely the variables X1,
influence of X1 and X2 on Y is 40.7%
X2 and Y has a significant effect on Z.
while the remaining 59.3% is the
The magnitude of the R2 or R Square
contribution of other variables that are
value contained in the Model Summary
not included in the study. Meanwhile, for
table is 0.645, this shows that the
the value of e1, the formula e1 = √ (1-
contribution of X1, X2 and Y to Z is
64.5% while the remaining 35.5% is the
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contribution of other variables that are concluded that there is a direct

not studied. Meanwhile, for the value of significant influence of X2 on Y.
e2 = √ (1-0.645) = 0.5958. Thus, the path Which means that there is a
diagram of the structure model II is direct significant influence of
obtained as follows: agility on confidence.
3. Analysis of the Influence of X1
on Z: from the analysis, the
significance value of X1 was
obtained of 0.026 < 0.05. So it
can be concluded that there is a
direct significant influence of X1
Figure 3. Indirect Effect X1, X2 Affects
on Z. Which means that there is
Y Through Z
a direct significant influence of
attack speed on performance
The table does not contain
4. Analysis of the influence of X2
vertical lines, horizontal lines are
on Z: from the analysis, the
required for the important ones.
significance value of X2 is
Based on the results of the path
obtained of 0.043 < 0.05. So it
analysis , the results of the hypothesis
can be concluded that there is a
test are as follows:
direct significant influence of X2
1. Analysis of the influence of X1
on Z. Which means that there is
on Y: from the above analysis,
a direct significant influence of
the significance value of X1 is
agility on achievement.
obtained < 0.05. So it can be
5. Analysis of the influence of Y on
concluded that there is a direct
Z: from the analysis, it was
significant influence of X1 on Y.
obtained that the significance
Which means that there is a
value of Y was 0.000 < 0.05. So
direct significant influence of
it can be concluded that there is a
attack speed on confidence.
direct significant influence of Y
2. Analysis of the influence of X2
on Z. Which means that there is
on Y: from the above analysis,
a direct significant influence of
the significance value of X2 is
confidence on achievement.
obtained < 0.05. So it can be
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6. Analysis of the Influence of X1 Y on Z is the multiplication

through Y on Z: it is known that between the beta value of X2 on
the direct influence given by X1 Y and the beta value of Y on Z,
on Z is 0.156. Meanwhile, the namely: 0.403 x 0.612 = 0.247.
indirect influence of X1 through So the total influence given by
Y on Z is the multiplication X2 on Z is a direct influence plus
between the beta value of X1 on an indirect influence, namely:
Y and the beta value of Y on Z, 0.146 + 0.247 0.393. Based on
namely: 0.336 x 0.612 = 0.206. the results of the calculation
So the total influence given by above, a direct influence value of
X1 on Z is a direct influence plus 0.146 and an indirect influence
an indirect influence, namely: of 0.247 were obtained, which
0.156 + 0.206 = 0.362. Based on means that the indirect influence
the results of the calculation value is greater than the direct
above, it is known that the direct influence value, this result shows
influence value is 0.156 and the that indirectly X2 through Y has
indirect influence is 0.206 which a significant influence on Z.
means that the indirect influence Which means that indirectly
value is greater than the direct agility through confidence has a
influence value, this result shows significant influence on
that indirectly X1 through Y has achievement.
a significant influence on Z.
Which means that indirectly The results showed that athletes
there is a significant influence on who had faster attack speeds had higher
the speed of the attack through confidence. In previous research, the
confidence has a significant results show that the development of
influence on achievement. Pencak Silat in the field of education can
7. Analysis of the Influence of X2 increase students' confidence through
through Y on Z: it is known that improving skills and abilities in various
the direct influence given by X2 aspects, including attack speed (Subekti
on Z is 0.146. Meanwhile, the et al. 2020). Faster attack speeds can
indirect influence of X2 through increase athletes' confidence in several
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ways. First, faster attack speed can This study shows that there is a
improve athletes' ability to face significant influence between Attack
opponents, thereby increasing their Speed (X1) on Achievement (Z) in the
confidence(Setyawati 2014). Second, context of sports. These findings are
faster attack speed can improve athletes' consistent with a number of previous
ability to master attack techniques, studies that highlight the importance of
thereby increasing brand attack speed in improving athlete
confidence(Babintsev et al. 2022)a. performance. For example, research by
Third, faster attack speeds can improve (Subekti et al. 2020) found that athletes
athletes' ability to deal with pressure and with high attack speed tended to perform
stress, thereby increasing their better due to their ability to respond and
confidence (Setyawati 2014). Although anticipate opponents' movements
in pencak silat, the class category and effectively. Other research by
atle anthropometry greatly affect the (Christensen and Smith 2018) It also
speed of attacks. shows that the high speed of attack
This study shows that there is a allows athletes to control the dynamics
significant influence between Agility of the match, which in turn increases
(X2) and Confidence (Y). These their chances of winning.
findings are consistent with several This study shows that there is a
previous studies that underscore a significant influence between Attack
positive relationship between physical Speed (X1) on Achievement (Z) in the
agility and increased confidence levels. context of sports. These findings are
For example, research by (Liang et al. consistent with a number of previous
2019) found that athletes with high studies that highlight the importance of
agility tended to have better confidence attack speed in improving athlete
in competitive situations due to their performance. For example, his previous
ability to move quickly and effectively. research revealed that agility training can
In addition, articles from (Dinata, Umar, improve the ability of the sickle kick and
and Argantos 2020)stated that increased the overall achievement of martial arts
agility is related to a positive perception athletes. In previous research (Sandford,
of self-ability, which directly increases Laursen, and Buchheit 2021)
self-confidence. Improvement of movement agility
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ability due to agility training on the speed increases the chances of scoring
achievement of martial athletes. points and avoiding the opponent's
The results showed that there was attacks, which directly contributes to
a significant influence between better performance. In addition, they
confidence and achievement, which stated that the speed of the attack
could be analyzed from various increases confidence because athletes
perspectives, especially when associated feel better prepared and able to face
with classes in pencak silat sports various situations in the arena. In the
classified by weight. From a theory of self-efficacy (Bezjak and Cecić
physiological point of view, athletes with Erpič 2021) It also explains that belief in
greater weight and height, such as in one's own ability to perform quick and
classes G, H, and I, often have fewer precise strikes strengthens self-
opponents than lighter classes, resulting confidence, which in turn improves
in tighter competition. Confidence in this athletes' performance and achievements.
context is crucial as it helps athletes cope The results of the study that show
with the pressure of higher competition a significant influence of agility through
and strengthens their mentality to stay confidence on achievement can be
focused and dare to take risks during the analyzed from various perspectives,
game (Mantha Dabuke et al. 2023). especially when associated with classes
The results of this study revealed in pencak silat sports classified by
that the speed of the attack has a weight. In pencak silat, the classification
significant influence on the achievement by weight ensures that the match takes
of youth pencak silat athletes, which is place fairly and balanced. Agility in this
mediated through self-confidence. These context is greatly influenced by the body
findings indicate that the speed of the composition and physical condition of
attack not only has a direct impact on the athlete. Lighter athletes may have an
achievement but also indirectly through advantage in terms of speed and agility,
increased confidence. Supported by while heavier athletes may rely on
previous research that attack speed is a strength. (Díaz-Martínez et al. 2024)
critical skill in pencak silat that allows However, research shows that agility
athletes to dominate opponents (Doewes, combined with confidence can improve
Elumalai, and Azmi 2022). High attack
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overall performance, regardless of of confidence will improve the

weight class (Duma et al. 2012). athlete's performance.
6. With a greater indirect influence
CONCLUSION than direct influence, these
Based on the results of the research results suggest that the speed of
that has been carried out, several main attack through confidence has a
conclusions can be drawn as follows: significant influence on
1. The speed of the attack has a performance. This means that
significant direct effect on confidence plays an important
confidence. This indicates that an mediating role in the relationship
increase in attack speed can between attack speed and
directly increase athletes' achievement.
confidence. 7. With a greater indirect influence
2. Agility also has a significant than direct influence, these
direct influence on self- results show that agility through
confidence. This indicates that self-confidence has a significant
more agile athletes tend to have a influence on achievement. This
higher level of confidence. signifies that self-confidence is
3. The speed of the attack directly also an important mediator in the
has a significant effect on relationship between agility and
performance. This means that the achievement.
increase in attack speed will Overall, this study emphasizes
immediately have a positive the importance of attack speed and
impact on athletes' achievements. agility in improving athletes'
4. Agility has a significant direct performance, both directly and through
influence on achievement. This increased confidence. The development
means that more agile athletes of attack speed and agility, as well as
tend to achieve higher strategies to increase self-confidence,
achievements. should be the focus of the training
5. Self-confidence has a significant program to achieve optimal performance
direct influence on achievement. in pencak silat.
This indicates that a higher level
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