Physical Education
LECTURE
LESSON 1 – CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
WHAT IS PHYSICAL EDUCATION  Enables all students to enjoy and succeed in many kinds
 Physical education is a multidisciplinary field of study
that is integrated in the school curricula, which aims to
provide and develop the holistic aspects of an
individual’s mental, physical, social and emotional
through the performance of skills and participation in
different selected physical activities.
 Physical Education has developed and undergone
changes in the Philippine school. One of the
developments of physical education was when this
subject became part of the school curriculum. (Article
XIV Section19 of the1987).
TRAITS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
PHYSICAL DEVEOPMENT
 A person who actively participates will gain and
maintain a healthy and a great level of physical fitness.
Acquiring physical skills can motivate an individual to
join physical activities; therefore, the learner will
enhance their healthy growth and development.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 Social development is about improving the well-being of
every individual in society so they can reach their full
potential. Social development means investing in
people. It requires the removal of barriers so that all
citizens can journey toward their dreams with
confidence and dignity.
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 Emotional development refers to the ability to
recognize, express, and manage feelings at different
stages of life and to have empathy for the feelings of
others. Physical education offers activities and
opportunities for the development of self-expression
and emotional maturity.
MENTAL DEVELOPMENT
 Mental development is also known as cognitive
development. It is basically the construction of mind
activity such as thought processes, memory, problem
solving and decision making as well as over-all
intelligence.
IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
 development of motor skills and the enhancement of
reflexes.
 It improves our coordination as well as good body
movement
 develops students’ competence and confidence to take
part in arrange of physical activities
 increase self-responsibility and enjoyment that become
a central part of their lives.
of physical activity.
 develop students' physical competence and knowledge
of movement and safety, and their ability to use these to
perform in a wide range of activities associated with the
development of an active and healthy lifestyle.
VALUES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
• To maintain physical fitness and health status of a
person that will contribute to his / her attainment of
goals.
• To improve proper work habits and work attitudes.
• To provide individuals who will contribute on the
proper development of skills that is necessary in school
use.
• To train leaders with great moral integrity and will
provide values for integral decision making.
• To develop creativity and innovativeness inspired by an
abiding faith in God and love of country and fellowmen.
DIFFERENT MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT P.E.
REST PERIOD
• People think that this is a rest period as it does not have
any academic value.
WASTAGE OF MONEY
• Games and sports require special type of equipment,
apparatus, playfield, etc. which are costly.
LEADS TO INDISCIPLINE
• A good sportsman always behaves in a disciplined
manner and follows rules and regulations on the sports
field and in real life.
NO JOB CAREER OR PROFESSION
• There are many jobs for sportspersons in various
departments. In many professions’ sportsmen are
accepted happily.
POOR SOCIAL STATUS
• Participation in physical activities is generally
considered to be for those who have poor social status
and are not given any recognition by society.
PARTICIPATION IN GAMES ONLY
• physical education enables a person to maintain health
and fitness through physical activity. Games and sports
are a good medium to achieve its objectives.
WASTAGE OF TIME
• Many parents, students and teachers think that
participation in physical activities is just a wastage of
time.
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LECTURE
LESSON 2 - INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
WHAT IS ANATOMY
• The branch of science concerned with the bodily
structure of humans, animals, and other living
organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the
separation of parts.
• Studies of the body parts and their relationships.
SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
• Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy - Study of large body
structure.
 Ex. heart, lungs, kidneys, bones etc.
which are visible by naked eye.
• Microscopic Anatomy - Very small structures that
cannot be seen with naked eyes.
 Ex. Cytology (study of body cells), Histology
(study of body tissues).
WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY?
• The branch of biology that deals with the normal
functions of living organisms and their parts.
(dictionary)
• Is the study of how the body works.
• Human Physiology is the science of the mechanical,
physical, and biochemical functions of normal humans
or human tissues or organs.
10 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. Responsiveness – ability of sense change and react
2. Movement – change in position of an organism
3. Reproduction - process of making a new organism
4. Respiration - the process of getting oxygen
5. Growth - an increase in body size
6. Digestion - complex material changes into simpler
material
7. Absorption - the passage of a substance through a
membrane
8. Assimilation – putting molecules together to make
more complex substance
9. Circulation – movement of material
10. Excretion – getting rid of material
5 NEEDS OF ORGANISM
1. Water – most abundant substance in the body
2. Food – provides energy for body
3. Oxygen – makes up to 20% of atmospheric air we
breathe 78% is nitrogen 2% other gases.
4. Heat – we get heat from muscle activity normal temp =
98.6 degree F or 37 degree C
5. Pressure - there are two types:
 Hydrostatic pressure – example you would be the
blood moving under the pressure of the heart.
120/180 is normal
 Atmospheric pressure – comes from the air around
us and allows us to breath.
WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?
• Is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that
persists despite changes in the world outside.
• Homeostasis is the ability or tendency to maintain internal
stability in an organism to compensate for environmental
changes. Maintaining a constant body temperature Regulating
cell number and cell size to maintain organ size and function
Regulates the pH of the blood at 7.35
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF BODY
• Atoms – Simplest unit of an Element
• Molecules – Combined atoms
• Organelles – Combined molecules (basic units in cells)
• Cell- basic unit of living organism
• Tissue- group of cells
• Organ- group of tissue
• System- organs working together
• Organism- all levels working together
THE BODY SYSTEMS
• Integumentary System - External cover of the body
(skin). Protects deeper tissues from injury. Site of
cutaneous, receptors, sweat and oil glands.
• Musculo Skeletal System - The Bones that protects
and supports body organs.
• Muscular System - Muscles that produce body
movement.
• Nervous System – consist of brain, sensory receptor,
nerves, spinal cord that control homeostasis by
stimulating muscles contraction and glands secretion.
• Endocrine System - Hormones secretion to regulate
body processes.
• Cardiovascular System - Transport blood to the body
• Lymphatic/Immune System - Protect the body by
attacking foreign substances entering body system
• Respiratory System - Supply blood with oxygen and
removing carbon dioxide.
• Digestive System - break down the food for absorption,
indigestible food will be removed as feces.
• Urinary System - Regulation of water, electrolytes and
acid-base balance in the body.
• Reproductive System - production of babies
BODY COMPOSITION
• 18% body weight = Protein
• 7% body weight =Mineral
• 15% body weight = Fat
• 60% body weight = Water (fluid)
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
• Extracellular Fluid = 1/3 of body fluid
 Interstitial Fluid = 80% of ECF (Extracellular Fluid)
 Plasma = 20% of the ECF (Extracellular Fluid)
• Intracellular Fluid = 2/3 of body fluid
DIRECTIONAL TERMS OF RELATIVE POSITION
• Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) – Divides body into
anterior and posterior portions
 Anterior – in the front
 Posterior in the back
• Sagittal Plane – Divides body into Left and Right
portions
 Medial – Closer to the middle
 Lateral – Far from the middle
• Transverse Plane – Divides the body into superior and
inferior portions
 Proximal – Closer to the trunk
 Distal – Farther from the trunk
 Superior – above another part
 Inferior – below another part
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Physical Education
LECTURE
LESSON 3 – THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Radius - Is the lateral bone of the forearm
• The human skeleton is the internal framework of the Ulna - Is the medial bone of the forearm
human body. Ilium - Is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone
• Human adult skeleton = composed of 206 bones, which Sacrum - Is a large and triangular shaped bone formed by the
is divided into two divisions: fusion of five sacral vertebrae
1. Axial Skeleton Pubis - Is a paired bone that forms the anterior part of the hip
 Skull – 29 bones Ischium - This serves as the attachment for the posterior thigh
 Vertebrae – 26 Boes muscles and also carries the weight of the body when sitting
 Ribs/Sternum – 25 Bones Carpals - Small bones that connects the hand to the forearm
 Total of 80 Bones Metacarpals - Are long bones within the hand that are connected
2. Appendicular Skeleton to the carpals
 Upper extremities – 64 bones Phalanges - Are the bones that make up the fingers of the hand
 Lower extremities – 62 bones and the toes of the foot
 Total of 126 bones Femur - Is the longest and strongest bone in the body
• A baby's body has about 300 bones at birth. These Patella - Also known as kneecap, is a flat, circular triangular bone
eventually fuse (grow together) to form the 206 bones which articulates with the femur
that adults have. Tibia - Is the medial and strongest bone of the lower part of the
FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES leg and the second largest bone in the human skeleton
• Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective Fibula - Is much more slender bone than the tibia and occupies
tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support lateral position in the leg
structure of the body. Tarsals - Situated proximally in the foot in the ankle area
• In the areas of the skeleton where bones move (for Metatarsals - Located between the tarsal bones of the hind and
example, the ribcage and joints), cartilage, a semi-rigid mid-foot and the phalanges of the toe
form of connective tissue, provides flexibility
 supports the body
 facilitates movement
 protects internal organs
 produces blood cells
 stores and releases minerals and fat
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
LONG BONES
• Typically, longer than wide
• Have a shaft with heads at both ends
• Contain mostly compact bone
 Examples: Femur, Humerus
SHORT BONES
• Generally cube shape
• Contain mostly spongy bone
• Examples: carpals, tarsals
FLAT BONES BONE FRACTURES
• Thin and flattened • A break in a bone
• Usually curved • Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the
• Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy skin
bone • Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through
• Example: skull, sternum, ribs the skin
IRREGULAR BONES • Bone fractures are treated by reduction or immobilization
• Irregular shape STAGES IN THE HEALING OF THE BONE
• Do not fit into other bone classification
• Example: vertebrae and hip 1. Hematoma – blood filled swelling is formed, break is splinted
by fibrocartilage to form a callus.
PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
2. Fibrocartilage callus – is replaced by a bony callus, bony
Cranium – Protects the brain
callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch.
Mandible - Largest and strongest bone of the facial skeleton
3. The Bony callus forms – as the more osteoblasts and
Clavicle - Supports the shoulder and allow greater mobility in
osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, the fibrocartilage
the arm
callus is gradually replaced by one made of spongy bone the bony
Scapula - A large, flattened, triangular shape bone
callus.
Sternum - Located at midline of the chest
4. Bone Remodeling – over the next few weeks or months, the
Ribs - Are the long-curved bones which form rib cage which
bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stressed
protects chest cavity
placed on it and it forms a strong permanent “patch” at
Humerus - Is the longest and most robust bone of the arm
the fracture sights.

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Physical Education
LECTURE
LESSON 4 – JOINT AND MOVEMENTS
WHAT IS JOINT ARTICULATION
• is where two bones come together. In terms of the
amount of movement they allow
• Its general function is to hold the skeleton together and
allow for increase mobility and flexibility of skeleton.
• there are three types of joints: immovable, slightly
movable, and freely movable.
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
There are two ways to classify joints:
 Based on functions
 Based on Structural
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO
FUNCTIONS
 Synarthroses – Nonmoving joints like sutures in the
skull
 Amphiarthroses - slightly movable joints, mainly to
absorb shocks from walking and running
 Diarthroses - Fully movable joints, mostly found in
limbs
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO
STRUCTURAL
 Fibrous Joints – connect bones with dense fibrous
connective tissue, have no movement.
 Sutures is a type of immovable joint, that is in
between the bones of the skull
 Cartilaginous Joints – unite two bones by means of
cartilage, have little movement.
 Cartilage is a connective tissue that can be found in
joints between bones, cartilage is not as stiff as
bone.
 Synovial Joints – this type of joint is defined by the
presence of a joint cavity filled with fluid. freely
movable joints.
Additional Joint Structures:
 Ligaments - join bones to bones
 Consists of dense regular connective tissue.
 Tendons - join muscles to bone
 Consists of dense regular connective tissue.
 Bursae - fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and
containing synovial fluid
 Occurs between bones and tendons or muscles
 Acts to decrease friction during movement
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Plane Joint - flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over
each other with relatively limited movement
 Gliding movement
Hinge Joint - one bone with convex surface that fits into a
concave depression on other bone
 Monoaxial joints – move freely in one plane
Ball and Socket Joint - smooth, hemispherical head fits within
a cuplike socket
 Multiaxial joints in the body – allows several direction
movements
Condyloid Joint - oval convex surface on one bone fits into a
complementary shaped depression on the other
 Biaxial joints – movement in two planes
Saddle Joint - both bones have an articular surface that is
shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in
the other
 Biaxial joints – but more moveable than condyloid
Pivot Joints - one bone has a projection that is held in place
by a ring-like ligament
 Monoaxial joints
TYPES OF MOVEMENTS ALLOWED BY SYNOVIAL
JOINTS
 Flexion – bending movement that decreases the
angle between bones
 Extension – bending movement that increases the
angle between bones
 Hyper extension – extension of bones beyond the
anatomical position
 Abduction - movement of bone away from the
midline
 Adduction - movement of a bone toward the midline
 Circumduction - movement of the distal end of the
body part in a circle
 Rotation - a bone revolves around its own
longitudinal axis
 Elevation - upward movement of a part of the body
 Depression - downward movement of a part of the
body
 Inversion - sole of the foot faces or turns medially
 Eversion - sole of the foot turn laterally
 Dorsiflexion - bending of the foot at the ankle in the
direction of the dorsum (dorsum = sole)
 Plantar flexion - bending of the foot at the ankle joint
in the direction of the plantar (plantar = upper part)
 Opposition - to bring the thumb and index finger tips
together
 Reposition - Palm at ease
 Protraction - jutting out of the jaw
 Retraction - Moving the jaw backward
 Supination - rotating the forearm laterally such that
the palm faces anteriorly
 Pronation - rotating the forearm medially such that
the palm faces posteriorly
 Gliding - bones sliding or gliding over each other