OLOWOLAFE PETER

KDU/FAMS/21/039

GLOBAL POWER INFLUENCE AND UNITED NATIONS

POJECT SUPERVISOR: MR ISHOLA

The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 marked a pivotal moment in international
relations, born from the ashes of global conflict and a fervent desire for enduring peace. As the
successor to the League of Nations, which ultimately failed to prevent World War II, the UN
emerged as an international association of governments dedicated to facilitating cooperation in
international law, security, economic development, and social equity. The profound destruction
of World War I and, even more significantly, World War II, with its staggering human toll of
over 50 million dead, underscored the urgent need for a more effective global organization
capable of maintaining world peace and security, promoting human rights, and addressing
humanitarian crises. The very name "United Nations" was coined by U.S. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt and first officially used in the "Declaration by United Nations" on January 1, 1942,
when 26 nations pledged to fight together against the Axis powers and not to negotiate a separate
peace. This declaration, initiated by the US, the Soviet Union, Britain, and China, and
subsequently signed by 22 other nations including Australia, signified an early commitment to
collective security and a unified front against aggression. The Atlantic Charter of August 14,
1941, a declaration between the United States and Great Britain outlining common principles for
a better future world, is often considered a precursor to the UN, affirming principles such as no
territorial changes without the freely expressed wishes of the people and the right of every
people to choose their own form of government. The signatories of the Declaration by United
Nations pledged to accept the Atlantic Charter.

The formation of the UN was a gradual process involving several key declarations and
conferences. The "Moscow Declaration" of 1943, signed by the UK, US, China, and the USSR,
recognized the necessity of establishing a general international organization based on the
sovereign equality of all peace-loving states for the maintenance of international peace and
security. This was followed by the Tehran Conference in December 1943, where Allied leaders
worked on the final strategy for winning the war and declared their commitment to an enduring
peace, recognizing the supreme responsibility resting upon the United Nations to create a peace
that would banish the scourge and terror of war. The Dumbarton Oaks conference in Washington
D.C. in 1944 saw representatives from China, the UK, the Soviet Union, and the US draft
proposals for the structure of the new organization, recommending a General Assembly of all
member states and a Security Council consisting of the "Big Four" plus six members chosen by
the Assembly. The actual method of voting in the Security Council, particularly the veto power,
was left for further discussion. These proposals were then discussed and finalized at the Yalta
Conference in February 1945, where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill reached further agreement
on the framework and structure, including the resolution of the Security Council voting question
and the decision to hold a Conference of the UN in San Francisco.

The United Nations Charter, the foundational document outlining the organization's structure and
goals, was drafted and signed by representatives of 50 nations at the United Nations Conference
on International Organization in San Francisco, which took place from April to June 1945. The
Charter came into force on October 24, 1945, after ratification by the "Big Five" and a majority
of other signatory states. The UN has six main organizational components: the General
Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the
International Court of Justice, and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (inactive since 1994).
The General Assembly, comprising all 193 member states, serves as a forum for debate and
voting on resolutions. However, the Security Council holds the primary responsibility for
maintaining international peace and security and has the authority to make decisions on these
issues that are binding on all member states.

The Security Council is composed of five permanent members – China, France, the Russian
Federation (formerly the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, and the United States – reflecting
the historical origins of the UN based on the leading victorious Allies of 1945. Additionally, ten
non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. A crucial
aspect of the Security Council's structure is the individual veto power held by each of the five
permanent members over substantive issues. This means that if any one of the P5 votes against a
resolution, it cannot be adopted. This veto power grants the P5 a significant role in shaping
global decisions related to peace and security, as their consensus is often necessary for the
Council to take meaningful action. During the San Francisco Conference, the veto power was a
subject of heated debate, with smaller powers fearing that the "Big Five" could hinder effective
action when one of them might be the source of a threat to peace. Ultimately, the smaller powers
conceded to the veto in the interest of establishing the world organization, as the great powers
insisted on it due to their belief that the main responsibility for maintaining world peace would
fall most heavily on them.

While the provided sources detail the formation and structure of the UN, they do not contain
specific information about the evolution of power dynamics since 2003 and its direct impact on
the organization. This would require analysis of events and power shifts beyond the scope of
these historical accounts.

The very establishment of the UN as a replacement for the failed League of Nations indicates an
early recognition of the limitations of international organizations in preventing global conflicts.
The debates during the San Francisco Conference, particularly surrounding the veto power,
highlight initial concerns about the potential for the UN to be paralyzed by the interests of its
most powerful members. Harold Edward Stassen, a US delegate to the conference, noted the
prevailing skepticism, with some believing that another world war was inevitable, questioning
the long-term effectiveness of the UN. These early concerns laid the groundwork for growing
debates about UN reform and criticisms of its effectiveness in the face of global conflicts. The
inherent tension between the principle of sovereign equality of all member states and the
disproportionate power wielded by the P5 through their veto power in the Security Council
remains a central point of discussion and a source of criticism, especially when the Council is
unable to act decisively on critical global issues due to disagreements among its permanent
members.
The structure of the Security Council, with its veto power, fundamentally influences how global
power rivalries have shaped UN responses to crises. Disagreements or conflicting interests
among the permanent members can lead to inaction or watered-down resolutions, as any one of
them can block a substantive decision. Even during the UN's formation, there were
"disagreements and clashes of opinion" among the delegates at the San Francisco Conference,
indicating that differing national interests have always played a role in shaping the UN's
trajectory. The initial push for the UN came from the Allied "Great Powers", and their ongoing
relationships, marked by both cooperation and competition, continue to influence the
organization's ability to respond effectively to global challenges. The very necessity of securing
the agreement of these major powers, particularly within the Security Council, means that their
rivalries can often dictate the scope and nature of the UN's involvement in international crises.
The historical context of the UN's creation, amidst the aftermath of a devastating war and the
nascent stages of new global power alignments, underscores how international power dynamics
have always been inextricably linked to the UN's functioning and its capacity to address global
conflicts. Australia, despite not being one of the "Great Powers," played a notable role in
advocating for a broader role for the General Assembly and for consideration of economic justice
in maintaining peace, demonstrating that even non-permanent members can influence the UN's
development, though the fundamental power dynamics within the Security Council remain a
dominant factor.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The United Nations (UN) was founded in 1945 with the noble mission of maintaining
international peace and security, fostering cooperation among nations, and ensuring the equal
sovereignty of its member states. However, the structure of the UN, particularly its Security
Council, reflects an inherent imbalance of power. The five permanent members (P5)—the United
States, the United Kingdom, China, Russia, and France—hold veto power, granting them
disproportionate authority over global decision-making. This concentration of power has often
led to deadlocks in addressing pressing international crises when the interests of these states
conflict. The tension between the principle of sovereign equality and the reality of unequal
power distribution within the UN system remains one of its most enduring challenges.

This structural imbalance has significant implications for the UN’s ability to respond effectively
to global conflicts. The veto power wielded by P5 members has frequently been used to block
resolutions aimed at resolving crises or holding perpetrators accountable. For example, during
Syria’s civil war, Russia and China repeatedly vetoed resolutions addressing humanitarian
concerns and alleged war crimes, prioritizing their geopolitical interests over collective action.
Similarly, in the case of Ukraine, Russia’s status as a P5 member has paralyzed Security Council
efforts to condemn or intervene in its actions despite widespread international criticism. These
instances highlight how national interests often override multilateral cooperation, leaving
vulnerable populations exposed to prolonged suffering and instability.
Another critical issue lies in the enforcement of international law. The UN Charter emphasizes
collective responsibility in addressing threats to peace and security; however, when P5 members
act unilaterally or obstruct collective action through their veto power, it undermines the
legitimacy and effectiveness of international law enforcement. For instance, during the Iraq
invasion in 2003, divisions among P5 members raised questions about the legality of unilateral
military interventions without broad UN approval. Such selective application or disregard for
international norms erodes trust in the UN as a neutral arbiter capable of upholding its mandate
consistently across all member states.

These challenges have fueled growing debates about the need for UN reform to address
structural inequalities and enhance its effectiveness in a rapidly changing global landscape. As
emerging powers like India, Brazil, and South Africa demand greater representation within
global governance structures, calls for reforming the Security Council—particularly its veto
system—have gained momentum. Additionally, global challenges such as climate change,
cybersecurity threats, and transnational terrorism require more agile and impartial mechanisms
for collective action. This study aims to explore how global power dynamics have influenced the
effectiveness of the UN between 2003 and 2024 while examining potential reforms that could
strengthen its role as a neutral and effective peacekeeping institution.

1.3 Research Questions

This study seeks to explore the influence of global power dynamics on the effectiveness of the
United Nations (UN) in maintaining international peace and security from 2003 to 2024. To
achieve this, the following research questions will guide the investigation:

1. What major global events from 2003 to 2024 demonstrate the influence of global powers
within the UN?

This question aims to identify key instances where the actions or inactions of powerful
states, particularly the P5 members, have shaped UN operations. Events such as the Iraq
invasion, Syria's civil war, and Russia's actions in Ukraine will be examined as case
studies.

2. How have power dynamics among P5 members shaped decision-making within the UN
Security Council?

This question focuses on how rivalries, alliances, and competing interests among the P5
have influenced discussions, resolutions, and interventions in response to global crises.
 3. In what ways has the effectiveness of the UN been constrained or enabled by global
power politics?

This question seeks to evaluate whether power rivalries have primarily obstructed or
facilitated the UN’s ability to fulfill its mandate in conflict resolution, peacekeeping, and
enforcement of international law.

4. What reforms or strategies have been proposed to improve the UN’s effectiveness in light
of these challenges?

This question examines existing debates and proposals for reforming the UN system—
particularly the Security Council—to address issues such as veto power, representation,
and decision-making processes.

By addressing these questions, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how
global power dynamics impact the UN’s ability to maintain peace and security while exploring
potential pathways for reform.

1.4 Research Hypothesis

To guide the investigation into how global power dynamics have influenced the effectiveness of
the United Nations (UN) from 2003 to 2024, this study posits two hypotheses:

1. Null Hypothesis (H₀): Global power influence has no significant impact on the
effectiveness of the United Nations from 2003 to 2024. This hypothesis suggests that
despite the structural imbalances and power rivalries within the UN, the organization's
effectiveness in maintaining peace and security has not been substantially affected by
global power dynamics.

2. Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): Global power influence has significantly impacted the
effectiveness of the United Nations from 2003 to 2024. This hypothesis posits that the
actions and interests of powerful states, particularly the P5 members, have had a
profound effect on the UN's ability to fulfill its mandate in conflict resolution,
peacekeeping, and enforcement of international law.

By testing these hypotheses, this study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the
relationship between global power dynamics and the UN's effectiveness, contributing to ongoing
debates about the organization's role in international relations and potential pathways for reform.

1.5 Aims and Objectives of the Study

1. To Examine the Nature and Extent of Global Power Influence on UN Operations

2. To Analyze Key Events Reflecting UN Action or Inaction Due to Global Power

3. To Evaluate the Effectiveness of the UN in Maintaining International Peace and Security

4. To Explore Recommendations for Improving UN Impartiality and Effectiveness

1.6 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its contribution to understanding how global power
dynamics, particularly those involving the P5 members of the United Nations Security Council,
have influenced the effectiveness of the UN in maintaining international peace and security
between 2003 and 2024. As global governance becomes increasingly complex, this research
provides valuable insights into the structural challenges faced by the UN and their implications
for its ability to fulfill its mandate. By focusing on the interplay between power politics and
institutional effectiveness, this study addresses critical gaps in scholarly discussions on
international relations and diplomacy.

One of the key contributions of this study is its focus on the structural inequalities within the UN
system, particularly the Security Council’s veto power. The research highlights how this
mechanism has often been used to advance national interests at the expense of multilateral
cooperation, leading to deadlocks in resolving major global conflicts such as those in Syria,
Ukraine, and Gaza. By examining these case studies, the study sheds light on how power
imbalances undermine collective decision-making and hinder the enforcement of international
law. This analysis is particularly relevant for policymakers seeking to reform global governance
structures to make them more equitable and effective.

Furthermore, this study contributes to ongoing debates about UN reform by exploring proposed
strategies for addressing institutional inefficiencies and enhancing representation within
decision-making bodies. For instance, calls for modernizing the Security Council’s composition
to reflect contemporary geopolitical realities—such as including emerging powers like India and
Brazil—are gaining momentum. The research examines these proposals in detail, offering
evidence-based recommendations that can inform discussions on restructuring the UN to better
address 21st-century challenges. By doing so, it provides a roadmap for strengthening
multilateralism and fostering more inclusive global governance.

In addition to its academic contributions, this study has practical implications for global peace
efforts. Understanding how power politics influence UN operations can help identify strategies
to overcome barriers to effective conflict resolution and peacekeeping. For example, insights into
how P5 members leverage their economic and military influence within the Security Council can
guide efforts to mitigate such practices and promote impartiality in decision-making. This
knowledge is essential for designing interventions that prioritize humanitarian needs over
geopolitical agendas.

Finally, this research emphasizes the importance of equity and representation in global
governance. The underrepresentation of Global South countries within key UN bodies highlights
systemic inequities that must be addressed to ensure fair outcomes. By analyzing how these
disparities impact decision-making processes and conflict resolution efforts, the study
contributes to broader discussions on fostering justice and inclusivity within international
institutions. In an increasingly multipolar world, where emerging powers demand greater
influence, this research provides valuable perspectives on adapting global governance structures
to reflect shifting power dynamics while preserving their core mission of promoting peace and
security.

1.7 Scope and Study Area

This study examines the impact of global power dynamics on the effectiveness of the United
Nations (UN) in maintaining international peace and security between 2003 and 2024. To
provide a comprehensive analysis, the scope of the research is defined by its temporal,
geographical, and thematic boundaries, each carefully chosen to address the core issues
surrounding power imbalances within the UN system.

1.7.1 Temporal Scope

The period from 2003 to 2024 represents a critical era in global governance, marked by
significant geopolitical shifts and major international crises. The year 2003 is particularly
significant as it saw the Iraq invasion, which exposed deep divisions among UN member states
and raised questions about the legitimacy of unilateral actions outside collective UN mandates.
This event serves as a starting point for analyzing how power dynamics among the P5 members
have shaped decision-making within the Security Council. The endpoint, 2024, allows for an
exploration of recent developments such as Russia’s ongoing actions in Ukraine, debates over
Palestine’s UN membership, and the broader implications of shifting global power politics. This
timeframe captures a transitional period in which emerging powers like India, Brazil, and South
Africa have increasingly challenged traditional Western dominance in global governance
structures.
1.7.2 Geographical Scope

The study adopts a global perspective while focusing on specific conflict zones where UN
interventions have been most impacted by power rivalries. Key regions include:

1. The Middle East: Case studies such as Iraq (post-2003 invasion), Syria (civil war and
humanitarian crisis), and Israel-Palestine (prolonged conflict) illustrate how competing
interests among P5 members have obstructed meaningful resolutions.

2. Eastern Europe: The ongoing conflict in Ukraine highlights how Russia’s veto power has
paralyzed Security Council efforts to address aggression and violations of international
law.

3. Other Conflict Zones: Areas such as Yemen, Libya, and Afghanistan provide additional
examples of how global power politics influence peacekeeping operations and
humanitarian responses.

1.7.3 Thematic Scope

The thematic focus centers on the interplay between global power dynamics—particularly
among P5 members—and the effectiveness of UN operations. Key themes include:

1. Decision-Making Processes: How veto power and political alliances within the Security
Council influence outcomes.

2. Conflict Resolution: The UN’s successes and failures in resolving disputes amidst
competing national interests.
3. International Law Enforcement: Challenges in holding states accountable when powerful
nations obstruct collective action.

4. Reform Proposals: Analysis of strategies aimed at addressing structural inequalities

This thematic scope allows for an exploration of both the systemic challenges posed by power
imbalances and potential solutions to enhance UN impartiality and effectiveness.

The chosen scope is designed to address pressing questions about the UN’s role in a rapidly
changing world order. As emerging powers demand greater representation and influence within
global governance structures, understanding how traditional power hierarchies impact decision-
making is crucial for assessing the organization’s future relevance. By focusing on key events,
regions, and themes over this critical period, this study aims to provide actionable insights into
how the UN can adapt to meet contemporary challenges while preserving its core mission of
promoting international peace and security.