UNIT- I Complex Variables Introduction to Complex Numbers A general foun of a complex number is z ~ x 1 iy when x and y are real and i= =I . Here x is called the real part and y is the imaginary part of z. A conjugate of a complex number z is Z ~iy. Then zt+E = 2x > gr gle+z) . 1 be 2iy => y = 35l2-7] zz = (e+iy)@-i) = x24 The complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point (x, y) in a complex plane. The modulus (absolute value) of z is given by ll = Ve The distance hetween the points , and =, is |zy =|. If 2 = x1 + iy, and 2) =xy + iyp, then the distance 4% = 121-2] = 1 + iy) - G2 + 2) = 1@-%)+i01-y)1 Polar form of a complex. number : Let the polar coordinates of the point (x, ») be (r, 6), then Zz = xtiy=r[cosO+isin0] = rel? x = rcos®, y=rsine Squaring and adding, we get xttyt = p2Dividing the above results, we get v= w(t) The number r is called the modulus value of z and @ is called the amplitude (argument) of the complex number z, Euler’s Formula We know ein® = cos nO'+isinn® Demoivre’s theorem for positive integer, (cos @+isin 6)" = cosnO+isinn® Note: e~'”® =cos (n6)—i sin (n8) Functions of a Complex Variable Letz =x +iyand @=u + Wy. Ifz and @ are two complex variables and if for each value of z in a complex plane there corresponds one or more values of a, then @ is called to be a function of z. We can write @ = f@) =utiv- u@,y)+ ivG@,y). Here u and v are real functions of the: real variables x and y. Forexample f(z) = 2? @-y)+i@xy) ‘ ‘Singled Valued Function A function f(z) is called a single valued function of z if for each value ofz in the domain R, there is only one value of @. For example, f(z) = i s ’ f@) If there is more than one value of @ corresponding to a given value of z, then f(z) is called multiple-valued function. Forexample, f(z) = 2/4, Vz‘We can represent z = x + iy and @ = u + a on separate complex planes called z-plane and a-plane respectively. The relation @ = f(z) gives the correspondence between the points (x, y) of the zplane and the points (u, v) of the a-plane. Limits : xtiy Xotiyvo - lt = a= i I@= 2 f= owen) (-f@=u+m] ~ Uh, ha) = uoting on In onic we write ine far! Continuity of f(2) : ‘A function f(z) is said to be continuous at 2 ~ za if @ 2h, 10 = fev. If f() is continuous in any region R of the 2 plane, if it is continuous at every point of that region. Derivatives of f(a) - Tet m = f(z)-be a single-valued fiction of the variable z, The derivative of f(z) is defined as a0 i e+Az)-f@)]... (= (2 [E2AE=L2 tn i Partial derivative of u : ou it [were y= ue, al Ox ~ Ax+0 Ax . ou _ lt [ Heetaaute »] ay ~ Ayo ‘AyAnalytic Functions ‘A single valued function f(@) which possesses a unique derivative with respect to z at all points of a region R is called an analytic function. It is also called a Regular function or Holomorphic function. ‘Singular Point : A point at which an analytic function f(z) ceases to possess a derivative is called a singular point of the furiction or singularity of f@. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the derivative of the function f(2). o % pil a $e are continuous fictions of x and y in the region R, Gy SD ang 2 = 2 CR equations Derivation of Cauchy-Reimann Equations (Necessary condition for a function f(z) to be analytic) Let us assume that f(z) = 0 + fv is analytic in a région R of the 2 plane. £e., [(@) has a derivative everywhere in the region R. y@ - lt [fetan=10) Az70 Az We know z =x +iy, Az =Ax+iAy. Az approaches to zero along any path in R. We can write f‘(2) as below : , Lt [u@ +Ax,y tAy) tiv + Ax, y + Ay)] LO = ado =[uG.y)tiv@y)] Ay 0 Ax +i AyNow we choose the path BCA. Let Ay —> 0, first and then Ax — 0. [Az= Ax] ++ The above equation (1) becomes vey = u(x + Ax. y) +i v(x + Ax, y)]—[ u(x, y) +i ve, fo Ais = Lt wetdxy)~uGy), Le vetAxy)—ve.y) ~ ax+o Ax Sax+0 ‘Ar Hq) = 24 4, fo-Ztie =) Secondly we choose the path BDA. Let Ax-> 0 first and then Ay 0. (Az =i dy). ‘Therefore, the equation (1) becomes, 7 - It u(x, y + Ay) + iv(@w, y + Ay)] -[ u(x, tiv, FO = aso iy. a1 Lt uGyt+Ay—uG,y), Lt vasy+Av)—i(ry) iayso ‘Ay Ay ay ® 1(g) =; 2H 4 F@ =- by * oy + Q) From (2) and (3), we have au Lov au ax Tax ~ ay ~ Vay Equating real and imaginary parts, du _ ay au a ay and ay .- (4) The above equation (4) are called Cauchy-Riemann’s equations. The CR-equations can also be written as wy = vyNote: ®. @ To check the given function is analytic or not, we can use the CR equations. . jul wv, el we Ox. fy ay oe (ii) To find the derivative of f(z), we can use {@ = u+w fe= ie (iii) To find 7(z) or f’(2) in terms of z, we can substitute x =z and y= 00on both sides. (iv) Recall the following formulae : sin (x) = isinhx cos (ix) = cosh x sin(0) = 0, cos(0) sinh (0) = 0, cosh (0)= d dy Gina) ~ vos, Z(coss) = -sinx do ag (inh) — + cosh» Zccosnx) = sinh sin (x+y) = sin (x) cos (y) + €0s (x) sin”) cos(e+y) = cosx cosy -sinx siny Example T| Prove that (_)=7?is an analytic function,” ‘Solution : Given : I= 2 = Hop = teAperixy = tying wwe ep v= 2xy au 2 ae as any ou a, ay 7 727 7 2F ou, oy Hee ay ° Gy ue ay” CR equations are satsne +: f(@ is analytic function.Test the unalyticity of f (2) - e*. Solution: Given: e® = ex *iy = ee = e*[cosy +isiny] = eXcasy +ie*siny Here wu = eX cosy v = etsiny au av . a e* cosy at e*siny ou _ a ay = ay = eeosy ul ey le “ax ~ ay 9 By ~~ Ox ©. {@ =e? is analytic function. Example 3 | Test whether the function f(z) = cos z is analytic or not. Solution : Given: f(@) = cosz = cos (x + iy) A = cos (x) cos (iy) - sin (x) sin (iy) = cos (x) cosh y ~sin (x) i sinhy = cosx coshy +i (-sinx sinh y) Here = cosx coshy v = sin sinh y St = ~sinxcoshy B® = —coss siahy oe = sosxutahey om = =sinx coshy ou _ ov Ou __ ov Hee 5, ay tml gy ~~ ox <. f@ = 00s z is analytic function. Discuss the analyticity of f () = log z. Solution: Weknow loge = + log(x?+y2) + ita (2 6 2 08 xOx au ay _ au "Ax au oy equations are satisfied. Its derivative is 1 = 2 log? +), v= = we = pap ax ~ = = x+y? av _ ay es : x24 y2 - & : 3 =m ~~ @x The partial derivatives are continuous except at.x = 0, y = 0. CR Qu, ,ov ox ” "x f'@ = Hence f(z) origin). = { 2 i({ 4 - (aia) (3) _x-y _ __@-y x+y ~ &-y)@ +i) 4 xt =i a = log z is analytic everywhere except at z = 0, (at the Prove that f(z) = sin z is analytic function and hence find the derivative, Solution : Given: f(z) = sinz = sin(x +iy) sin (x + iy)sin (x) cos (iy) + cos x sin (iy) sinx cosh y +icosx sinh y u = sinx coshy vy = cosxsinhy ou ay ees ax ~ Cost cosh y Ox -sinx sinh y Ou = ay si ov _ ay sinx sinhy a 7 cos x cosh y Here CR equations are satisfied. ou ov Consider f'@) = 3 ti ay #"@) = cosx coshy +i (-sinzx sinh y) To find f'(¢) in terms of z, let us substitute x =z and y = 0 on both sides, f'@ = cosz-1 + iCsinz -0) 7'@ = cosz Note: Here after we can use this method to’ find f(z) or /"@) by substituting x =z and y = 0. : Prove that f(z) =23 is analytic function. Solution : Given: f(@) = 2° (x tive x34+3x2iy+3x (e+ (oP (3-3 xy) + 1G x7y-y?) uw - x3 3x2 y = 3x2y—y8 ou av tL 32 a. by 7 327-3? x 7 OP ou & 2 342 by -6xy ‘ay 3x23? « +. CRequations are satisfied. Hence f(z) is an analytic function.10 Show that f(z) =| z |? is differentiable only at the origin. ‘Solution : Given: f(2) = |zP = x24 [io |zPa22 =224)2] ou = x2+y, v=o ou vs ax ~ 2* ax ~ ° a ay 57 2y Po Here CR equations are satisfied only when x = 0 and y = 0. Note that CR equations. are not satisfied for other values. Thus f@=\|z/? is differentiable only at the origin. Prove that sin (x — iy) is not analytic. Solution: f(z) = sin (x —iy) = sinx coshy—icosx sinhy sin x cosh y v = —cosx sinh y = cosx cosh y vy = sinx sinhy uw, = sinx sinhy vy = —c0sx coshy CR equations are not satisfied ©. £@ is not analytic. Example 9 | Prove that f(z) = e% is analytic and find its derivative. Solution : Given: f(z) = e?# = e2@+1y) = gir eily = e%[cos2y+isin2y] = e%cos2y +ie*sin2y u = 2e%*cos2y v = e*sin2y éu ov LS Se 5 errs Ox 2e* cos2y / x 2e*sin2y = = -2e7*sin2y ee = 26% cos2ypeo Ax CR equations are satisfied. Consider f'@) = Be eis "= (2e%cos2y)+i(2e* sin2y) Put x=z and y =0 on both sides, F'@ = 26% Prove that © [ sin z] = cos z by using complex variables. Solution : Given: f(2) = sin (2) = sin(x + iy) = sin (x) cos (iy) + cos x sin (iy) = sinx cosh y + /cosx sinh y u = sinx coshy y = cosx sinhy ae =" cosx cosh y 2 = —sinx sinhy a . . a oy = sinx sinhy, e = cosx coshy <. CR equations are satisfied. ‘i “gy Be, & Consider fO= tig = cosx coshy + i(-sinx sinh y) Put x=z and y =0, we get f'® = cosz Example 11 | Prove that e* [ cos y + isin y ] is an analytic {furiction. (or) Prove that e? is an analytic function and hence find its derivative. Solution : Given: f(2) = e% = ext = ete? e*[cosy +isiny ]Here u = e*cosy v = e*siny a BH = excosy So = etsiny 2. essay | 2 ~ creney -. CR equations are satisfied. gy = O44, 2 Welnow f'@) = Sr +i = ecosy + fe*siny sei) = e*[cosy +isiny ] exe = oxtiv f'@ = e Note : Here we can also use x =z, and y = 0 in (1) to get f(z) = e?, Test whether f(z) = cosh z is analytic or not. Solution : Given: f(z) u . ou ax Ou ay = coshx cosy sinh x cos y = —coshx siny CR equations are satisfied. Prove that f(z) = sink z is analytic and find its derivative; Solution: f(z) = sinhz cosh z cos (iz) = cos [i(x + iy)] cos (ix -y) cos (ix) cos (y) + sin (ix) sin (y) cosh x cos y + sinh x sin (y)« v = sinhx siny ov i ox = cosh x sin y = = sinhx cos y = bsinticy sin (ix) = jisinhx ; 1 ss sinhx = Fsin ix13 -isin[r(e+iy)] ~ifsin(ix-y)] ~i[ sin (ix) cos y — ¢0s (iz) sin () ] = —iLismhx cosy —coshx sin y ] f(@) = sinhx cosy +icoshx siny 4 u = sinhx cosy v = coshx siny au w_ oe Gem cosh x cosy Se 7 sinks siny Bu L _sahy si ov _ 3 7 ~sinhx siny Sy 7 cosh x cosy CR equations are satisfied. For derivative of f(z), we have 3: a fO- Brigg 0 coshx cosy +isinhx siny Put x=z and y = 0, weget f'@) =" coshz Milne-Thomson Method to find (2) This mgthod can be used to find an amlylic function f(z) when w or v is given. Let us assume thatthe real part of f(@) is given, Then we can find 2 Ou and 3, ji ty mm eg OY Consider f'@) = By tidy = ou, (22), using OR esustion ax! By Put x =z and y = 0 on both sides, we get14 dulz, 0 r@ = Zug,o - 1 Me A) which is a function of z. Integrating (1), we get f(z) in terms of z. z ov ‘Note : If the imaginaty part of f(2)is given, we can find 2 and i For this consider au aw . PO > oe toy a a . . = 3 +i Fe using CR equations. Put x=z and y =0 on both sides, we get roy — 0¥G@.0) , dv,0) FO “ay * Fax Integrating (2), we get f(z) in terms of z. This method is called Milne- Thomson method. Method of find f(z) when u is given Find an analytic function f(z) whose real part is “given by u=xI-3 xy? +3x?-3y? +1. 8 ~ Solution : Given : u = x3-3xy24+3x2-3 41 = = 3x2-3y2+6x oe = 0-6xy+0-6y+0 = -6xy-6y Consider f'(7) - 24/2 Here w is given and using CR equations gu, (2) ox” ‘ay = [3x?-3+6x]+i[6xy+6y] f'@)15 Putx =z and y =U on both sides f'@ = 322462 Integrating, we get Pp 2 i@ = 3-5+6-5+C f@ = 23+322+C, Cisacomplex constant. Example 2| Find an analytic function f(z) whose real part is given asu=y+e* cosy. Solution; Given: u = y +e* cosy Bu x 24 | oreasy a = 1-esiny . oy = OH, , OY Consider f*@) = SHI SE (8) = ecosy + i(-1+e*siny) Put x =z and y =0 on both sides, f@ = @-i Integrating, we get f@ = eF-iz+C | . Example 3 | Find an analytic function whose real part is given by x 2 4y2" Solution: Given: © u = == olution : Given: u = IG x2 +y2)1-2x? _ _yP-x? Me GR GPP O-x 2y) =2 xy GPa” G2 +P Let f(z) utivf'@® = S ; 2 ~ Gye! ye Put x=z and y=0, we get f'@® = = Integrating, we get f(z) = dy c Find (2) which is analytic. given u =} log (x? + y). ‘Solution : Given : u= F log 2 +32) Ou _ il 2x _~_x ax 2 x24 yay? Ou _ il _2y __y dy 2 x24 x2 432 ider f'@) =< O% 4 Consider f'(@) = 3 + 158 = Ou, f_ du - a+ i(-34) a t(-aty) 1 z Put x=z and y=0, we get’ z., F'@ = ZrO = ‘Integrating, we get. f(@) = logz +C Ifu= ap {find an analytic function f(). Glen: a = ie Solution : Given: u = EB17 Bu _ O-y(@x)_ _-2xy x @ a @+y? oul 1a - ee ay ~ “ge ~ @+yy Consider f'@ = oe 2 = oes i(-#) . [25] * Le a] Put x =z, y =0, we get f@° Integrating, we get f@ i- )-(3) 1 7tc = i + C where C is complex constant Example 6 | Find an by w= cas x cosh y. Solution : Given : u ou Ox ou oy Consider f"(2) Put x=z and y =0, we get f'@ Integrating, we get f(@) = ~sinx coshy "“Btle - #4; ax AT = —sinx coshy +i(-cos x sinh y) analytic function f(z) = u + iv if u is given = cos x cosh y = éosx sinh y Ou av ax 3) oy = -sinz+0 = cosz+C18 Find ari analytic function f(z) whose real part is given by u=e7* (x cos 2y—y sin 2y ]. Solution : Given: u = €*x cos2y-e%y sin2y a = [e%+2x e*]cos2y—2 ey sin2y = e%*[cos2y+2xcos2y—2ysin2y] a = -26%x sin2y—e2*[sin2y +2y cos2y] = -e%[2xsin2y+sin2y+2y cos2y] Consider f'(@) = oe i = au ou - 1 (-%) = e*[cos2y+2xcos2y—2ysin2y] +ile*(2xsin2y+sin2y+2ycos2y)] Put x=z and y=0, we get f'@ = e*[1+2z]+0 Integrating, we get f@ = foz+pe dz+C For using Bemnouli’s formula Put w= antl v= w= 2 4 w= 0 y= fr de = oyna yt a = soe 2: 2: 1@ = @z+n 5-2 +c‘Example & 19 : 1 1 = 2242 o2z_i gz zert+> e 7 eF+C f@ = 2 e%=+C Find the analytic function f(z) =u + iv if u=e*[(x?—y) cosy +2 xy siny J. Solution: u, = e*[2x cosy +2y siny ]— e*[(x2-) cosy +2aysiny J u, = &*[2y cosy—y* siny +2x (y cosy +siny)1 At x=z, y=0, u, = e-F[2z] — e-?[@%)] = e# [22-27] uw, = e-#[0] “F@) = uytivy = utiCy) F(@) = e [22-27] F(z) = foz-ee dz+C Using Bernouli’s formula, we get us 22-2? vz et ul = 2-22 y= -eF ul = -2 vy = eF uw" = 0 v3 =e? a fo dx = wy vy FU V3 — ees FQ) = -(2z—-22) e~?7—-(2-22) e-7 +2 (e-4)+C = e-#[-224+227-24+22+2]+C = 64+20 Example 9 | An electrostatic field in the xy-plane is given by the potential function » = 3 x2y —y3, find the complex potential function, Solution : Let Fz) = >+iy Given 6 = 32x2y-y9 a 6b « te i = 6xy, Ba 3x-39 Consider F(z) = at + ioe = Bb 3) = ax * i(-2 = 6xy — i(3x?-3y%) Put x =z, y =0, we get P@) = -i322 Integrating, we get F(z) = —iz3+C Note: If we take F(z) = > + iy and it is analytic then the CR equations are : a _ dv 1g 8 __ aw ox oy dy” ax Example 10 |. Find an analytic function f(z) = u+ iv, whose real ‘ sin 2x. part is given by u = Gosh 2y cos 2x" Solution: Let f(2) = u+iv, and w=vy ty=-%, a _ sin2x Given: 4 = cosh2y—cos2¥ i ‘cosh 2y — cos 2x) 2 cos 2x — sin 2x (2 sin 2x) oT (cosh 2y — cos 2x)? 2 (cos 2x cosh 2y— 1) (cosh 2y— cos 2x) _ 0 2sin 2x (2 sinh 2y) % * “(cosh 2y— cos 2x)? = —2sin 2x sinh 2y (cosh 2y— cos 2x)? [++ cos? 2x + sin? 2x= 1]21 Considers’(2) = uy tiv, = 2(cos2xcosh2y—1), ,_2sin2x sinh2y = “(cash?.y—cos2x)?? ~ ‘(cosh 2y—cos 2x)? Put x =z, y =0, we get 15, 2(o0s22=1) f@ = (1=cos 22)? ea? LLL (i-cos2z) ~ ~ sint2z f'@ = —cosec?2z Integrating, we get f@ = cotz+C . Note : In the same way we can find f(z), where: 2sin2x e?Y +e-27-2 cos 2.x ue is given. .. Method of Finding F(z)= u + ivwhen v is given Find an analytic function f (2) where v = 2 xy. Solution: Given: v = 2xy Ov ca Be 7 2y and Gym 2x We know f'@ = oy 2 [Here u is not given] _ [tee] ~ ay ax Ax Ay Put x =z and y =0, we get f'@ — 22 Integrating, we get f@ = 22+C22 Find an analytic fiinction f(2) whose imaginary part is given by v = e* siny. ‘Solution : Given : vy = e*siny a & = e*siny and ey = e* cosy -. Consider f'(z) = ax tl oy - ~ ey * * ax = e*cosy+ie*siny = e*[cosy tisiny ] Put x =z and y = 0 on both sides, f'@ = & Integrating, we get f@ = e+C Example 3 | If v =- sin x sinh y, find a function foz which is regular. Solution : Given : vy = -sinx sinhy . av : ov : Ss =_ h oe cos x sinh y. ‘ay n= cosh y du av Consider f‘(z) = Oe + "oy _ a oy "x = (¢sinx coshy)+i(-cosx sinhy) Put x =z and -y =0, we get , f'@® = -sinz Integrating, we get f@) = cosz+C23 Find an analytic function f(z) whose imaginary part isv=x3—3 xy? +2x4+1. Solution: Given: v = x3-3xy?+2x+1 vy = 3x2-3 +2 x Wy = —6xy v,(z,0) = 322+2 vy(z,0) = 0 Consider F(z) = u, tiv, =i vy +iV, Putting x =z, y =0, we get F(z) = vy (z, 0) +iv, (2, 0) = 0+i1(22+2) Integrating, we get F(z) = i J (322+2)dz+C = j[z3+2z]+C 2cos x cosh | Example 5|If u = aistea , then. find the corresponding analytic function f (2). [Ans : f(z)=secz+C]24 Find a regular f (2) whose imaginary part is given v=e~/[xcosy+y sin y). Solution: Given: v = e€*[xcosy+ysiny] Ve *y Consider F'(z) Atx =z, yp =0, we get F@) Integrating, we get F@) e [cosy ]-e*[s cosy ty siny ] e*[cosy—x cosy—ysiny ] e*[-xsiny+y-cosy+siny ] yt iY, vy + 1M, vy (z, 0) +i vy (2, 0) - O+ie-?[1-z] i[d-sera+e i[-(1-z)e-?-Cl) e-?]+C i[-le*ize*le-7J+C . F@) = i[ze-#]+C Find the regular function f (z) whose imaginary part is given by v=e* [x siny—y cosy J Solution : Given: v ‘ov ax av ay Consider f'(z) e*[x siny—y cosy ] e*[1-siny ]-e*[x siny—y cosy ] e*[siny —x siny + y cosy ] e*[xcosy—cosy +ysiny ] ou, av ox * Ox av av + ay * | ax25 = e*[xcosy—cosy—ysiny ] Put x =z and y =0, we get +ie*[siny—xsiny +p cosy ] f'@ = e?7[z-l+ie7[0] = (-le* Integrating, we get f@® = fe-pes dz = -@=leF-e-F-14+C = -ze7teF—eF#+C f@ = -ze-#+C Find the analytic function whose imaginary part is ex? -? sin (2. xy). Solution : . Given: v av or av - Oy We know re sin (2y) ex?» (2.x) sin (2 xy) + e**** cos 2 xy 2y) ex? (-2y) sin 2xy+e**-7 cos (2.xy) (2x) f@ = f'@ = utiv uti Vx, vy ti vy Iv 4-9] 2eX 7 [-y sin2ay +x cos 2xy] +i2e* 22 [x sin 2xy +y cos 2xy] Put x =z and y=0, f'@ = 2c [042] + i2e* [0] f@= 22 e 226 Integrating f(z) = f 2z2e% dz+C Put z2=4, .. 2zdz = dt “f@ = fe dt+C “ f@ = e+e f@ = e +c Construct the analytic function whose imaginary part ise*[xcosy+ysiny ] and which equals I at the origin. Solution: Given:. v = e*[xcosy+ysiny] vy = e*[1-cosy+0]—e*[x cosy +ysiny ] vy = e*[-xsiny+1-siny +y cosy] Consider F(z) = u, + iv, Wy + Ivy = @*[-xsiny +siny +y cosy] +ie*[cosy—x cosy-—ysiny] Put x-z and y =O, we get F(@) = e-?[0]+ie-?[1-z] Integrating, we get = F(z) = ifa-ne dz+C Using integration by parts, we get u = Iz dv = e-¥dz du = —dz, Re eee F@) - [-a-ne* & f-ecan fe . = t[-(-z)e-F+e74] +0 F@) = ize#+C Given FO) = 1 > C=1 f@- izer 4127 Example 10 | If v = e* [x sin y + y cos y] is an imaginary part of an analytic function f (), find f (2) in terms of 2. Solution: Given: ‘v = -e¥(xsiny +y cosy) v, = eX(xsiny +y cosy) +e* (siny) = eX (xsiny +y cosy +siny) vy = e* (x cosy + cosy —y siny) Consider f'(2) = uy, +ivy = wtiry = e*(x cosy t+cosy—ysiny) +ie*(xsiny ty cosy +siny) Put x =z, y =0 on both sides, r@ + #@th Integrating, we get [@,= fe | l)e? dz — (+lhe—eF +C zez+C 0 f® Method of finding f(z) when u — v is given Let f(z) = w+ iv and isan analytic function. {@ = uty ce CY if@® = iu-v -Q) Adding (i) and (ii), we get (+) f® = & v)+i(ety) « Q) Let U vy, V=utvand FZ)=(1 +) f@). Then (iii) becomes, Fe) = U+iv .. (4) Ifu —v is given in the problem, then (a) Substitute «-v =U. (Now U is known)28 (b) Find F(@) by usual method. (c) Equate Fe) = (+)/@ 1 f@ = Taq Fo) This is a procedure to find f(z) if u —v is given. I Note: If x + v is given in the problem, we can use the similar method as above. Let {@ = utiv .(@) if@ = iu-v (2) Adding (1) and (2), (+)f@ = U-v)ti@ty) ie, Fe) = UtiV Here u+v is given: Then (1) Substitute u+v = V [Vis known ] (2). Find F(z) as usual method. (3) Equate F(2) = (+) f@ 1 »f@ = TH Fe) Note: If F@) = U+iV is analytic, then CR equations are * u, = vy u, = -V, Ifu—v =e [cos y —siny J, find the corresponding analytic function f (2) = 4 + iv. Solution : Consider f(z) = ut+iv if® iu-v Adding (i) and (i), a+)s/® = =v)! i(ut+y) ie, Fe) = U+iV Hee = U = u-v= e* [cosy —siny ] is given U, = e*[eosy—siny] U = ly = e[-siny cosy]29 Consider F(Z) = U, + iV, = U,+ ICU) e*[cosy—siny ]+ie*[siny + cosy] Putx =z, y= 0, we get . FQ) = e+ie (1+i) e Integrating, we get FZ) = (1+ie7+C ie, (+) f@ = (l+)er+C f@ =e? +Cy Find an analytic function f(z) if given u + v = x?—y? + 2 xy, Solution : Consider f(z) = utiv . if@ = iu-v Adding (+) f@ = (uv) tity) ii) canbe willen as F@) = Ut1V where u—v =U, u+v=V, (1+) f@ = Fe). Given V = uty =x2-y2t+2xy V, = 2x+2y vy = -2y+2x Consider F(z) = U, +i V, = V,FiV, C2yt2x)+iQxrt+2y) Put x=z, y=0 on both sides, F@) = 22+i22 20 +z Integrating F(z) = (1+i22+e ie, (1+) f@ = (1+iz2+e \30 c of@. = 22+ Th f@ = 2+ ey Find an analytic function SQ) = ut ifu—v= (x —y) (2 +4 ay ty?) Solution: Consider f(Z) = u+iv if@ = iu-v a+)f@ = (u-v)+i(utyv) F@) = Ut+iV Here let U = (&-y) @?+4xy+y) = x34+4x2y+xy-x2y-4xy-p = 3+ 3x2y-3xy-y U, = 3x? +6xy-3 U, = 3x?-6xy-3 F@) = U,+iV, = U,-iU, = 6x? 16xy-3) iGx2 6xy—3y2) Put x =z, y =0 on both sides, F@) = 322-132? = 30-)2? Integrating Fz) = (1-iz3+e ie, (+) f@ = A-dzi+e i 2 I@ = =) 24+ asp l-i 1-)G-j) _1 a Tri = G+)0-) 7 -2i avg ae a teh dh T+i G+)0-)” 2 ~ Ff 6 f@ = -it+e31 Harmonic Function e A function f(x, y) is called Harmonic if it satisfies Laplace equation fatty = 0° i.e. The solution of Laplage equation is called Harmonic function. Example 1 | A function f=x?—y? is harmonic. Solution: Given: f = x2-y2 f= x2-y fy = 2x fy = -2y Ta = 2 fy = -2 “ fathy = 2462)=0 A function f = 1 log (x? + y) is harmonic. Solution : Given : f= F log 2 +32) 1’ fe = 2 4p”) _ x © xt+ye fy- wi, y x+y _ @tty)-1-x 2x fax = Ga Ly? © G+ ype _ &2+y)1-y 2y) fy = Raye Py © G+ &: feet fy = 0 = f isharmonic function. Example 3 | Prove that f = e* sin y satisftes Laplace equation. Solution: Given: f. = e*siny fy = e* cosy32 fe = esiny fy = —e¥siny Sct Sy = e*siny—e*siny = 0 “+f is harmonic function which satisfies Laplace equation. Prove that the real part of an analytic function satisfies Laplace equation (Harmonic function). Solution : Proof: Given: f(2) = u + iv is analytic. . It satisfies CR equations. U,= Vy o @) uU, = -Vv, Gi) Differentiating (i) partially with respect to x, Ug = Vay Differentiating (ii) partially with respect to y, . hy > Ye Adding the above two equations, we get Uge tty = 0 => The real part u satisfies Laplace equation. ie, u is a harmonic function. Note : If f(z) is analytic function, then w is a harmonic function. Prove that an imaginary part of an analytic function satisfies Laplace equation (harmonic function). Solution : Given: f(@) =u + ivis an analytic function, 1p = oy = @ . 4, = -y (ii) Differentiating (i) partially with respect to y, we get wh, — Yy Differentiating (ii) partially with respect to x, we get Uy = Veg Hy = Me33 Adding the above two equation, we get Vex tYyy = 0 v satisfies Laplace equation. = v is a harmonic function. Note ; If f(2) is analytic then v is harmonic. The real and imaginary parts of an analytic functions are harmonic. Example 6 | Prove that u = i log (x? + y?) is a real part of an analytic function f (2). Solution : Given : us 5 tog @? +”) a, 4 ey _ 2+) 1-x 2x) Mee PPP ~x2 © FPP os wey _ @t4yy ie yy = @+yyP x2 © G+ yp 21 Ugg Fy = 0 © u is a harmonic function. u is areal part of an analytic function f(z). Prove that eX sin y is an imaginary -part of an analytic function f (2). ‘Solution : We know that the real and unaginary parts of an analytic functions are harmonic. Given : v = esinye*siny, vy = e* cosy Ye = eFsiny, — Yy= ~e%siny Vex t%yy = 0 v is harmonic function. -. v is an imaginary part of an analytic function. Check the function x? + y? is a real part of an analytic function f (2) or not. ‘Solution : Let u = x2+y2 w= 2x, uy, = 2y 2 tg thy = .2+2=440 u is not harmonic. ~. wis not a real part of analytic function. Example 9 | Prove that an analytic function with constant real — part is constant. Solution : Given : f@ = w-+*ivisan analytic function. Also given u = constant (c,) u = 0 w= 0 Since f(z) is analytic, then it satisfies 4, = wand uw, =v, ” cS v = 0, y=0 is ‘y => Vis constant (c,). 2. f@ = ut ey tie, 0 = constant => If w is constant then f(z) is constant.35 Prove that an analytic function with constant imaginary part is constant. Solution : Proof: Given: v constant (¢1) = 0, w¥=0 Since f(z)=u + iv is analytic, it satisfies u = vy and w=-r% > w= 0, w=0 { => wis constant (c)) “f@ = ut = ¢,+ic, = constant <. Ifv is constant then f(z) is constant. Example 11 | Prove that an analytic function with constant modulus is constant. Solution : Proof: Consider f(z) = w+ iv = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) 1f@| = Vet av Given that fu2+v? = constant (c) Squaring u2+y2 = ¢2 a @ Differentiating () partially with respect tw x, Quut2vy = 0 Uigtv yy = 0 (i) Differentiating (i) partially with respect to y, _ Quut2vy = 0 uytyy = uy) +v uy = [+ CR equation] coo Vv tyt( uy = iii) For solving 1, and v, from (ii) and (ii), uv = aur = -@?+v) vou36 =" —c?, using (i) #0 1 u, = 0 and vy, =0 Since f(z) is analytic, it satisfies 4, = vy, and wy = -y, yy = 0 and w= 0 [v u,=0, ¥,=0] => u,=0, w=0, v,=0, ¥,=0. => u=constant (c;) and. v = constant (c)) * f@ = otic, = constant 2 2 Prove mat 25+ 25) 1700? = 41F' OP Of f (2) és a regular function, Solution : Proof: We know that f(z) = u + iv Then |f( = u2+v2 Also f'(2) = u, tiv, IP@P = w+? Given f(@) = w+ ivis analytic, therefore & = Wy wy =—y% and Ug ty = 0, Vet yy = 0 Now consider If@P = w+ : wa) Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x, Zis@P = 2uu +2v% a2 ael@P = 2luu, tuwtv ry. ty, ry] = 2[wu, +2 tyuyty2] ..@37 Similarly differentiating (1) partially with respect to y twice Zier = 2[uwy Huy tv vy +2] -.. 8) Adding (2) and (3), using Laplace equation, (2+ Z)veer Use + Uy = Vex Z 2 2 2 2 2Lu tye tay ty | ug 0 Using CR equations on RHS, we get = 2[w +2 +v2 +2] = 4[2+v] = 4170 2 2 (ZS )ueer -4iree Example 13 | If f(z) is a holomorphic function of z, show that a 2 2 aire } +{Z ue } =1F'@P. Solution: Let f(2) = ut+iv =u (x,y) + iv (x,y) F@| = Vurt+e = w+ wie a 1 4 a RLI@l = 7 tele [ou St+2y a) _2 Qu, av ~ aaa |" ax ox *Y al a 2 du, av {2uonf » aba[eoe] - al du BY oy OH Ov ae" eal +o SE) +10 |Similarly a 2 1 au? avy du av {guren} = zal (3%) +o 2) +20] Adding, we get a # 2 a ‘2 {ise f {Eve} - 1 du) , ( au)? avy (avy ara {e[(2)+() ]+[(S)+(2)] saw ae |] Using CR equations, we get 2 2 - wa e[(88F]- »[(RY + (BY joe [ 22-22 ]] wealrl(32) +3) ]] (2 eat F@P Orthogonal System Orthogonal curves : Two curves are said to be orthogonal to each other, if they intersect at right angles at each of their points of intersection, Tm, and my are slopes of the two curves, then my my =~ 1. Let f() = u + iv is an analytic function, then the family of curves u = cy and v = cy are orthogonal. The real and imaginary parts of an analytic function forms an orthogonal system.39 Example 1 | If f() = u + iv is analytic, prove that the family of curves u(x, y) =c, and v (X, y) = cp are orthogonal. - Solution : Given: u(x,y) = ¢ @) Differentiating partially with respect tox, ou, Gudy _ ax * Gy de ~ ° ou dy _ * bx “dx ou ay Let my is the slope of the curve u = cy. 4 om, = = . Q) Also v@,y) = @ : .- B) Differentiating partially with respect tox, dv, Ovdy Ox” ay dx ~ . (2) dy _ _ \ax 2 der CG oy Since f(2) is analytic, it satisfies CR equations. #) .® ~~ La!) e) ox Let my is the slope of the curve v = c. & uy mm * Then mm, = 1. The family of curves are orthogonal.40 Consider the analytic function f (2) = 2? = (x? — y2) +i (xy). Solution : Let x?-y? = c,; 2xy=c,. Differentiating with respect to x on both sides, d d 2x-2y B= oa[e#+y-1] =0 @ d x-y # = 0; x+y = 0 des, Br oy dx ~ y? dx 7x © m = 3; m = = (2)()- Then mm = (2)(S4)=1 Example 3 | Consider an analytic function f (2) =e. et = eXcosytie*siny Solution : Let uv = c, he, eX cosy = cy e* cosy +e*(-siny) 2 _ * de any Let v esiny 4 eFsiny +e¥ cosy » dx m my my =0 = coty = coty = -tany = -tany = (coty)(-tany) = -1A If f(@) = sin z is an analytic function, prove that the Samily of curves u(x, y) = c, and v(x, y) = cz are orthogonal to each other. Solution : Given: f(z) = sinz = sin(x +iy) = sin x cos (iy) + cos (x) sin (iy) = sinx cosh y +icosx sinh y Consider u(x,y) = cy sinx coshy = ¢, : (1) Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x, we get sinx sishy & + cosx coshy = 0 i dy _ — cosx coshy dx ~ ~ sinx sinhy m, = —cotx cothy Again consider (x,y) = cosx sinhy = ¢ we @) Differentiating partially with respect to x, we get —sinx sinh y + cosx cosh y et D dy __ sinx sinhy dx cos. x cosh y m) = tanx tanhy we my my = +1 u(x,y) = ¢ and v(x, y)=cp are orthogonal. Note : For any analytic function F(z) = u + iv, the family of curves * u=C),V =p forms an orthogonal system.42 HARMONIC CONJUGATES We know that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function f(z) = u + iv are Harmonic Functions (satisfies Laplace equation). Here u and y are called Harmonic conjugates. ie., u is harmonic conjugate to v and v is harmonic conjugate to w. Result (i) : If f(z) = u + iv is analytic then w and v are harmonic functions. For example, f(z) =x?-y? + 12 xy =z? is analytic and u =x?-y?, v =2 xy are harmonic. Result (ii) : If u and v are harmonic, then f(z) = u + iv need not be harmonic. For example, u-= x? —y*, v = e% sin y are harmonic but w + iv = f(2) is not analytic. Result (iii) : Since u is a function of x and y, _ fu, , bu, er 5, ov Similarly we can write dv = =~ ax 5 a y Y Method of Finding Harmonic Conjugates Given f(2) =u + ivis analytic function, u(x, y) is the real part of f(@) and harmonic. =Vy Since v is a Harmonic conjugate and a function of x and y, we write, av av ay = 22 Vv ax Ets, dy Using CR equations, we have: _ (ou ou Integrating, we get ov = | — ay dx + J ax dy+ constant ot you ' let M=-3, Nao « (i) v= [aes frac we @) (i) Integrate M with respect to x by treating y as a constant. (ii) Integrate N with respect to p by deleting the terms containing x. In the same way we can find u ifv is given. us frac fray (i) Integrate M with respect to x by treating y as a constant. (ii) Integrate the second integral N with respect to y by deleting the terms which contains x. This method is explained clearly by the following examples. [Example T] if u = x? - y? is a real Part of an analytic function + F(; find its harmonic conjugate v. Solution: Given: yu = x2-y2 ou ou ae 2% gy 7-29 Consider dy = oe dx + xy oe “e dx + Hy = 2ydx + 2xdya ay f arto vy = 2yxte [- By deleting the term containing x in the second integral] Integrating f dv y = 2xy+c, where c is a constant. Prove that u = e* cos y is a harmonic function and, find its harmonic conjugate. Solution: Given: u = @* cosy u, = eF cosy, uy = —ersiny Ug, = eFCOSY, My = —e* COSY lee tty = 0 => u isa harmonic function. To find its harmonic conjugate, consider av & dv = ax + ty @ du 7 ey * + Hy = e*siny dx + e* cosy dy Integrating on both sides, we get , v = siny fe dx+0 [by deleting the term containing x] vy = e*sinytc Ifu =i log (x? + y?) is a real part of an analytic _ function f (2), find v. Solittion : Given: u = 3 log (x2 +2)Consider dv = SY dx + Fay EP fate Integrating, we get v = tan“ (2) +e ‘Show that the function u = x4 - 6 x? y? + y4 is harmonic and find its harmonic conjugate. ‘Solution : Given : u = xA-6x2y+yt uw, = 4x3-12% uy, = 12x12? wy = -12x?2» +433 wu, = —12x2+12¥% “tye + yy = 0 u is harmonic function. a Consider dv = & dx + Say ey au, au a tae Y (12.x2p—4 y3) dx + (4x3 — 12 xy?) dy46 Integrating, vy = I2y f rde—ay [devo x Ry z-4yxte = 4x3y-4xyte If u=3 x?y +2x?—y3—2y? is the real part of an analytic function f (2), find v. Solution: Given: u = 3x2y+2x?-y3-27 u, = Oxyt4x, n= 3x?-3y-4y Consider dv = <~dx + =" dy = (Bx2+a Pt 4y) det Gxyt4x) dy x Integrating, we get v = 377 +3Pxt4yite v 2x3 43x +4axyte Exe nple 6 | If v = 2 xp is the imaginary part of an analytic: function f (2), find its conjugate. Solution : Given:, ve 2xy3 T2y; wre i = ou bu Consider du = 3F dx + ay dy ov oy = By dx + (- x a (v—constant) (delete x terms) du = 2x dx—2ydy Integrating on both sides, we get u = (x2-Y~)+e Example 7 | If e* sin y is an imaginary part of a regular function F (2), find u. Solution: Given: v= e*siny41 vy, = esiny, vy = e¥ cosy ou Ou Consider du = 5 dr + SO ay du = e* cosy dx — e*siny dy Integrating fo = cosy f edx - 0 u = -cosye*+e u = ecosyte If f() = u + iv is an analytic function, and y =x? sen x y typ » find u. Solution : Given : 0 yo 29 + Ge 7-27 - Consider, du = fe xs Hay = Zar(-2 a [-29 - gee] «-[-28 - Ses]48 Integrating, we get u= -2xy + Fiatote t -2xy + wepte If o = 6 + iy represents the complex potential for an electric field and y=x2—y? + ay , determine >. “b= a [Ans : b=-2xyt By Example 10 | In a two dimensional flow, the stream function is + eta (2) Find the velocity potential . Solution: Let f(@) = o+ip Given: y = tart (¢) = Ve 24 = be = x+y Consider a = se dx + oe ay = ov au’) ay @ +(- ay -— 24 pop & oy” 2 Integrating, we get > = 2{ aperore b= i log (x2 +2) +e49 Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar Form Consider a function f(z) = u +iv and z=re!®. S@ = fr e®) = u,0) + iv, 0)... 0) Differentiating (1) partially, with respect to r, we get = a f@ & = Sei e / vss (2) Differentiating (1) partially with respect to 0, we get P@rli= Frigg 1f du, av F'@ # = 7 [Se _ nif au, r Lae” ‘oe -}[- aa r Lo 00 ' 36 ? 1[ av ai 748 -#] @) du _ la or r 60 av | 1 ow or + 88 (A) The above equation given by (4) is called CR equations in polar form. Note ; Consider the equation (2), re eo = Hy @ f'@.= 0 [aS] oo () , This equation can be used to find the derivative of f(z).50 This arn can be used to find the derivative of f(z). Example [ Example 11 | Prove that the function f(z) = ” is analytic and hence find its derivative, Solution: Let z = re® = (rel0)n = pm ein =n [cosnO +isinnd ] Here u=r" cosn0, v =r” sinn® au ov ap = BPM! cos.nd ar 7 art! sin n6 a ; oF = -ner" sinnd a = nr” cosnO du | Ly a 1 ow * @r r 60? dr * "rT 60 CR equations in polar form satisfied. -. f(@) =2" isa regular function of z. For derivative @f f(z), consider F Ou ov ' = GH POS E +h op | = € 8 [nrt-! cosn8tinr®-! sinnd] = € 18 n rt-! [cosnO+isinnO ] = gid y pn-l gind = nr a) yet f@ = nar 5 4 [z"] = nz"-l54 Example 12 | Prove that f(z) = log z is a regular function of z and find its derivative. Solution : Given : f@ = logz, let z =r ei® = log(r el® ) = logr + log (e!®) = logr + 18 loge = logr + i8 [+ log, 2=1] Here u =-logr, v= 8 . du 1 a or oor? or du : av . a ao I Here CR equation in polar form satisfied. f(@ = logz is analytic function of z. For derivative of f(z), consider 3 du, 3 r= e/a +5 ] = 8 [4+0] = (rel) el z 1 FO=; 1 i52 Laplacian Operator In cartesian coordinates, the Laplacian operator is a a 22 245 vi = 322 * ap In polar coordinates, the Laplacian operator is 2 19a ,18 r art 72 BO? Note: If f(2) = u(r, 0) + i v(r, 6) is an analytic function, then u(r, 8) and v(, 8) are Harmonic functions. Harmonic Functions We know that CR equations in polar form is 4, - b¥—, = Fé Consider ru, = %e wa (1) Differentiating (1) partially with respect to 8, we get Tuo, = Yoo Avg = Hoy @ Now consider rv, = —ug ..@) Differentiating (3), partially with respect to r, we get . 1Vpp tp = typ 4) Since u9,=4,g, (4) becomes, . 1 1 Vth, =~ Vog The above equation is Laplace equation, and we oan say v is a harmonic function. Similarly, we can prove 1 tye t,, + Yt 73 Ugg = 0 => wis also Harmonic function53 CONFORMAL MAPPING Mapping (Transformation) A curve C in the z-plaie is mapped into the respective curve C, in the @-planc by the given function @ = f(z) which defines a mapping (transformation) of the z-plane into the @-plane. Some staniard transformations = @ Translation by o=2 +e (ii) Magnification and rotation by @ = cz 1 ii) Inversion and reflection by © => az+b (iv) Bilinear transformation @ — Sag Here a, 6, ¢, darc complex constants. Conformal Mapping (Conformal Transformation) Let two curves C, and C2 in the z-plane intersect at the point P and the corresponding curves C3 and C, in the o-plane intersect at the point Q If the angle of intersection of the curves at P and Q‘are the same in magnitude and sense, then the transformation is conformal or mapping is conformal. Note: The transtormation by the function (analytic) @ conformal if /’(z) #0. Critical point: & point at which the derivative of /(z) equals to zero (the mapping is not conformal). ie, A point at which /‘(z) = 0 is called a critical point of the transformation @ = f(2). F@ is For example, consider » = 22, then 42 = 22 d oe = 22-0 z- 0 0 is a critical point of the transformation @ = =?. ei ‘xample: Consider = Lo eet do az she ersten} potnté are 22-— 22-154 Fixed Points (Invariant Points) Fixed points of a mapping @ = f(¢) are points that are mapped on to themselves (image is same as z). Fixed points are obtained by f(z) = z. Find the invariant points of » =~5;- Solution : z-2i 1 = 22-2iz 2? = 2iz-1=0 we bi Example 2 | Find the points at which the transformation o = sin z is not conformal. Solution : f'@ = 0=> cosz =0 = & 3x 2 Ds Qa Example 3 | Find the invariant points of the transformation _Ttiz On T- iz" . l+iz _ Solution : Te -? . i+(-1)z+1 = 0 1 z= 9 ([1+itV67] Consider o= f(z) = 4 (2+4) = Z (+1). Solution : The invatiants points are obtained from f@ = 1 3 @+1) s = zi 2+] zz Zz55 Isogonal Transformation (Isogonal Mapping) If the angle of intersection of the curves at P in z-plane is the same as the angle of intersection of the curves at Q of o-plane only in magnitude then the transformation is called Isogonal. Discuss the transformation o = f(z) =7. Solution: Given: f(@) = 2 utiv = @+iyP = (2-2) +i2xy u = xtayt, va2xy Case (i): Let 1 = constant C; <. x2-y? = C, which isa rectangular hyperbola. Similarly if v = C2, then 2xy = Cy Cc xy = z which also represents rectangular hyperbola. +. A pair of lines u = Cy, v = Cp parallel to the axes in the aplane, mapping into the pair of orthogonal rectangular hyperbolas in the z-plane. Case (ii) : Let x=c, a constant. u = 3-9 vr 2y ypaeu | oye y= ~ 402 Eliminating y from the above equations, 2 y emu = 43 vo- 4c? (c?-u) ‘which represents a parabola. Let y = constant (k).56 Then x2-R = 4, Qxk = v x = ut+R, x= oe Eliminating x from the above equations, we get : utR = x v? = 2k? (uw +#) which is also parabola. Here the pair of lines x = c and y = k parallel to the axes in the 2-plane map into orthogonal parabolas in the @-plane. The critical point of mapping @ =z? is z = 0. (ul conformal at z = 0). 1 Discuss the transformation @=2+ 7. Solution: Let z = r (cos @+ isin @) in polar form. wt 1 Given : ae utiv = “r (cos +isin®) + ama = 7 (cos 8 +isin 6) + +fcns6—isind] uth = (r+4)cos@ + i (r- Equating™ u vcos8 = 7x, sin@ = (+7) Weknow cos? @+sin?@ =-1, w 2 For r — constant (c), the equation (1) represcuts au ellipse. 1 _ 5 sie LS 3 o < 1 + ()(--1) sin @ u= v= yl _ 7 rer Gos 8" sin@ (+4) _ tu oy r cos 8” sin® (e4y _ ae (=) _~ r cos? 0” r - sin? @ 2 vo (Auer) (tetany cos?8 sin? 0 r2 re 14272 = 4 2 u Feost6 ~ 4sinz@ ~ | ‘ iQ) _ For © = constant of the z-plane transforms into a family of hyperbolas. ee a2” 7 RB Example 3 | Discuss the transformation @=2+"7. Solution : (Solve the problem as above.) Example 4 | Discuss the transformation © = cosh z Solution: Given: © = f(z) = cosh(z) utiv = coshx cosy +isinhx siny cosh x cos y, v= sinhxsiny —...(1) “= u ie = soothe = Says sinh = Sy We know that cosh? x — sinh? x = 1 (eliminating y).58 2 2 ae cosy ~ sin2y ~ ) Le, The lines parallel to x-axis (y = constant) in the z-plane mapping into hyperbola. 2 ei, a” PB We know that cos? y + sin? y = 1. For eliminating y from the given equation (1), wo COSY = Cosha? SiIny = 2 u cosh? x * Sink? ~ | ve @) i.e., The lines parallel to Y-axis (x = constant) in the z-plane mapping into ellipse in the -plane. 2 x RD + B2 1 s+ (4) Example 5] Discuss the transformation «= z, i = ili _ xy Solution : Given : oF iy ~ & FD) “= a & “y Substituting the value of y in u,“y= _ wu _ eS +e and y ae sow (LY : 1 1 Now consider @ = 7. SR iy 2 Lua) xt = G+) um) _ uc ~ 2a u v et Tyga yo ae =® Consider the equation, a(x2+y)+bx+eytd=0 3) For a = 0, this represents a straight line and for a # 0, this represents a circle. For the transformation @ = L we can substitute the value of x and y in). . ota] +olata] +a] +e-e a+bu-cvtd (u2+ v4) 0 ie, dQ2+2)+bu-evta = 0 (4) If d #0, this (4) represents a circle in the @-plane. If d =0, it represents a straight line. ‘, 1 ‘ . ‘ ‘ ‘The transformation @ = > transforms circles into circles. It is called circular transformation. Find the mapping of the circle | z | = ¢ by the transformation @ = 2 z. Solution : Given: @ 22 =2@+H) =2xti2y 2xti2y utiv60 .u = 2x, v=2y Consider |z|=c. 2. x2 +? x2+y2 = 2 (circle) CFG +e ce 2 2 wy eye 2 4atga=e +e = 4e2 wiv = Qe? This is an equation of the circle centre at the origin and radius 2 ¢. Find the mapping of the circle | z | = k by the transformation f(z) = 2+ 2+3i. Solution : Given : @ = 242433 utiv = xtiyt+24+3i utw = (@+2)+i(+3) um x+2, vr yt3 x = 4-2, y= v3 Consider, jzl=k> x+y = 2 (u-2P+(-32 = # which is an equation of a circle with centre (2, 3) and radius k. Find the image of the circle | z - I| = 1 in the complex plane under the mapping @ = z Solution : o= i — _ x-ij uth = sy ~ & tH E—D) uz and v = =>61 The equation of the circle is |z—1]|=1. ie, |xt+iy-1] I@-D+i| @-12 +o? x24+1-2x+y2 xt+y — xr+y2 ie, u Qu 2u-1 IN o= Solution: Given: a = utiv = Also given |z-2i| = [x+iy 27] - Ix+iQ@-2)| = x2+(y-2 = xv+P+4—-4y = x2+y—dgy = x2+y = 4 1 ay 1 = 2F 1 2 1 a 2 “x24 0 which is a straight line. Find the image of | z— 2 i| = 2 under the mapping L Zz 1 _ —* xtiy us +p »= x2 + y2 - 2 2 4 4 0 4yal 1 eo 9 l- in, Y= Payal 4v+1 = 0 which isa straight line. Example 10 | Discuss the transformation o = sin z. Solution : Given: @ = f(@) = sin (z) 4+ = sin () cosh (y) + icos (x) sinh (y) . u = sinx coshy , v = cosx sinh y 2 u yy sinx = coshy? cose = Shy (1) Weknow sin?x +cos?x = 1. uz ” cosh2y * =i For y =constant (c)), say cosh? (v) = a, sinh? (y) = 62, wy i then at ga = | Clipse) ‘ Similarly from (1), Mong cos x We know that cosh? y~sinh2y = 1. 2 ud v2 * sin? x ~ cos? x coshy = So>, sinhy = =1 For x = constant (c9), say. sintx = A2 costx — B? wy ‘A? ~ Bi = | CHyberbola) Discuss the transformation «= .cos 2 Solution : Consider @ = cos(z) utiv = cos(x+iy)63 = cosxcoshy — isinx sinhy u = cosx coshy, vy = —sinx sinhy = i, = cosx = Soshy> sinx = -Sahy For eliminating x, consider cos* x + sin? x = 1. we, * cosh?y ~ sinh? y For y=c, cosh? y = a? (say), sinh? (y) = 52. 2 v2 3+ p= 1 Ellipse) = 1 For eliminating y, consider cosh? y — sinh y = u coshy = cosy cosh? y —sinh2y = wo * costx ~ sin? x For x = constant, say cos? x= A2, sin? x = B2. . u2 y2 F M7 RT 1 (Hyperbola) ‘Example 12 | Discuss the transformation o = sinh z. Solution: Given: @ =. sinhz = sinh (x + iy) 1 = 7sin (ix-y) ut+iv = sinhx cosy + icoshx siny u = sinhx cosy v = coshx siny... (i) i _ _u -~ sinhx = Gogy> cosh x Siny We know cosh? x —sinh?x = 1 (for eliminating y) 2 -w costy sin2y =1For yc, eo sinte cos?c . ee @ | Ti - B= Vl fora=sine; b=cose. Ye 2 72 — gi = 1) whiich is a confocal hyperbola. . uo. Ly From (i) cosy = Sane siny = Sony Weknow cos?y-+sinty = 1 u2 co sinh?x ” cosh? x For x = constant, say sinh x = A, cosh x =B. a, 2 tpl which is an ellipse. Bilinear Transformation The transformation of the form az+b @. aeand « () where a, b, c, d are complex constants is known as Bilinear transformation if ad — bc # 0. It is also called Mobius transformation or Linear fractional transformation. The condition ad— bc # 0 means that the transformation is conformal. az+b Note : o- 2 @) do (cztada-(aztbjc dz (cz+ da)? acz + ad—acz—be (c+ dy wad=be_ (ataP65 ‘The Rilinear transformation (1) is conformal if 2, 0. ke, ad—be#0. do Note: If ad—be=O0 then G=0. ie, Every point of the z-plane is a critical point, The inverse mapping of (1) is also bilinear transformation, ie _ =do+b ke, . 2 oo The invariant points of a bilinear transtormation, +b > Grd [ew-2; f@=2] cP +d: = arth c+ (d-a)z-b = 0 The roots of this equation is invariant point or fixed point of ‘the transformation. Note : (A bilincar transformation maps circles into circles. (i) A bilinear transformation preserves cross-ratio of four points. Gira) 2) © =74) @3 2) (OR) (© ~ 7) (@3- 04). = %) @~24) (@4-0,) (@, 03) ~ @4-2)) 2-23) [Example 13] Find the Mobius transformation that maps the points z= I, i, —I into the points w = 2, i, -2. Solution: Let 2, = 1, 2 =% a5= 1 0 = 2, =i, 05 (@ —®) @: ) &—2) @3-24) Wein G=™ 4) _ 729) 3-24) a (@4= 0) (@2=03) ~ @4=4)) G_=23)Put z4—z, 4 = w, in (1), (® — ©) (@; - @) _ (@- a1) (@ ~@3) *Q2-)C2-o0) (@—2) (§+2) (+2) Qf) © (@-2) @+) ~ (+2) _ (@-2) ~ @+2) (@-2) ~ Using componendo’and dividendo _ a@_e bd ath _ c+d~ a-¢ ~ cud + Weget (@+2)+(@—2) _ (@+2)-(@-2) 2@_ 62-2 4 ~ -2iz+6 o_ 22-1) 2 ~ 2Ciz+3) _ 2[32-i o- Eizt3] ie, @ = 2z2+4i Salutian > — iz+l = m | ~) @3~2) @-2) @-23) (-)C1-z) @-)G+) @+1) G-ij @-1 +d) z+1) U-)Q+2 @-1) (+)@-/) (+1) 2+i-2i+1) @-1) @-i+27+1) @+1) G-A @-1) G+) 32z-z+3-i 32+i2-3-7 = Gz-z+3-)+G2tz~-3-/) Gz-z+3-)-Gz+iz-3-/224+4i = -z(izt1) 2z+4i = ~iz?-z i2+32+4i = 0 - _. _ -32V9-F0GH 7z* 2i _ x3t5 1 210° BP Example 15 | Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z=, i, -1 into points @ = 0, 1, Solution : We know that (@1 =) (@3-0) _ @—2,) @3~2) 3 (@-0)) (0-0) ~ @-2)@-2) 2 Here ws = is given. Equation (1) can be written as 2 Cor-m)a5( 1-35) @~%) @3-2) ®) ~ €-2) @-23) (0-0) 05 a, 7! (@ =) _ @-%) 3-2) @-o)CD @-2) @-23) =@-1) =) C1~z) (@-0) ~ @-NGFl _ , @+y a-a *@=1 049 _ @+) 0-a @-1) (tp) @-1) (149 @+) A-) ztiz-1-1 z-izt1—i = o= ee which is of the form S| slr eI + e " azt+b ctd68 Find the linear fractional transformation which maps the points z=-1, 0, 1 into a= 0, i, 3i. Solution : We know that (@ — 4) (@; — @) &-%) @3-2) (@-0) @-0) ~ €-4)@-%) (-)Gi-0) _ ©1-0)(1~z) (@-0)G 34 @+)DO 1) CAGi-~o) _— GIG) o-2) — CDE) Gi-o) _ (=z) 20 ~ @FD (@+1)@Gi-o) = 2@(1-z) 3iz-zo+3i-@ = 20-220 Zi +1) = 2@-2z0+z0+@ = 30-20 = @(3-z) Find the Mobius transformation which maps from (@, i, 0) into (0, i, «). . Solution : Substituting in the above formula, (= 92) (@3-0) _ @%~2) 3-2) (@- 0) (@,-) ~ @-2) @-23) Taking z, and @3 outside and substitute, we get (-)U-0) _ (1~0)~z (@-0) (1) (0-1) @-0) (7) Nez ~ “CA o= om ole ms e i} I Nope