NCERT Exemplar Solutions For Class 12

Physics
Chapter 12-Atoms

Multiple Choice Questions

12.01 Taking the Bohr radius as a0 = 53pm , the radius of Li + + ion in its ground
state, on the basis of Bohr's model, will be about
(a) 53pm
(b) 27pm
(c) 18pm
(d) 13pm
a0
Ans: (c): The radius of any ion in its ground state is given as r = where a 0 is the
Z
Bohr’s radius and Z is the atomic number. The Bohr’s radius is equal to 53 pm and
the atomic number of lithium is three. So, the radius of Li + + ion in the ground state
a0 53
is r = = pm = 17.67 pm  18 pm . So, option (c) is the correct answer.
Z 3

12.2 The binding energy of an H-atom, considering an electron moving

me 4
around a fixed nuclei (proton), is B = − (m=mass of electron) If one
8 n 2 02 h 2
decides to work in a frame of reference where the electron is at rest, the
proton would be moving around it. By similar arguments, the binding energy
would be
me 4
B=− (M = proton mass)
8 n 2 02 h 2

This last expression is not correct because

(a) n would not be integral.
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(b) Bohr - quantization applies only to electron
(c) The frame in which the electron is at rest is not inertial.
(d) The motion of the proton would not be in circular orbits, even
approximately.
Ans: (c): Electron keeps on moving continuously in the orbitals. So, the frame in
which electron is at rest cannot be inertial. Also, the electrostatic force cannot
m pv2
provide the centripetal force Fp = as the mass of electron is very less
r
(negligible) as compared to proton. So, option (c) is the correct answer.

12.3 The simple Bohr model cannot be directly applied to calculate the energy
levels of an atom with many electrons. This is because
(a) Of the electrons, not being subject to a central force.
(b) Of the electrons colliding with each other
(c) Of screening effects
(d) The force between the nucleus and an electron will no longer be given by
Coulomb’s law.
Ans: (a): The simple Bohr model cannot be directly applied to calculate the energy
levels of multi-electron system because the electronic repulsions between the
electrons will interfere and the net force will not be subject to the central force.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

12.4 For the ground state, the electron in the H-atom has an angular
momentum = h, according to the simple Bohr model. Angular momentum is a
vector and hence there will be infinitely many orbits with the vector pointing
in all possible directions. In actuality, this is not true,
(a) Because Bohr’s model gives incorrect values of angular momentum.
(b) Because only one of these would have a minimum energy.
(c) Angular momentum must be in the direction of spin of electron.

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(d) Because electrons go around only in horizontal orbits.
h
Ans: (a): Angular momentum of a revolving electron is an integral multiple of
2
according to the Bohr’s second postulate. Hence, the Bohr’s model does not give
correct value of angular momentum. So, option (a) is the correct answer.

12.5 O2 molecule consists of two oxygen atoms. In the molecule, nuclear force
between the nuclei of the two atoms
(a) is not important because nuclear forces are short-ranged.
(b) is as important as electrostatic force for binding the two atoms.
(c) Cancels the repulsive electrostatic force between the nuclei.
(d) is not important because oxygen nucleus have equal number of neutrons
and protons.
Ans: (a): The nuclear forces are short ranged. Since the distance between the two
oxygen atoms is larger as compared to the electrons of the two atoms. Hence,
nuclear force between the nuclei of the two atoms is not important because nuclear
forces are short-ranged. So, option (a) is the correct answer.

12.6 Two H atoms in the ground state collide in elastically. The maximum
amount by which their combined kinetic energy is reduced is
(a) 10.20 eV
(b) 20.40 eV
(c) 13.6 eV
(d) 27.2 eV
Ans: (a): First we calculate the total energy of the two H atoms in the ground state.
So, total energy of two H-atom in ground state = 2 ( −13.6 ) = −27.2 eV

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The maximum amount by which their combined kinetic energy is reduced when
any one hydrogen atom goes into first excited state after the inelastic collision i.e.,
the total energy of two hydrogen atoms after inelastic collision is:
13.6
E= + 13.6
n2

Now, for n equals two. We have,

13.6
E= + 13.6
22

 E = 3.4 + 13.6 = 17eV

So, Loss in kinetic energy due to inelastic collision = 27.2 − 17.0 = 10.2eV

12.7 A set of atoms in an excited state decays.

(a) in general to any of the states with lower energy.
(b) Into a lower state only when excited by an external electric field.
(c) All together simultaneously into a lower state.
(d) To emit photons only when they collide.
Ans: (a): A set of atoms in an excited state decays in general to any of the states
with lower energy.

Multiple Choice Questions-II More than one answer option

12.8 An ionized H-molecule consists of an electron and two protons. The
protons are separated by a small distance of the order of angstrom. In the
ground state,
(a) The electron would not move in circular orbits.
(b) The energy would be (2)4 times that of an H-atom.
(c) The electrons, orbit would go around the protons.
(d) The molecule will soon decay in a proton and an H-atom.

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Ans: (a) and (c): The nucleus of the two hydrogen atoms are separated by a small
distance which is of order of angstrom. Also, the nuclear forces are of the same
order. So, one electron will revolve around the protons. Hence, options (a) and (c)
are the correct answers.

12.9 Consider aiming a beam of free electrons towards free protons. When
they scatter, an electron and a proton cannot combine to produce an H-atom,
(a) Because of energy conservation.
(b) Without simultaneously releasing energy in the form of radiation.
(c) Because of momentum conservation.
(d) Because of angular momentum conservation.
Ans: (a) and (b): larger amount of energy is required for electron to reach near the
proton as the biding energy of the hydrogen atom is larger as compared to the
energy of a free electron. So, due to the energy conservation principle, it is not
possible for electron and proton to combine and form hydrogen atom. Hence,
options (a) and (b) are the correct answers.

12.10 The Bohr model for the spectra of an H-atom

(a) Will not be applicable to hydrogen in the molecular from.
(b) Will not be applicable as it is for a He-atom.
(c) is valid only at room temperature.
(d) Predicts continuous as well as discrete spectral lines.
Ans: (a) and (b): The Bohr model for the spectra of a hydrogen atom is applicable
for only one electron systems. So, it cannot be applied to hydrogen in the
molecular form and for helium atom.

12.11 The Balmer series for the H-atom can be observed

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(a) If we measure the frequencies of light emitted when an excited atom falls
to the ground state.
(b) If we measure the frequencies of light emitted due to transitions between
excited states and the first excited state.
(c) In any transition in a H-atom.
(d) As a sequence of frequencies with the higher frequencies getting closely
packed.
Ans: (b) and (d): The spectrum of light formed when the electron jumps from a
higher energy level to the first energy level is called Balmer series. The spectral
lines starts becoming close as the electron jumps from higher energy level to the
ground level. Hence, options (b) and (d) are the correct answers.

− 1me 4
12.12 Let E n = be the energy of the nth level of H-atom. If all the H
8 02 n 2 h 2
( E 2 − E1 )
atoms are in the ground state and radiation of frequency falls on it,
h

(a) It will not be absorbed at all

(b) Some of atoms will move to the first excited state.
(c) All atoms will be excited to the state.
(d) No atoms will make a transition to the n=3 state.
( E2 − E1 ) n
Ans: (b) and (d): When the energy of radiation of photons is ., then
h
electron jumps in next energy level (n = 2) after receiving this energy equal to the
E2 − E1 energy. The new state is its unstable state. Electron jumps from E2 to E1 by
radiating the energy of same frequency i.e., to ( E 2 − E1 ) . Electron can jump in next
orbit. So Electron from ground state will jump at n = 2 not n =3.

12.13 The simple Bohr model is not applicable to He4 atom because

(a) He4 is an inert gas.

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(b) He4 has neutrons in the nucleus.
(c) He4 has one more electron.
(d) Electrons are not subject to central forces.
Ans: (c) and (d): The Bohr’s atomic model is applicable only for one electron
systems and in there are two electrons in He4 atom. In multi electron systems,
electrons are not subject to central forces due to longer distance than nuclear size.
Hence, options (c) and (d) are the correct answers.

Very Short Answer Questions

12.14 The mass of a H-atom is less than the sum of the masses of a proton and
electron. Why is this?
Ans: Some energy is needed to bind the nucleons together in the nucleus in the
process of formation of an atom with electrons and nucleons. This energy can be
calculated from Einstein mass energy relation
E = mC 2

Where m =  Zmp + (A − Z)mn  − M

So the mass of an H atom is equal to

BE
mp + mp −
C2

Where B.E. represents the binding energy and is equal to 13.6eV .

12.15 Imagine removing one electron from 2 He 4 and 2 He 3 . Their energy levels,
as worked out on the basis of Bohr model will be very close. Explain why.
Ans: If we remove one electron from the isotopes of 2 He 4 and 2 He 3 , both the
isotopes will become one electron systems but the mass of the nucleus of the
isotopes will be heavier than the hydrogen atom. So the energy levels as worked
out on the basis of Bohr model will be very close.

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12.16 When an electron falls from a higher energy to a lower energy level, the
difference in the energies appears in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
Why cannot it be emitted as other forms of energy?
Ans: When an electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, the
charged particle experiences acceleration. The accelerated charged particle can
produce electromagnetic wave only.

12.17 Would the Bohr formula for the H-atom remain unchanged if proton
 +4   −3 
had a charge  e and electron a charge  e , where e = 1.6  10 −19 C Give
 3   4 
reasons for your answer?
 +4   −3 
Ans: The new charges on the proton and electron are given as  e and  e
 3   4 
respectively. So, we find the product of the charges in the new case as the product
of charges matters in the coulomb forces rather than the individual charges.
+4 −3
e e = −e2
3 4

Originally, charge on electron is − e and charge on proton is e .

Product is − e 2 .
So, the product of charges is same as earlier.
As there is no change in position of protons and electrons and the product of
charges is also same. Hence, the Bohr's formula for the new H-atom remain same.

12.18 Consider two different hydrogen atoms. The electron in each atom is in
an excited state. Is it possible for the electrons to have different energies but
the same orbital angular momentum according to the Bohr model?
Ans: In excited state of electrons of two H-atoms, electrons may be in orbit or
energy level either n = 2, 3  . and can have same energy but angular momentum by

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 nh
Bohr’s model is L = .. As n for both may be different so both H-atom will have
2
different angular momentum.

Short Answer Questions

12.19 Positronium is just like a H-atom with the proton replaced by the
positively charged anti-particle of the electron (called the positron which is as
massive as the electron). What would be the ground state energy of
positronium?
Ans: In the new specie, we have a positron in place of a proton in comparison to
hydrogen atom.
So, mass of positronium = m = m g − + m g +

mg
Hence, m g − = m g + =
2

As En = −13.6 and so energy of positron

m 
+ 4 −  e  e4
−m e −13.6
=  2 2 =
2
En = e

8 0 n h2 2
8 0 n h 2

13.6  m
Therefore, we get, E n =  me = 
2  2

E n = −6.8eV

12.20 Assume that there is no repulsive force between the electrons in an atom
but the force between positive and negative charges is given by Coulomb’s law
as usual. Under such circumstances, calculate the ground state energy of a He-
atom.
Ans: For H atom Z = 1 and n = 1
− me e 4
 En = = 13.6eV
8 02 12 h 2

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For helium atom, Z = 4 and n =1

−4 me e 4
 En = = −4  13.6 = −54.4eV = −54.4eV
8 0212 h 2

12.21 Using Bohr model, calculate the electric current created by the electron
when the H-atom is in the ground state.
Ans: Let the velocity of electron of hydrogen atom in the orbit be v meters per
second.
So, radius of orbit = a0 , where a 0 is the Bohr’s radius.
2 a 0
So, the number of revolutions per second =
v

Now, we know that I = − ev

2 a 0
Since we have, v =
v
−
e 2 a0
So, we get, I =
v

(-) sign shows that the direction of current is opposite to the direction of motion of
electron.

12.22 Show that the first few frequencies of light that is emitted when
electrons fall to the nth level from levels higher than n , are approximate
harmonics (i.e. in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3  ) when n  1.

Ans: When an electron falls from ( n + n ' ) to n th energy level, the frequency of
th

radiations in spectrum Hydrogen atom like atoms is given by:

 1 1 
v = CRZ 2  − 
 ( n + n ) n 
 2

In this case, n '  n

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So, n ' = 1, 2, 3,.... and R is the Rydberg’s constant. So, we get,
 
  −2
2  1 1  1  n 1 
v = CRZ − 2 = CRZ 2  2 1 + − 
 
2
n   n  n 2 
 n 2 1 + n    n
  n 2  

Neglecting the higher terms as n  n 2 ,

1  2n  1  2  1 2n 1 
= CRZ  2  1 −
2
 −  = CRZ  2 − 3 − 2 
n  n  n2  n n n 

− CRZ 2 2 n   2CRZ 2  
= = n
n3  n
3


So the first few frequencies of light that is emitted when electrons fall from ( n + n ' )
to n th energy level are in the ratio of n ' = 1, 2, 3,.... when n  1 .

12.23 What is the minimum energy that must be given to a H atom in ground
state so that it can emit an H  line in Balmer series? If the angular
momentum of the system is conserved, what would be the angular momentum
of such H  photon?
Ans: we know that H spectral line in Balmer series formed when electron falls
from n = 5 to n = 1 . Here the electron is in ground state i.e., n = 1 and must be taken
to n = 5 for H line. So the energy of
 13.6 
H ? = E 5 − E 1 =  2  − ( −13.6) = −0.54 + 13.6 = 13.06eV
 5 

Since angular momentum is conserved, so the angular momentum of

H = Change in angular momentum of electron
= L5 − L 2 = 5 h − 2 h

= 3 h = 3  6.63  10 − 34 = 19.89 10 − 34kgm 2 / s

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Long Answer Type Questions
12.24 The first four spectral lines in the Lyman series of a H-atom are
λ = 1218 Å, 1028Å , 974.3 Å and 951.4Å. If instead of Hydrogen, we consider
Deuterium, calculate the shift in the wavelength of these lines.
Ans: Reduced mass of H atom (mass defect)  H then
1 1 1
= + (M is mass of H atom )
H m M

 m 
M 1 + e 
1 M + me  M
= = ( M  m e )
H M  me M  me
−1
 m   m 
  H = me 1 + e  = me 1 − e 
 M  M

For Deuterium M = 2M
Reduced mass of Deuterium =  D

 me   me 
 D = m 1 − 1+
 M   M 

Total energy En of the electron revolving in an nth stationary orbit,

− me 4
En =
8n 2 ge02 h 2

m is the reduced mass of the electron and proton in H atom.

So hv = Eni − En f

me 4  1 1  c
v= 2 2  2 − 2=
8 0 h  ni n f  

  m (Reduced mass)
1 1

 

H
For hydrogen and deuterium =
D

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  m 
me 1 − e 
H  H  M
So = =
D  D  m  m 
me 1 − e  1 + e 
 M   2M 
−1
 m   m 
D = 1 + e  H =  1 − e  H
 2M   M 

D = H (0.99973)

H = Å , Å , Å and Å (Given)
D1 = 1214 Å
D 2 = 0.9973  1028 = 1025 Å
D 3 = 0.9973  974 = Å
D 4 = 0.9973  954 = Å

12.25 Deuterium was discovered in 1932 by Harold Urey by measuring the

small change in wavelength for a particular transition in 1H1and 1H2. This is
because, the wavelength of transition depend to a certain extent on the nuclear
mass. If nuclear motion is taken into account then the electrons and nucleus
revolve around their common center of mass. Such a system is equivalent to a
single particle with a reduced mass μ, revolving around the nucleus at a
md M
distance equal to the electron-nucleus separation. Here  = where M
(M + m)
is the nuclear mass and me is the electronic mass. Estimate the percentage
difference in wavelength for the 1st line of the Lyman series in 1H1 and 1H 2 .
(Mass of 1H1 nucleus is 1.6725  10 − 27 kg , Mass of 1H 2 nucleus is 3.3374  10 −27
kg, Mass of electron = 9.109  10 − 31kg.)
Ans: Total energy of electron in nth stable orbit in H or like atom
 Z 2e4
En =
8 02 h 2 n 2

 = Reduced mass of electron, proton and neutron (mass defect)

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  H (1) 2 e 4  1 1   H e4 1 1   H e
4
3
EH =  − = − =
 1 2 2  8 2 h 2 4
8 02 h 2  n12 n22  8 02 h 2   0  

h h
E = hv = or  H =
 EH

3 1
 H4
8 02 h 2 4
e

 hv H =
2

 H e4 3
vH = 
8 02 h 3 4

( D − H )
=  100 Percent change in wavelength
H

Percent change in wavelength

  
% change E =  D − 1  100 E = E1 − E 2   (I)

 H  

 e4 1 1 
hv =  2 − 2
8 02 h 2  n2 n2 
 e4  1 1 
v= 2 2  2
− 2
8 0 h  n1 n2 
c  e4 1 1 
=  2 − 2
 8 02 h 2  n1 n2 
1  e4 1 1 
=  2 − 2
 8 02 ch 2  n1 n2 

as  = mass defect, e,  c , and h are constants for an atom.

1
 
h

 
So eqn. Ist can be written as percentage change in the wavelength =  H − 1  100
 D 

me M
= ( Given )
(M + mt )

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  me M H 

 ( M H + me ) 
 Percentage change in wavelength = 100
 me + M D 
 M +m 
( D f )

  M (M + m ) 

 100 =  H D
− 1  100
H  D ( H
M M + m f ) 

  me  
 M D 1 +  
= H
M  MD  
− 1  100
MD  me  
 M H 1 +  
  M H  
−1
 me   me  
=  1 +  1 +  − 1  100
  M D  MH  
 m  m  
=   1 + e   1 − e  − 1  100
 M D  MH  

Me  M D So neglecting the higher degree term

  m m me me 
 100 = 1 − e + e − − 1  100
H  MH MD MD −MH 

 1 1 
= me  −   100
MD MH 
 1 1 
= 9.1  10 −31  − 27
− − 27 
 100
 3.3374  10 1.6725  10 
9.1  10 −31+ 2  1.6725 − 3.3374 
=  3.3374  1.6725 
10 −27  
   100 − 9.1  10 −20 + 27  0.6649 −6.05059  10 −2
= =
H 3.3374  1.6725 5.5180

   100
= − 1.084  10 −2 % Decrease in wavelength.
H

(-) sign shows that D  H

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12.26 If a proton had a radius R and the charge was uniformly distributed,
calculate using Bohr theory, the ground state energy of a H-atom when (i) R =
0.1 Å , and (ii) R = 10 Å .

Ans: (i) Consider in H atom nucleus as point charge electron is revolving around
nucleus with speed v and radius rA. The Colombian force provides centripetal force
to revolve around nucleus.
me v 2 − Ke 2
 =  (I)
rA rA2

1
Here K =
4 0

(-) sign shows the force of attraction.

nh
By Bohr’s postulate, angular momentum =
2

nh
mvrA =
2
nh
v=
2 mrA
mn 2 h 2 Ke 2
= [FromI]
4 2 m 2 rA2 rA rA2
n2h2
rA = (II)
4 2 mKe 2

For ground state n =1

h2
rA =
4 2 mKe 2

6.63  10 −34 6.63  10 −34

=
(2  3.14) 2 9.1  10 −31  9  10 9  1.6  10 −19  1.6  10 −19
6.63  6.63  10 −68 + 38 + 31− 9
=
9.19  1.6  1.6  4  3.14  4  3.14

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= rA = 0.53 Å
− Ke 2 − 9  10 9  1.6  10 −19  1.6  10 −19
P .E . = = J
rA 0.53  10 −10
− 9  1.6  1.6  10 −19  10 −19  10 9
= J
0.53  10 −10  1.6  10 −19
14.4
P .E . = = 27.17 = 27.2eV
0.53

1
K .E = mv 2
2
1 m  n2h2 1 h2
= = (n = 1 for ground state )
2 4 2 m 2 r 2 2 4 2 mr 2
1 6.62  10 −34  6.62  10 −34
= J
2 4  3.14  3.14  9  10 −31  0.53  10 −10  0.53  10 −10

6.62  6.62  10 −68 + 31+10 +10

= eV
4  3.14  3.14  18  0.53  0.53  1.6  10 −19
6.62  6.62  10 −68 + 51+19
=
4  3.14  3.14  18  0.53  0.53
K.E.=0.1373  10 2 eV=13.7eV
P.E.=27.2 eV

(ii)Now for spherical nucleus of radius, R, electron moves charge inside the
nucleus
R>>rb then electron moves inside the nucleus. Then (rb is radius of new Bohr’s
orbit of revolving electron)
Charge
4 
e    rb3 
e=  
3
4
 R3
3

erb3
e = q2 =
R3

q1 = e

Class XII Science [Link] 17

mv 2 Kee
= ( By Coulomb's law)
rb rb2

nh nh
mvb =  vb = (By Bohr's postulate)
2 2 mrb

m n2h2 kee1
 =
rb 4 2 m 2 rb2 rb2

n2h2
rb =
4 2 mkee 

erA3
Now for ground state of H, n = 1 and e  = , then
R3

h2  h2  R3 R3
 rb = =   = r 
 4 mKe
A
rb3 2 2
 rb
3
rb3
4 2 mK  e  e 
R3

h2
[ rA = = 0.53 A Calculated in part (i)]
4 2 mKe 2
3
R
rb = rA  
 rb 
rb4 = rA R 3 = 0.53 Å  (10 Å ) 3
rb4 = 0.53  1000( Å ) 4 ( rA = 0.53 Å)

1/ 4
rb =  530 A 4  Å <R Å

1 m h2 h2  n2h2 
K .E . = mv 2 =  =  v = 
2 2 4 2 m 2 rb2 8 2 mrb2  4 2 m 2 rb2 

6.62  6.62  10 −34  10 −34

= eV
8  3.14  3.14  9.1  10 −31  4.8  4.8  10 −20  1.6  10 −19

6.62  6.62  10 −68 + 31+ 20 +19

= eV
8  3.14  3.14  9.1  4.8  4.8  1.6
43.8244 −68 + 70
= 10 = 0.001656  10 2 eV
26460.2

Class XII Science [Link] 18

K.E = 0.167eV

P.E . =
e2 (rb
2
− 3R 2 )  Kq1q2 
 P.E = 
4 0 R 3
 r 

 e 2  rA ( rb − 3 R ) 
2 2
rA 
P.E . =    multyplying by 
 4 0 rA 
3
R  rA 

From part (i)

e2
P. E . = = 27.2eV
4 0 rA

 0.53( 530 − 300)  and R =10

 P.E . = 27.2    rb = (530) Å
1/ 4
ÅJ
 1000 
27.2eV  0.53(23.02 − 300) Å 3 0.53( −276.9)
= 3
= 27.2  eV
1000 Å 1000
3992.9
P .E . = = − 3.99eVV
1000
K.E.=0.167 eV

12.27 In the Auger process an atom makes a transition to a lower state

without emitting a photon. The excess energy is transferred to an outer
electron which may be ejected by the atom. (This is called an Auger electron).
Assuming the nucleus to be massive, calculate the kinetic energy of an n = 4
Auger electron emitted by Chromium by absorbing the energy from a n = 2 to
n = 1 transition.

Ans: The energy En of the nth state

1 1  1 1 
E n = + Z 2 R  2 − 2  = Z 2 R  −  ( for n 1 = 1, n 2 = 2 )
 n1 n2  1 4 
Z = 24

R = Rydberg constt.
3
 En = Z 2R
4

The energy required to eject an electron from n = 4 state is

Class XII Science [Link] 19
 1 1
E4 = Z 2 R 2
= Z 2R
4 16

Energy given to electron is converted into K.E. of ejected electron.

Hence, the K.E. of Auger (ejected) electron= En-E4
3 1 11 11
K .E . = Z 2 R − Z 2R = Z 2R =  24  24  13.6eV
4 16 16 16
K.E. = 11  36  13.6 = 5385.6eV

e2
12.28 The inverse square law in electrostatics is | F |= for the force
( 4 0 ) r 2

between an electron and a proton. The dependence of | F | can be
r
understood in quantum theory as being due to the fact that the 'particle' of
light (photon) is massless. If photons had a mass m p , force would be modified
 e2  1   − r  m pc h
to  F = + e  where  = and =

2  2
( 4 0 ) r  r r   2

Estimate the change in the ground state energy of a H-atom if mp were 10=6
times the mass of an electron.
Ans: Mass of photon = 9.1 10 −31  10 −6 kg
= 9.1  10 −37 kg

h
Wavelength associated with a photon =
m pc

6.62  10 −34
=
9.1  10 −37  3  10 8
6.62
=  10 −34 + 37 −8 = 2.4  10 −7 rA (seeQ.26)
9.1  3
1
  eAˆ A  1
rA

Class XII Science [Link] 20

 − e 2 e − e
U (r ) =
 0 r
h
mvr = = v=  (I)
2
0r
mr

mv 2 e 2  1    e2  1   − ir 
+  F =  r 2 + r  e given 
v 4 0  r 2 r   ( 4 0 ) r 2   

m e 2 1 +  r 
2
 =
r m 2 r 2 4 0  r 2 
2
e2
= (1 +  r )
mv 4 0

2
4 0
= (r + r2 )
me 2
2
4 0
If  = 0, [neglecting r 2 ]
m0
2
rA ( rA = r +  r 2 )
e
=
m 4 0

A rB And 

Taking rA + r +  r 2 [  ) 

rA = ( rA ) + M ( rA ) (put 2

)
0 =  +  rA2 + 2 r  (Neglecting small term  2 )

0 =  + 2 rA +  rA2
  1 + 2 rA   = −  rA2

−  rA2
= −  rA2 (1 + 2 rA  )
−1
 =
(1 + 2 rA  )
 = −  rA2 1 − 2 rA   = −  rA2 + 2 rA3  2

 And rA 1 so rA3 2 is very small so by neglecting it we get,

 = −  rA2

Class XII Science [Link] 21

 e(
−2  −  rA )
−e 2 −e 2 e −2( + r )
V (r ) = = = 
4 0 ( rA +  ) 4 0   
rA  1 + 
 rA 
−1
−e2   
=
4 0 rA
e −r
1 +  ( ) 2

 rA 
−e 2e − r   
= 1 − 
4 r 0 rA  rA 

V(r) = −27.2eV Remains unchanged

2
1   1 2  1 
K .E . = mv = m   =
2
2 
From I , v = 
2 2  mr  2 mr  mr 
− 2
− 2
 2 
= = = 1 − 
2 m ( rA +  )
2 2 2
   2 mr  A rA 
2 mrA2  1 + 
 rA 

2
 −  rA2  2
=  1 −  = (1 + 2 rA )
2 mrA  rA  2 mrA
= 13.6eV (1 + 2  rA )

−e 2 2
Total energy = + (1 + 2 rA )
4 0 rA 2 mrA2

=  −27.2 + 13.6 (1 + 2 rA )  eV

= −27.2 + 13.6 + 27.2 rA eV

Total E = −13.6 + 27.2 rA

Change in energy = −13.6 + 27.2 rA − ( −13.6) = 27.2 rA eV

12.29 The Bohr model for the H-atom relies on the Coulomb's law of
electrostatics. Coulomb's law has not directly been verified for very short
distances of the order of angstroms. Supposing Coulomb's law between two
opposite’s charges + q1, −q2 is modified to

Class XII Science [Link] 22

 q1 q2
| F |= ( r  R0 )
4 0 r 2
z
 R0 
q1 q2
| F |= ( r  R0 )
2 
4 0 R0  r 

Calculate in such a case, the ground state energy of a H −a tom, if  = 0.1 and
R 0 = 1Å .

Ans: Case I: when r  R0 = 1 Å

Let  = 2 +

q1q2 R0r +  e  (− e)  R 
F= =  2 +  q1 = e, q 2 = − e 
4 0 R02 r 2 +  4 0  r

R
| F |= − (1.6  10 )
2
−18
 9  10 9
[( −) [(-)ve sign shows force of attraction ]
r 2+b

R
| F |= 23.04  10 −29
r 2 +

The electrostatic force of attraction between positively charged nucleus and

negatively charged electron provides necessary centripetal force.
mv 2 R0
= ( 23.04  10 −29
)r 2 +
r

Let 23.04  10 −29 = 

R0 r  R0
v = 2
 =
r 2 + m mr 1+

By Bohr's IInd postulate, angular momentum

nh h
L= and =
2 2
 L = nh
mvr = nh

n n mr 1+ n m
1 
1/ 2 +  / 2
r= = = [] 2

mv m  R0 m  R0 

Class XII Science [Link] 23

 1  1/ 2
1− − n  m 
r 2 2
=  
m   R0 

−1/ 2
n  m 
1
(1− )
r 2
=  
m  R0 

1
 n 2 h 2  1−
n =   
 m  R0 
1
 2
 1−
=  
(n=1 for ground state)
 m  R0 
1
 (1.05  10 −34 )  29
2

r1 =  
 9.1  10 −31  23.04  10 −29  1019 
 

 6.6  10 −34 
= (1.05  10 −34 ) 
h
 = =
 2 2  3.14 

Where h = 1.05  10 −34 JS −1

R0 = 1019 and 1 −  = 2.9

R 1 = 8  10 −11 m = 0.08 nm

This is a radius of orbit of electron in ground state of hydrogen atom

Velocity of electron in ground state By IInd postulate of Bohr’s Atomic model
nh  h 
mvn rn =  = 
2  2 
1

n  m  R0b  1−
n
vn = =  
mrn m  n2 2 

1.05  10 −34 1.05

Case II: n = 1, v1 = = − 31 −9
=  10 −34 + 31+ 9
mr1 9.1  10  0.08  10 0.728
− 34 + 40
= 1.44  10 = 1.44  10 m / s
6

v1 = 1.44  10 6 m / s

Class XII Science [Link] 24

 1
KE = mv12 − 9.43  10 −19
2

 9.1  10 −31  (1.44  10 5 ) − 9.43  10 −19 J

1 2
=
2
= 5.9eV

−
P.E. from R 0 to
R0

r dr
P.E from R 0 to r = + R0 R
0 r 2 +

−
This is the P.E. of electron in ground state R 0 to r=
R0

 R0  1 1 
P.E . = −  1+ − 1+ 
(1 +  )  r R0 
−  R0 1  −  R0 1 1+  
=  1+ −  =  1+ − + 
(1 +  )  r R0  (1 +  )  r R0 R0 

Put  = −1.9

−  R0−1.9 1 1.9 
P.E . =  − − 
(1 + ( − 1.9)  r −0.9 R0 R0 
−  R0−19 1.9  23.04  10 −29
=  −0.9 − =  (0.8) 0.9 − 1.9  J
− 0.9  r R0  0.9
= 17.3eV
Total E= P.E. + K.E.
= ( − 17.3 + 5.9)eV

Total energy = -11.4eV

This is the required total energy of electron in ground state of H-atom.

Class XII Science [Link] 25