P.E.

EDUCATION 221
OBJECTIVES OF P.E.
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION - Today has the potential of contributing to the enhancement of positive
lifestyle changes which ultimately lead to better quality of life. This means that through physical
education, the individual can acquire sufficient knowledge and understanding, activity, skills, and
desirable attitude that will eventually contribute to his well-being.

 OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION:

1. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT - In the pursuit of the development skills, games, sports, and dance
skills are acquired which can increase one’s capability to enjoy lifetime recreational pursuits.

2. MENTAL DEVELOPMENT - Focus is on the acquisition of knowledge and understanding, ability

to analyze body movement and skills, evaluate game situation and make important decisions.
Understanding the rules of the games.

3. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT - A learner seldom gets into vigorous physical activity by himself. In
the process, he learns to respect, others and practices fair play, sportsmanship, teamwork, and
develop leadership. He learns the game of life-the application of the golden rule.

4. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT - Participating in varied physical activities enables one to

acquire pleasant attitudes, desirable habits, positive character traits such as courage self-confidence,
 discipline, appreciation for beautiful performances, as well as self-expression are developed and
become part of an individual’s way of life.

COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

A. HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS:
1. CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS - is the ability to exercise the entire body for lengthy periods of
time. Cardiovascular fitness requires strong heart, healthy lungs, and clear blood vessels to supply the
body with oxygen.
2. MUSCULAR STRENGTH - refers to the maximum force that can be generated by muscle or
muscle group against a resistance.
3. MUSCULAR ENDURANCE - is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force repetitively.
4. FLEXIBILITY - is the ability to move through the full range of motion of a particular joint or
combination of joint, the amount of mass surrounding the joint and the capacity of ligaments, tendons,
muscles, and skin that traverse the joint.
5. BODY COMPOSITION - refers to the ratio between lean tissue and fatty tissue in the body. Lean
tissue includes muscle, bones, organs, and connective tissue.

MUSCULAR AEROBIC

BODY COMPOSITION FLEXIBILITY

B. SKILL-RELARED PHYSICAL FITNESS:
1. AGILITY - is the ability of the individual to change position in space, also refers to quickness of
movement.
2. BALANCE - is the ability of a person to hold certain position while moving or still position.
3. COORDINATION - is the ability to use the senses together with the body parts in performing task
smoothly and accurately.
4. POWER - refers to muscular power which is the ability to release maximum force is the shortest
possible time. It is combination of strength and speed.
5. REACTION TIME - is the time required to initiate a movement of various body parts after the
reception of a stimulus.
6. SPEED - refers the ability to do successive movements of the same kind in the shortest period of
time.

 BALANCE

 REACTION TIME

 SPEED/AGILITY
In line with Blooms Taxonomy of Behavioral Objectives, Physical educator proves it has place in the total
development of any learner as it is concerned with the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains of growth
and development.

 Physical fitness
PSYCHOMOTOR components –
OBJECTIVE endurance, strength,
flexibility, balance, agility.
Physical Fitness Development
 Body Mechanics, games,
and Movement Skills
dance, and sports skills.

 Body functions and

development process
COGNITIVE OBJECTIVE  Analysis, reasoning, and
decision making.
Knowledge and Information
 Rules, strategies, and
safety

 Cooperation,
sportsmanship, respect
AFFECTIVE for others, leadership,
OBJECTIVES etc.
 Courage, self-discipline,
Social and emotional stability
aesthetic appreciation,
self-expression.

WHAT IS SPORTS?
"Sport" comes from the Old French desport meaning "leisure". American English uses the term "sports” to refer
to this general type of recreational activity, whereas other regional dialects use the singular "sport". The French
word for sport is based on the Persian word “bord” meaning "winning" or "win". The Chinese term for sport,
connotes physical training. The modern Greek term for sport is (athlitismos), directly cognate with the English
terms’ "athlete" and "athleticism".
Sport is all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organized participation, aim to use, maintain, or
improve physical fitness and provide entertainment to participants. Sport may be competitive, where a winner
or winners can be identified by objective means, and may require a degree of skill, especially at higher levels.
Hundreds of sports exist, including those for a single participant, through to those with hundreds of
simultaneous participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. Some non-physical activities, such as
board games and card games are sometimes referred to as sports, but a sport is generally recognized as being
based in physical athleticism.

WHAT IS SPORTSMANSHIP?
Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake, with proper
consideration for fairness, ethics, respect, and a sense of fellowship with one's competitors. A sore loser refers to
one who does not take defeat well, whereas a good sport means being a "good winner" as well as being a "good
loser.”
 INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS
LESSON OUTLINE
 On Sports
 Individual / Dual vs Team Sports meaning
 Important aspects to consider in learning a sports.
 Tactical skills in playing sports.
 Five steps in teaching tactical skills
 Some consideration in choosing a sport.
 Examples of sports and movement in each component
 Skill/Example of sports/movement
 Safety measures to avoid unnecessary injuries in playing games or sports.

LESSON OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, students must be able to:
✓ Talk about sports using appropriate vocabulary and phrases.
✓ Identify the similarities and differences among sports.
✓ Engage in competitive activities while promoting health, safety, and physical fitness.
✓ Learn to prioritize sports compare to unnecessary things.
✓ Learn to have discipline in every action and self-control in terms of sports.

WHAT IS SPORTS?
Sports Is an activity that requires physical actions and skills where individuals or teams compete under the sets
of rules.

OBJECTIVE OF SPORTS
 Physical Fitness and Skills - this refers to your ability to perform physical tasks efficiently as it relates
to a particular sport, and health related fitness relates to your day-to-day activities.

 Mental Alertness - You need to be alert mentally and focus on your game.
  Ethical Qualities - You need to be alert mentally and focus on your game.

 Constructive Social Abilities - Your social capacity to interact to others.

 Emotional Maturity - The ability to manage your emotions.

TYPES OF SPORTS
Sports is classified into:
 Individual Sports - are played by one participant on each competing side.

 Dual Sports - are played by two competing pairs.

  Team Sports - are played by two or more players.

INDIVIDUAL/DUAL VS. TEAM SPORTS

 Individual sports
Foster a higher amount of discipline, self-confidence, focus and passion.
 Team sports
Many variables are considered to determine the success or failure of the team. It depends on the
collective effort of the team.

IMPORTANT ASPECTS TO CONSIDER

History - It is one of the aspects in considering learning a sport involved the inventor of the sport, country of
origin, and development of the games.

Court Dimension/Venue - It is one of the aspects in considering learning a sport involved the place where the
games are played (indoor/outdoor/both indoor and outdoor) size, distinctive designs for male and female, and
safety procedures for the players.
Equipment and Gear - It is one of the aspects in considering learning a sport involved the proper protective
gears, uniforms, and outfits which also involves safety of players and the officials.

Technical and Tactical Skills - It is one of the aspects in considering learning a sport involved the different
basics and strategies in playing a game.

Rules and Regulations - It is one of the aspects in considering learning a sport involved the set of rules on how
the game is played, violations, penalties, how to score points, and how many players are allowed.

Officiating - It is one of the aspects in considering learning sports involved the officials of the game, their
duties and responsibilities of calling, violations, penalties, points and regulating fair plays.

Tactical Skills - is a skill plan will allow the instructor to determine and incorporate the teaching of the most
important tactical skills that should be learned sequentially in each course as well as by graduation.
These are:
 The decision-making skills or strategies used in different situation during the game.
 Basic example of the use of quick pass and movement against a taller but slower opponent in basketball.
 The use of tactical decision during a game is called game scene.
5 STEPS IN TEACHING TACTICAL SKILLS
1. Distinguishing the important decision.

2. Establishing essentials knowledge for athletes.

3. Recognizing the Signals in Situation.

4. Giving appropriate Tactical Options.

5. Planning a practice Game

 Preparation/planning - Date, time and duration of training/practice, objective/ goals, equipment needed
during training/practice.

 Training proper -War-up/stretching, teaching new skills/practice of previously taught skills,

scrimmage/practice game, cool down and assessment.

CHOOSING A SPORTS
Some of the consideration that will guide an individual in their choice of sports include:
 Weather extremities (hot or cold) for an outdoor sports activity.

 Enjoyment derives from the activity.

 Previous activities tried and enjoyed.

  Financial and capacity and budget

 State of health and level of fitness. Demand of physical activity may be excessive for the body, having a
conditioning is recommended.

 Other alternative activities that will give motivation.

TABLE TENNIS
Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball
back and forth using table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the
initial serve, players must allow a ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must
return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. Points are scored when a player fails to return the ball within the
rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. A skilled player can impart several varieties of spin to the ball,
altering its trajectory and limiting an opponent's options to great advantage.
Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), founded
in 1926. ITTF currently includes 217 member associations. The table tennis official rules are specified in the
ITTF handbook. Since 1988, table tennis has been an Olympic sport, with several event categories. In particular,
from 1988 until 2004, these were: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, and women's doubles. Since
2008 a team event has been played instead of the doubles. In 2007, the governance for table tennis for persons
with a disability was transferred from the International Paralympic Committee to the ITTF.
History of Table Tennis
The game originated as a sport in England during the 1880s, where it was played among the upper-class as an
after-dinner parlor game. It has been suggested that the game was first developed by British military officers in
India or South Africa who brought it back with them. A row of books was stood up along the center of the table
as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball from one end of the
table to the other. Alternatively, table tennis was played with paddles made of cigar box lids and balls made of
champagne corks. The popularity of the game led game manufacturers to sell the equipment commercially.
Early rackets were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the
game its first nicknames of "wiff-waff" and "ping-pong". Several sources indicate that the game was first
brought to the attention of Hamley's of Regent Street under the name "Gossima". The name "ping-pong" was in
wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The name "ping-pong" then
came to be used for the game played by the rather expensive Jaques's equipment, with other manufacturers
calling it table tennis. A comparable situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the
"ping-pong" name to Parker Brothers.
The next major innovation was by James W. Gibb, a British enthusiast of table tennis, who discovered novelty
celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E.C.
Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of pimpled, or stippled, rubber
to the wooden blade. Table tennis was growing in popularity by 1901 to the extent that table tennis tournaments
were being organized, books on table tennis were being written, and an unofficial world championship was held
in 1902. During the early 1900s, the game was banned in Russia because the rulers at the time believed that
playing the game had an adverse effect on players' eyesight.
In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded in Britain, and the International Table Tennis Federation
followed in 1926. London hosted the first official World Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States
Table Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was formed.
In the 1950s, rackets that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the game
dramatically, introducing greater spin and speed. These were introduced to Britain by sports goods manufacturer
S.W. Hancock Ltd. The use of speed glue increased the spin and speed even further, resulting in changes to the
equipment to "slow the Table Tennis was introduced as an Olympic Sport at the Olympics in 1988.
Table Tennis Rules and Ping Pong Playing Rules of the USA Table Tennis Organization
These table tennis rules and ping pong playing rules of the USA Table Tennis Organization conform to the ITTF
Laws and Regulations for International Competition. Minor modifications applicable to USATT competition are
included.
1. The Table
1.1 The table shall be in surface rectangular, 274 cm. (9 ft.) in length, 152.5 cm. (5 ft.) in width. It shall be
supported so that its upper surface, termed the playing surface, shall lie in a horizontal plane 76 cm. (2 ft. 6 in.)
above the floor.
1.2 It shall be made of any material and shall yield a uniform bounce of about 23 cm. (8 3/4 in.) when a
standard ball is dropped from a height of 30 cm. (12 in.) above the surface.
1.3 The playing surface shall be dark colored and matt, with a white line 2 cm. (3/4 inch) wide along each edge.
1.3.1 The lines along the 152.5 cm. (5 ft.) edges or ends shall be termed end lines, and they shall be regarded as
extending indefinitely in both directions.
1.3.2 The lines along the 274 cm. (9 ft.) edges or sides shall be termed side lines.
1.4 For doubles, the playing surface shall be divided into halves by a white line 3 mm. (1/8 in.) wide, running
parallel with the side lines, termed the center line. Permanent marking of the center line shall not invalidate the
table for singles play. The center line shall be regarded as part of each right half court.
1.5 The playing surface shall be considered to include the top edges of the table, but not the sides of the tabletop
below the edge.
2. The Net Assembly
2.1 The playing surface shall be divided into two "courts" of equal size by a vertical net running parallel to the
end lines.
2.2 The net assembly shall consist of the net, its suspension, and the supporting posts, including the clamps
attaching them to the table.
2.3 The net shall be suspended by a cord attached at each end to an upright post 15.25 cm. (6 in.) high, the
outside limits of the post being 15.25 cm. outside the side lines.
2.4 The net, with its suspension, along its whole length, shall be 15.25 cm. (6 in.) above the playing surface.
The bottom of the net, along its whole length, shall be as close as possible to the playing surface and the ends of
the net shall be as close as possible to the supporting posts.

3. The Ball
3.1 The ball shall be spherical, with a diameter of 40 mm. The ball shall weigh 2.7 gm.
3.2 The ball shall be made of celluloid or similar plastic material and shall be white or orange and matte.
4. The Racquet
4.1 The racquet may be of any size, shape, or weight but the blade shall be flat and rigid.
4.2 At least 85% of the blade by thickness shall be of natural wood. An adhesive layer within the blade may be
reinforced with fibrous material such as carbon fiber, glass fiber, or compressed paper but shall not be thicker
than 7.5% of the total thickness or 0.35 mm, whichever is the smaller.
4.3 A side of the blade used for striking the ball shall be covered with either ordinary pimpled rubber with
pimples outward having a total thickness including adhesive of not more than 2 mm, or sandwich rubber with
pimples inwards or outward having a total thickness including adhesive of not more than 4 mm.
4.3.1 Ordinary pimpled rubber is a single layer of non-cellular rubber, natural or synthetic, with pimples evenly
distributed over its surface at a density of not less than 10 per sq. cm. and not more than 50 per sq. cm.
4.3.2 Sandwich rubber is a single layer of cellular rubber covered with a single outer layer of ordinary pimpled
rubber, the thickness of the pimpled rubber not being more than 2 mm.

STYLES OF PLAY
 GRIP

Competitive table tennis players grip their rackets in a variety of ways. The manner in which competitive
players grip their rackets can be classified into two major families of styles. One is described as Penhold, and
the other shakehand. The Laws of Table Tennis do not prescribe the manner in which one must grip the racket,
and numerous variations on gripping styles exist.

 PENHOLD
The Penhold grip is so named because one grips the racket similarly to the way one holds a writing instrument.
The style of play among penhold players can vary greatly from player to player. The most popular style, usually
referred to as the Chinese penhold style, involves curling the middle, ring, and fourth finger on the back of the
blade.

Traditionally, penhold players use only one side of the racket to hit the ball during normal play. The side which
is in contact with the last three fingers is generally not used. However, the Chinese have developed a new
technique in which a penholder utilizes both sides of the racket. This is referred to as the Reverse penhold
backhand (RPB) where the player produces a stroke (most often topspin) by turning the traditional side of the
racket to face him or herself, and swinging, with a backhand motion, using the opposite side of the racket. This
stroke has greatly improved and strengthened the penhold style both physically and psychologically, as it
eliminates the strategical weakness of the traditional penhold backhand.

 SHAKEHAND

The shakehand grip is so named because one grips the racket similarly to the way one performs a handshake.
The grip is sometimes colloquially referred to as a "tennis grip" or a "Western grip," although it has no
correlation to the Western grip used in Tennis. The shakehand grip is most popular among players originating in
Western nations and South Asian nations, for example. Today, though, there are many Asian players using the
shakehand grip [citation needed]. This is due to the increasingly fast nature of the game, making the backhand
stroke more prevalent, a stroke which is difficult to execute consistently at a high standard when using the
penhold grip.
There is another method called serve to play, where the player plays the ball back and forth three times and then
plays out for point.
A POINT
Unless the rally is a let, a player shall score the point:
1. If his opponent fails to make a good service.
2. If his opponent fails to make a good return.
3. If after he has made a good service or a good return, the ball touches anything other than the net
assembly before being struck by his opponent.
4. If the ball passes beyond his end line without touching his court, after being struck by his opponent.
5. If his opponent obstructs the ball, except as provided in Rule 9.1.
6. If his opponent strikes the ball twice successively.
7. If his opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racquet blade having an illegal sur- face.
8. If his opponent, or anything he wears or carries, moves the playing surface.
9. If his opponent, or anything he wears or carries, touches the net assembly.
10. If his opponent's free hand touches the playing surface.
11. If in doubles, his opponent strikes the ball out of sequence established by the first server and first
receiver.
12. As provided under the expedite system.
13. If the umpire assesses a penalty point against his opponent
A GAME
1. A game shall be won by the player or pair first scoring 11 points unless both players of pairs score 10
points, when the game shall be won by the first player or pair subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points.
TABLE TENNIS-TERMS
Many terms are used in a table tennis game to describe points, fouls, etc. A list of some of the frequently used
terms is given below.
o Heavy - Used to describe a strong spin.
o Blade - Wooden part of the racquet.
o Anti-spin - A defense spin used to confuse the opponent or even as a reaction to one strong spin. Top-
level players rarely use this technique, but it is very famous among amateurs. Player uses the pimpled
side of rubber or racquet.
o Inverted rubber - Smooth side of rubber, which is used to play, and the pimpled side is glued to bat.
The smooth side gives more spin as there is a larger contact area.
o Pimples (Pips) Rubber side of the racquet that gives different spin effects unlike inverted rubber, there
is not much contact surface on this side of the racquet.
o Tight - A strong return which is difficult for the opponent to handle. It is usually a combination of spin
and strong stroke.
o Early - This is to refer raising of ball.
o Late - The fall of ball's bounce.
o Penhold - This is a style used to hold the paddle. This resembles t-holding a pen.
o Shakehand-Holding the paddle with index finger perpendicular to handle. This is the most common
way of holding the racquet and it resembles holding of racquet in tennis.
o Sandwich rubber - This is to describe inverted rubber with sponge.
o Speed glue - As the name, it is a glue with high volatile solvents, used to glue sponge of rubber to the
blade (the wooden part of racquet). It increases the speed of stroke.
DEFINITIONS

✓A rally is the period during which the ball is in play

✓A let is a rally of which the result is not scored
✓A point is a rally of which the result is scored.
✓ The racquet hand, is the hand carrying the racquet
✓ The free hand is the hand not carrying the racquet
✓ The server is the player due to strike the ball first in a rally.
✓ The receiver is the player due to strike the ball second in a rally.
✓ The umpire is the person appointed to decide the result of each rally.
✓ Pointing/Rating - a method of evaluating the playing abilities of different players in relation to each
other player's ranking
✓ Ranking event - An event in which the results will be used to calculate a
✓ Receiver - the player due to strike the ball second in a rally.
✓ Reglue - the act of affixing table tennis rubbers to the blade with table tennis glue. Often repeated.
✓ Rubber - the racket covering. Sometimes refers only to the rubber on top of a sponge base.
✓ Sandwich rubber - a racket covering with pimples inwards or outwards, having a total thickness
including adhesive of not more than 4mm.
✓ Server - the player due to strike the ball first in a rally Service - the start of a point where one player
strikes the ball.
✓ Shakehand - a style of grip in which the racket handle is held in the palm of your hand so that the start of
the racket head fits snugly into the "V" shape formed by your thumb and first finger – similar to shaking
hands with another person.
✓ Paddle - an alternative name for racket.
✓ Penhold - a style of grip in which the racket handle is held between the thumb and forefinger. Used
mainly by Asian players.
✓ Pimples - a type of racket covering. A sheet of rubber on top of a layer of sponge. The pimples (pips)
Pimples-a point outwards, so the playing surface is pimpled. Depending on the length and hardness of the
pimples, unusual types of spin can be imparted.
✓ Ping Pong - A trademarked name. Used predominantly in USA. Often used interchangeable with table
tennis by the general public.
✓ Playing surface - The upper surface of a table tennis table which lies in a horizontal plane 76 cm (2ft 6in)
above the floor.
✓ Point - a unit of scoring in table tennis
✓ Racket hand - the hand that is used to hold the racket
✓ Rally - the period during which the ball is in play

DOUBLES TABLE TENNIS

Doubles table tennis was introduced to the Commonwealth Games in 2002 and Olympic Games in 1988.A
line is created to bisect the court and create two different courts for both the individuals. Service should be
made in a way that the ball bounces at least once in the right-hand box before bouncing on the opponent's
right-side box. If this is not how the service is done, the opponents gain a point.
If X and Y are paired opposite to U and V. Then, X is the server to U or V. If X serve, then U or V could be
receiver and when Y serves U, or V could be the receiver. This applicable vice-versa, after achieving five
points in the game, players must switch ends of the table.
Mixed Doubles Table Tennis

In the mixed doubles, the teams on both sides have one male and one female player. The rules are same as
men's or women's doubles.
TABLE TENNIS - CHAMPION OF CHAMPIONS
Table tennis hall of fame was established in the year 1993 for the recognition of extraordinary players. The
list is approved by ITTF and for every two years the eligibility is renewed. In 1991, when this concept was
introduced, the eligibility was that the player should have won at least five gold medals in the Olympics or
in the World Championship. Here are a few champions who registered their names forever in the table tennis
world.

DENG YAPING
She is one of the greatest players in table tennis who won six World
Championship medals during 1989- 1997. Deng of China started
playing table tennis at the age of 5.
She won her first national championship, when she was just 13
years old. She won her first doubles World Championship along
with Qiao Hong in 1989 and first singles World Championship in
1991 even after being denied a position the national team because
of her height of 4 feet 11 inches. Even after retiring at a very young
age of 24, she left as world no.1 in female table tennis. She won
four Olympic gold medals and world championship titles in singles
as well as doubles during the year 1995, 1997. She earned herself
the title of World Champion 18 times.

VICTOR BARNA

He was born in Budapest, Hungary in the year 1911. He was

the World Champion record holder for 5 times, with 40
medals. He won World Doubles 8 times and English open as
well. Barna was inducted into the International Table Tennis
Foundation Hall of Fame in 1993. He has authored a few
books as well on Table Tennis among which "Your Book of
Table Tennis" and "How to win at Table Tennis" are quite
popular.
RICHARD BERGMAN
One of the remarkable players in the world of Table
Tennis, Richard Bergman was the winner of 7 World
Championships including four Singles, one Men's
Doubles, two Team's titles. He had won 22 medals in
total. Not just an amazing player, he was one of those
12 members who founded the ITTF Hall of Fame.

MA LONG
Ma Long is a Table Tennis Champion from China. Who was ranked number 1 in January 2016. At the
starting of his career, he won ITTF championships but could not succeed in world championships.
In 2013, he won China Open and Asian championships. In 2014 also he won Asian championship. In the
same year in WTTC championship he won all the sets and received Victor Barna award. In 2015 also he
won many championships and is now number 1 player.

DING NING
Ding Ning is a Table Tennis player from China who won world championships in 2011 and 2015. Both these
winnings were in women's singles. In women's singles, she won Asian championships in 2009, and was
second in Olympics 2012. In Women's doubles, she was world cup runner-up in 2009 and winner in Asian
championships in 2009.