1.

according to the height to which a part of the tongue is raised, vowels are classified into
front and back vowels
->False. Vowels are classified into front and back based on the part of the tongue that is raised
(front, central, or back) rather than the height of the tongue.
The height to which the tongue is raised classifies vowels as high (close), mid, or low (open).

2. The vocal tract is the air passages which are above the vocal cords and which are involved
in the production of speech sounds.
-> Correct. The vocal tract refers to the air passages above the vocal cords, including the throat
(pharynx), mouth (oral cavity), and nose (nasal cavity). These structures are crucial in shaping and
modifying sound produced by the vocal cords, enabling the production of different speech sounds
through changes in shape, resonance, and constriction within these passages.

3. A close vowel is the one in the production of which the tongue is as low as possible.
-> False. A close vowel (also known as a high vowel) is produced when the tongue is positioned as
high as possible in the mouth, close to the roof of the mouth, but without creating a constriction.
Examples include the sounds in English words like see (/iː/) and do (/uː/).
In contrast, an open vowel (or low vowel) is produced with the tongue positioned as low as possible
in the mouth, such as the vowel sound in cat (/æ/).

4. Dipthongs can be divided into closing and opening dipthongs according to the second
element of the dipthong.
-> False. Diphthongs are classified into closing and centering (not opening) diphthongs based on the
position of the second element.

- Closing diphthongs: The tongue moves toward a higher, more closed position in the mouth.
Examples include the English sounds in say (/eɪ/) and go (/əʊ/).
- Centering diphthongs: The tongue moves toward a central position, often represented by the
schwa sound /ə/. An example is the diphthong in the word fear (/ɪə/).
An "opening diphthong" would imply the tongue moves to a lower position, which is uncommon in
English.

5. A plosive can be either an oral or a nasal stop

-> True. A plosive can indeed be either an oral stop or a nasal stop, depending on whether the
airflow is released through the mouth or the nose:
- Oral stops (oral plosives): These occur when the velum (soft palate) is raised, blocking airflow
from escaping through the nose, so the air is released only through the mouth. Examples include
English sounds like /p/, /t/, and /k/.

- Nasal stops (nasal plosives): These happen when the airflow is blocked in the oral cavity but
allowed to escape through the nose by lowering the velum. Examples include English sounds like
/m/, /n/, and /ŋ/.

6. The larynx, which is situated in the upper part of the vocal folds, contains the so called
windpipe
->False. The larynx houses the vocal folds (or vocal cords) and sits on top of the trachea, which is
commonly known as the windpipe. However, the larynx itself does not contain the windpipe;
instead, it connects the pharynx (throat) to the trachea, acting as a passage for air and housing the
vocal folds that produce sound.

7. A rounded vowel is the one in the production of which the tounge is as low as possible
-> False. A rounded vowel is defined by the shape of the lips, not the position of the tongue. In a
rounded vowel, the lips are rounded or brought together, creating a circular shape. This is
independent of whether the tongue is high, mid, or low.
For example:
- The high rounded vowel /uː/ in food involves lip rounding with the tongue high.
- The mid rounded vowel /ɔː/ in thought also has lip rounding, but the tongue is in a mid position.
In contrast, tongue height determines whether a vowel is classified as close (high), mid, or open
(low).

8. When the edges of the vocal cords are touching or nearly touching, the air passing through
the glottis will usually cause vibration, which produces voiced or fortis sounds.
-> False. When the edges of the vocal cords are touching or nearly touching, the airflow passing
through the glottis typically causes the vocal cords to vibrate, producing voiced sounds—not fortis
sounds.

Voiced sounds: These occur when the vocal cords vibrate, such as in /b/, /d/, and /g/.
Fortis sounds: This term actually refers to the relative force or intensity used in producing certain
sounds, usually voiceless ones, like /p/, /t/, and /k/. Fortis sounds are often produced without vocal
cord vibration, making them voiceless sounds.
9. The main dividion of the roof of the mouth are dental, alveolar, hard palate, and soft palate
-> True. The main divisions of the roof of the mouth relevant to articulation are typically
categorized as:
Dental: The area near the upper front teeth, where some sounds (like /θ/ in think) are produced.
Alveolar ridge: The bony ridge just behind the upper front teeth, used in producing sounds like /t/,
/d/, and /s/.
Hard palate: The hard, bony part of the roof of the mouth further back, involved in sounds like /j/ in
yes.
Soft palate (velum): The soft, fleshy part toward the back of the mouth, crucial for sounds like /k/
and /g/, and it can close off airflow to the nasal cavity.

10. In final position (VC), the difference between lenis plosive and fortis plosive is primarily
the fact that vowels preceding the lenis plosives are shortened.
-> Partly correct but could be clarified.
In the context of final position (VC) (vowel-consonant), the difference between lenis plosives
(voiced) and fortis plosives (voiceless) involves several factors, not just vowel shortening:
Lenis plosives: These are voiced sounds (e.g., /b/, /d/, /g/) where the preceding vowel is typically
longer or has a more prominent quality compared to the vowel before a fortis plosive.
Fortis plosives: These are voiceless sounds (e.g., /p/, /t/, /k/) where the preceding vowel is usually
shorter and less prominent. The presence of a fortis plosive often results in a more abrupt end to the
vowel sound.
While the shortening of vowels before fortis plosives is one aspect, the overall perception of length,
prominence, and voicing also plays crucial roles in differentiating the two types of plosives in final
positions.

11. In final position, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ never occur in cluster with other consonants
-> generally correct. In English, the sounds /tʃ/ (as in ch) and /dʒ/ (as in j) do not typically occur in
consonant clusters at the end of words.

/tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are considered affricates, which are complex sounds that begin as stops and release as
fricatives. In English, they usually appear at the beginning of syllables or following a vowel but not
at the end in combination with other consonants.
However, it's worth noting that in other languages or in specific phonological contexts, these sounds
might appear in final positions with clusters, but this is not common in standard English
pronunciation.
12. In a stress-timed language, all the feet are supposed to be of roughly the same duration.
-> true. In a stress-timed language, such as English, it is expected that the duration of each foot (a
unit of stress within a rhythm) will be roughly the same. This means that stressed syllables occur at
regular intervals, with the intervening unstressed syllables being shorter or varying in duration to
accommodate this rhythmic pattern.

In stress-timed languages, the timing of stressed syllables is more important than the overall number
of syllables, leading to a rhythmic quality where each foot maintains a similar temporal length. This
contrasts with syllable-timed languages (like French or Spanish), where each syllable tends to take
up a similar amount of time, regardless of stress.

13. Level tone almost always conveys a feeling of saying something routine, uninteresting or
boring
-> generally true. A level tone—which is characterized by a consistent pitch without significant
variation—often conveys a sense of neutrality or monotony. In many languages and contexts, a level
tone can imply:
 Routine: Indicating that the information being conveyed is ordinary or habitual.
 Uninterest: Suggesting a lack of emotional engagement or excitement.
 Boring: Making the communication feel flat or lacking in dynamic expression.
In contrast, tones with more variation in pitch, such as rising or falling tones, are typically associated
with more emotional expressiveness or emphasis. However, context plays a significant role, and in
some cases, a level tone may also be used for specific communicative purposes.

14. The head is the only obligatory component in the tone unit.
-> false. In a tone unit, the head is not the only obligatory component; it is one of several possible
components. The typical components of a tone unit in prosody include:
1. The Head: This can be a single syllable or a series of syllables that carry the main
stress.
2. The Tone: This refers to the pitch contour that occurs on the head, which can convey
meaning or emotion.
3. The Tail: This is any additional material following the tone, which can be optional.
While the head often plays a crucial role in defining the tone unit, other elements may also be
necessary for full communicative intent. Thus, the head is not strictly the only obligatory
component. The structure and requirements of a tone unit can vary depending on the language and
the specific linguistic context.

15. In its smallest form, the tone-unit can consist of only one syllable.
-> true. In its smallest form, a tone unit can consist of a single syllable, which can carry the main
stress and a pitch contour. This single syllable can convey meaning on its own, especially if it is a
content word (like a noun or verb) or a response in conversation. For example, a simple word like
"Yes!" or "No!" can function as a complete tone unit, effectively communicating a response or
affirmation. Thus, tone units can indeed be minimal, comprising just one syllable.

16. The center of the tone-unit, around which everything else is constructed, is the head, or
nucleus.
-> partly correct but needs clarification. In a tone unit, the nucleus is indeed considered the central
component around which the rest of the tone unit is constructed, while the head can be a broader
term.
 Nucleus: This is the most important part of the tone unit, usually containing the peak
of the intonation pattern. It is typically a vowel or syllable that carries the primary
stress and is crucial for conveying meaning.
 Head: The head can consist of one or more syllables leading up to the nucleus, but it
is not necessarily the core of the tone unit itself. It serves to prepare the listener for
the nucleus.
So, while the nucleus is the focal point of the tone unit, the head serves a supportive role leading up
to it.

17. The pre-head is all that part of a tone-unit that extends from the first stressed syllable up
to (but not including) the tonic syllable
->false. The pre-head refers specifically to the part of a tone unit that occurs before the first
stressed syllable, not extending from the first stressed syllable to the tonic syllable.
Here's a breakdown of the components of a tone unit:
 Pre-head: This includes any unstressed syllables or syllables that come before the
first stressed syllable in the tone unit.
 Head: This includes the stressed syllables that come after the pre-head and lead up to
the tonic syllable
18. The pre-head is composed of all the unstressed syllables in a tone-unit following the first
stressed syllable
-> false. The pre-head consists of the syllables that come before the first stressed syllable in a tone
unit.
To clarify the components of a tone unit:
 Pre-head: All the syllables preceding the first stressed syllable (which may include
unstressed syllables).
 Head: This includes the stressed syllables leading up to the tonic syllable.
 Nucleus (or tonic syllable): The most prominent stressed syllable in the tone unit.
 Tail: Any syllables that come after the nucleus.
Therefore, the pre-head does not include syllables following the first stressed syllable; rather, it only
includes those before it.

19. The tail includes any syllables, either stressed or unstressed, between the tonic syllable and
the end of the tone-unit.
-> true. The tail of a tone unit includes any syllables that follow the tonic syllable (or nucleus) up
to the end of the tone unit. These syllables can be either stressed or unstressed and provide
additional information or context to the utterance.
To summarize the structure of a tone unit:
 Pre-head: Syllables before the first stressed syllable.
 Head: Stressed syllables leading up to the tonic syllable.
 Nucleus (tonic syllable): The most prominent stressed syllable in the tone unit.
 Tail: Any syllables that come after the nucleus.
Thus, the tail serves to complete the tone unit, adding further meaning or detail.

20. An example of intonation's discourse function is that intonation can signal what is new
information and what is already given.
-> true. Intonation plays a crucial role in signaling the discourse function of a spoken language. It
can help indicate which information is new and which is given or known in the context of a
conversation.
For example:
 New information is often emphasized with a change in pitch or stress, which draws
the listener's attention.
  Given information may have a more level intonation or less stress, indicating that
the information is already familiar to the listener.
This use of intonation helps facilitate effective communication, guiding the listener's understanding
of the flow of information and the significance of various parts of the discourse.
21. Weak form is used when weak-form words whose spelling begins with "h" occur at the
beginning of a sentence.
-> false. Weak forms are used in connected speech, especially for function words, but they typically
occur in unstressed positions within sentences rather than at the beginning.
For words that begin with "h," like "have," "has," or "he," they often retain their strong form when
they occur at the beginning of a sentence because they typically carry more stress in that position.
Weak forms are more commonly found when these words are in the middle of a sentence and do not
receive primary stress.
In summary, weak forms are not typically used when "h" words appear at the beginning of a
sentence; instead, their strong forms are usually maintained.

22. Only weak syllables are unstressed in English simple words.

-> false. While weak syllables are typically unstressed, it is important to note that not all unstressed
syllables in English simple words are weak syllables.
In English, a syllable can be classified as stressed or unstressed based on its prominence in a word or
phrase. Stressed syllables are those that are pronounced with greater emphasis, while unstressed
syllables are pronounced with less emphasis.
 Weak syllables: These are usually unstressed and often occur in function words
(e.g., "and," "but," "the"). They may also include some syllables in multisyllabic
content words that do not carry primary stress.
 Strong syllables: A syllable may be unstressed but still carry a strong quality if it has
a vowel sound that is pronounced clearly.
Therefore, while weak syllables are a subset of unstressed syllables, there are other types of
unstressed syllables in English that are not classified as weak.

23. In English words, all weak syllables contain the schwa/ə/.

-> false. While many weak syllables in English do contain the schwa sound /ə/, not all weak
syllables are limited to this vowel sound.
 Schwa /ə/: This is the most common vowel sound in unstressed syllables and is often
found in weak syllables (e.g., the second syllable in banana /bəˈnænə/).
However, weak syllables can also contain other vowel sounds. For example:
  The word "button" contains a weak syllable with the vowel sound /ɪ/ in the second
syllable (pronounced /ˈbʌt.ən/).
 In the word "family," the second syllable is weak and contains /i/ (pronounced
/ˈfæm.ɪ.li/).
Thus, while the schwa is prevalent in weak syllables, it is not the only vowel sound that can occur in
them.

24. In English words, all syllables that contain the schwa /ə/are weak.
->false. While the schwa /ə/ is commonly found in weak syllables, not all syllables that contain the
schwa are considered weak.
 Weak syllables: These typically occur in unstressed positions and often contain the
schwa. For example, in the word "banana" (/bəˈnænə/), the first and last syllables are
weak, containing schwa.
 Strong syllables: Syllables can contain the schwa and still be stressed, depending on
the word and its pronunciation in context. For instance, in the word "sofa" (/ˈsoʊfə/),
the second syllable contains schwa but the first syllable is strong due to its stress.
Therefore, while schwa is frequently associated with weak syllables, its presence alone does not
determine whether a syllable is weak or strong.

25. In English words, there are syllables in which no vowel is found.

-> true. In English, there are indeed syllables that do not contain a vowel sound. These syllables are
often referred to as syllabic consonants.
For example:
 In the word "bottle," the second syllable can be pronounced with a syllabic /l/, as in
/ˈbɒt.l̩/.
 In the word "button," the /n/ can function as a syllabic consonant in some dialects,
pronounced as /ˈbʌt.n̩/.
In these cases, consonants take on the role of the nucleus of the syllable, allowing for syllables
without traditional vowel sounds. This phenomenon is more common in connected speech and
specific accents or dialects.

26. In English words, any strong syllable will have as its peak one of the vowel phonemes.
-> true. In English, a strong syllable (also known as a stressed syllable) will typically have as its
peak one of the vowel phonemes.
 Strong syllable: This is a syllable that receives greater emphasis or stress in
pronunciation. The peak of a syllable is the most prominent part, usually realized by
a vowel sound.
For example:
 In the word "happy," the first syllable /ˈhæp/ is a strong syllable with the vowel /æ/
as its peak.
 In the word "computer," the second syllable /ˈpjuː/ is strong and has the vowel /uː/ as
its peak.
Thus, strong syllables are characterized by having a vowel phoneme as their nucleus, making the
statement accurate.

27. If the vowel in its peak is short, the strong syllable will always have an onset as well.
false. A strong syllable can have a short vowel in its peak and still lack an onset.
 Onset: The onset of a syllable refers to any consonants that precede the vowel in that
syllable.
In English, there are strong syllables with short vowels that do not have an onset. For example:
 In the word "ink," the syllable consists of the consonant /ɪ/ and the vowel /ŋ/ as the
peak, but there is no onset.
 In the word "up," the syllable is composed solely of the vowel /ʌ/, which is short and
has no onset.
Therefore, it is not accurate to say that a strong syllable with a short vowel will always have an
onset. Strong syllables can exist without an onset.

28. In English words, there must always be a vowel in the center of the syllable.
-> false. While most English syllables do contain a vowel at their center, there are exceptions,
particularly in the case of syllabic consonants.
 Syllabic consonants: In some instances, consonants can function as the nucleus of a
syllable, effectively acting as the "vowel" in the syllable. This often occurs in
unstressed syllables.
For example:
 In the word "bottle," the second syllable can be pronounced as /l̩/, where the /l/ acts
as a syllabic consonant without a vowel present.
 In the word "button," the /n/ can also be syllabic in certain dialects, pronounced as
/ˈbʌt.n̩/.
Thus, while vowels are common in syllable structure, they are not strictly required in every case in
English.

29. In its maximum phonological structure, an English syllable can contain up to five
consonants in the coda.
-> true. In English, a syllable can indeed have a maximum phonological structure that includes up
to five consonants in the coda.
 Coda: This refers to the consonant sounds that follow the nucleus (the vowel sound)
of the syllable.
An example of a syllable with a complex coda containing five consonants is:
 The word "texts," where the syllable can be broken down as /tɛksts/ with the coda
being /ksts/.
While such complex codas are relatively rare, they are permissible in English phonology, making
the statement accurate.

[Link] words in English can begin with more than three consonants.
-> false. In English, there are indeed words that can begin with more than three consonants.
For example:
 The word "strengths" starts with four consonants: /str/.
 Another example is "sphinx," which begins with four consonants: /spθ/.
Additionally, there are other words with complex initial clusters, especially in certain dialects or
technical terms. Therefore, the assertion that no words in English can begin with more than three
consonants is not accurate.

31. No words in English can end with more than four consonants.
-> false. There are indeed words in English that can end with more than four consonants.
For example:
 The word "twelfths" ends with six consonants: /lfθs/.
 Another example is "angsts," which ends with five consonants: /ŋksts/.
These examples show that English allows for complex consonant clusters at the end of words,
making the assertion inaccurate.
[Link] l can occur before consonants or before a pause, but only before vowels; dark l never
occurs before vowels.
-> false.
 Clear /l/ (often referred to as "light /l/") can occur before consonants, before a pause,
and also before vowels. It is typically found at the beginning of words or syllables,
such as in "light" or "leaf."
 Dark /l/ (or "velarized /l/") occurs primarily in syllable-final positions or before
consonants, such as in "full," "ball," or "milk." It can also appear before a pause at
the end of a word, as in "call."
Thus, while dark /l/ is less common before vowels and typically appears in syllable-final positions, it
can still occur in some dialects or contexts, and the statement does not accurately represent the
distribution of clear and dark /l/ sounds.

33. The /l/ is dark when it follows /p/ or /k/ at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
-> false. In English, the /l/ sound is typically clear /l/ (or "light /l/") when it occurs at the beginning
of a stressed syllable, regardless of whether it follows /p/ or /k/.
For example:
 In the word "play," the /l/ is clear and follows the /p/.
 In the word "clay," the /l/ is clear and follows the /k/.
Dark /l/ is usually found in syllable-final positions or before consonants within stressed syllables,
such as in "full" or "milk." Therefore, the statement that /l/ is dark when it follows /p/ or /k/ at the
beginning of a stressed syllable is not accurate.

34. In initial position, /b, d, g/ cannot preceded by any consonant, but /p, t, k/ may be preceded
by /s/.
-> true.
In English phonology:
 The voiced plosives /b/, /d/, and /g/ cannot occur in initial position following another
consonant; they typically begin a syllable. For example, you wouldn't find a word
that starts with /sb/, /sd/, or /sg/.
 In contrast, the voiceless plosives /p/, /t/, and /k/ can be preceded by /s/ in initial
position, resulting in clusters like /sp/, /st/, and /sk/. Examples include:
o "speak" (/spik/)
 o "street" (/strit/)
o "skirt" (/skɜrt/)
Thus, the statement correctly describes the phonotactic constraints in English regarding these
consonant sounds.

35. A vowel which remains constant and does not glide is called a diphthong.
-> false. A diphthong is a type of vowel sound that involves a glide from one vowel quality to
another within the same syllable, meaning it changes during its articulation. For example, in the
English diphthong /aɪ/ (as in "my"), the sound starts at one vowel position and glides to another.
On the other hand, a vowel that remains constant and does not change during its production is called
a monophthong. Monophthongs maintain a single, stable vowel sound, such as the /i:/ in "see" or
the /ɛ/ in "bed."
Therefore, the statement incorrectly defines a diphthong.

[Link] are complex consonants which begin as plosives and end as fricatives.
-> true. Affricates are indeed complex consonants that start as plosives (complete closure in the
vocal tract) and then release into a fricative (where there is a narrow constriction that causes
turbulence in the airflow).
In English, the two main affricates are:
 /tʃ/, as in "chop," which starts as a voiceless plosive /t/ and releases into the voiceless
fricative /ʃ/.
 /dʒ/, as in "judge," which starts as a voiced plosive /d/ and releases into the voiced
fricative /ʒ/.
Thus, the statement accurately describes the nature of affricates.

37. The velar nasal consonant /ŋ/ never occurs after a diphthong or long vowel.
-> false. The velar nasal consonant /ŋ/, as in the word "sing," can indeed occur after diphthongs and
long vowels in English. Here are some examples:
 After the diphthong /aɪ/: "ringing" (/ˈrɪŋɪŋ/)
 After the long vowel /iː/: "seeing" (/ˈsiːɪŋ/)
In both cases, the /ŋ/ follows the vowel sounds. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that /ŋ/ never occurs
after diphthongs or long vowels.

[Link] a syllable begins with a vowel, we say that this syllable has a zero coda.
-> false. In phonological terms, the coda of a syllable refers to the consonants that follow the
nucleus (the vowel sound) within that syllable. However, the presence or absence of a coda is not
determined by whether a syllable begins with a vowel.
If a syllable begins with a vowel, it may still have a coda, but the coda will depend on the specific
syllable structure.
For example:
 In the word "apple," the first syllable /ˈæp/ has a coda (/p/), even though the second
syllable /əl/ begins with a vowel and has no coda (the coda is considered zero).
 In the word "open," the first syllable /oʊ/ has a zero coda, but it does not begin with a
consonant.
Therefore, a syllable that begins with a vowel may have a zero coda if it has no consonants
following the vowel, but it does not automatically indicate that it has a zero coda just because it
starts with a vowel.

39./ʒ/ can never occur as the initial consonant in an English syllable.

-> true.
The voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/, as in the word "measure," does not occur as the initial
consonant in any standard English words. While /ʒ/ can appear in other positions (such as medial or
final positions), it is not found at the beginning of syllables in English.
Examples include:
 Medial: "vision"
 Final: "beige"
Since there are no English words that start with the /ʒ/ sound, the statement accurately reflects the
phonotactic constraints of English.

40. As English intonation is generally perceived, the voice rises in non-final phrases and
subordinate clauses and falls in main clauses.
-> true. In English intonation patterns:
 Non-final phrases and subordinate clauses typically feature a rising intonation,
indicating that more information is to follow. For example, in a list or when
continuing a thought, the pitch often rises.
 In main clauses or final phrases, the intonation usually falls, signaling the
completion of the thought or statement. For instance, saying "I went to the store."
would typically end with a falling intonation.
This pattern helps convey meaning and structure in spoken English, making the statement accurate.\
41. The stress pattern is always fixed and unchanging in English words.
-> false.
In English, the stress pattern is not always fixed and can vary based on several factors, including:
 Word length: For longer words, stress may shift. For example, the noun "record"
(with stress on the first syllable: /ˈrɛkərd/) has a different stress pattern than the verb
"record" (with stress on the second syllable: /rɪˈkɔrd/).
 Word class: Stress can change based on whether a word is used as a noun or a verb,
as in the previous example.
 Dialect and speaker variation: Different English dialects may have different stress
patterns for the same words.
Thus, the stress pattern in English words can be variable and context-dependent, making the
statement inaccurate.

42. Stress position may vary as a result of the stress on the neighboring words.
->true. In English, the position of stress in a word can indeed be influenced by the stress patterns of
neighboring words. This phenomenon is often referred to as stress shift or stress clash. For
example:
 When two stressed words occur in close proximity, the stress of one may shift to
avoid a clash. In phrases like "the big red balloon," the stress may shift to ensure
clarity and rhythm, resulting in a more natural flow of speech.
Additionally, when a word is in a phrase with a more heavily stressed word, the stress on that word
may lessen, causing the stress position to vary.
Therefore, the statement accurately reflects how stress position can change due to the influence of
neighboring words.

43. Stress position may vary because not all speakers agree on the placement of stress in some
words.
-> true.
Different speakers may have varying opinions on where to place stress in certain words, leading to
variations in pronunciation. This can be influenced by factors such as:
 Regional accents and dialects: Different English-speaking regions may have
different stress patterns for the same words. For example, the word "advertisement"
 can be pronounced with stress on the second syllable (/ədˈvɜrtɪsmaɪnt/) in American
English and on the third syllable (/ˌæd.vərˈtaɪz.mənt/) in British English.
 Personal speech habits: Individual speakers may have their preferences for stress
placement based on their language exposure and learning.
 Evolving language: Language is dynamic, and stress patterns can change over time,
leading to different acceptable pronunciations.
Thus, the variability in stress placement among speakers accurately supports the statement.