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HVDC, FACTS
AND
HV TECHNOLOGY

PRESENTED BY:-

T.RADHA PRASANTHI J.NALINI SREE

Reg.No:-05761A0249 Reg.No:-05761A0240
MAIL ID: prasanthi4588@yahoo.co.in MAIL ID: Nalinisree_jammula@yahoo.com

LAKIREDDY BALIREDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

MYLAVARAM.
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ABSTRACT:-
HVDC transmission has a number of technical advantages compared with
HVAC transmission. During the latest 20 years, HVDC has become the dominating
technology for long distance transmission of bulk power.Overcoming the problem of AC
transmission of growing trends towards the rapid increase of load has lead to
development of DC transmission. In a combined AC and DC system generated AC
voltage is converted into DC voltage at sending end and DC voltage is inverted into AC
voltage at the receiving end for distribution purpose.

DC transmission and FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) has

developed to a viable technique with high power ratings since the 60s. From the first
small DC and AC "mini networks", there are now systems transmitting 3 - 4 GW over
large distances with only one bipolar DC transmission: 1.000 - 2.000 km or more are
feasible with overhead lines. As a multi terminal system, HVDC can also be connected
at several points with the surrounding three-phase network. FACTS is applicable in
parallel connection or in series or in a combination of both. The rating of shunt connected
FACTS controllers is up to 800 Mvar, series FACTS devices are implemented on 550
and 735 kV level to increase the line transmission capacity up to several GW.
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INDEX:- HVDC is often the preferred as the

• Introduction transmission line costs less and has

• Characteristics of HVDC lower losses than an AC line for the

transmission same transmission capacity. It is very

easy to control the active power in
• HV technology
the link and the control is based on a
1) Capacitor Commutated
constant power transfer. HVDC
Converter
transmission does not contribute to the
2) Voltage Source Converter
short circuit current of the
• Advantages
interconnected AC system. With an
• Conclusion
HVDC system, the power flow can
be controlled rapidly and accurately as
INTRODUCTION:-
to both the power level and the direction.
HVDC stands for High
Voltage Direct Current and is today a
Flexible AC Transmission
well proved technology employed for
Systems (FACTS)and HVDC controllers
power transmission all over the world.
based on power electronics have been
HVDC is to interconnect separate
developed to improve the performance
power systems,where traditional
of long distance AC transmission. Later
alternating current(AC) connections
their use has been extended to load-flow
cannot be used.The HVDC technology is
control in meshed and interconnected
used to transmit electricity over long
systems. Excellent on-site operating
distances by overhead transmission
experience is being reported, and the
lines or submarine cables.
FACTS and HVDC technology became
mature and reliable.

Characteristics of HVDC
transmission:
A brief over view of the main
characteristics of the technology and its
present implementation will be provided
here. HVDC transmission is now
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available in two different technologies. the magnitude, phase angle or frequency

i.e., of the ac voltage at either end of the dc
1)Line commutated current sourced scheme. The ability to rapidly control
converter (LCC HVDC) the active power can be very beneficial,
2)Self commutated voltage sourced e.g. for the damping of power swings in
converter (VSC). one of the network. The line
Both technologies convert ac into dc and commutated converter depends on the ac
vice versa. This can do the transmission system voltage for its satisfactory
between the asynchronous networks. operation. Thyristor switch the converter
1) Capacitor commutated converter ac terminals between the two dc
(CCC): terminals. The thyristor can be turned on
by a gate signal when the voltage across
it is forward biased. The thyristor can
conduct in one direction only. When the
current is reversing it will turn off. LCC
operates at lagging power factor, partly
because of inductance of the converter
Above fig . shows the diagram of mono
transformer. But primarily because the
polar LCC hvdc scheme, which has one
firing of the thyristors in the rectifier has
converter at each end and provides a
to be delayed relative to the voltage
single transmission block. It is generally
crossing to control the dc voltage.
considered equivalent to a single circuit
Similarly, the commutation at the
ac transmission link. The rectifier takes
inverter has to be completed atleast 10
power from its ac network and the
degrees electrical before the voltage
inverter injects power into its ac
crossing, to enable the thyristor to build
network. Control systems control the
up it’s withstand voltage before the
two converters such that the desired
voltage becomes forward biased. The
active power is transmitted between the
commutation process also results in the
two. One terminal controls the dc
generation of substantial amounts of
voltage, and the direct current. The
harmonics current. AC harmonic filters
active power between the converters is
are used to reduce the harmonic
fully controlled and does not depend on
distortion at the ac terminals. The filters
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are capacitive at fundamental frequency,
and are subdivided into banks, which are
switched in and out as required to limit
the harmonic distortion and to provide
reactive power compensation ac voltage
control. The ac harmonic filters and
reactive power banks together with ac
switchgear occupy very large land area.
Therefore, an hvdc converter station is
many times (>10) larger than
equivalently rated substation.
Because of their capacitance the ac
harmonic filters/ reactive power banks
can result in large ac over voltages
during the load rejection and dynamic
conditions. e.g., during the
recovery.Typically an LCC
scheme needs to be connected to a point
in the ac network where the short circuit
power is atleast 2.5 times the rating of
the HVDC scheme, in order to achieve
stable and satisfactory operation.
CCC results in:
Ø Significantly better stability,
in particular when connected
to AC networks with low
short circuit capacity and in
transmissions with long DC
cables.
Ø Dependable performance in
the event of AC
disturbances, with reduced
risk of commutation failures.
Ø Lower load rejection over
voltages
Ø No needs to switch AC filters
or shunt capacitor banks to
compensate for converter
reactive power consumption.
The CCC is now an interesting solution
an in conjunction with the development of
automatically tuned AC filters
(ConTune). These filters can be built to
generate small quantities of Reactive
power but still provides good filtering.
These properties match the
fault characteristics of the CCC, which has a
HVDC much-reduced need for reactive power
due to the commutation.
VSC transmission:
The figure shows the simplified diagram
of a vsc transmission scheme. The
scheme has one converter at each end
and is a single transmission block, and it
is considered as a single circuit ac
transmission link. VSC creates an ac
voltage by switching the ac terminals
between the dc terminals. The switches
use IGBTs which can be switched on
and off by a gate signal. Even if there a
current flowing through the switch at the
system time it is instructed to switch. The IGBT
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can withstand voltage and conduct

current in one direction only, to enable
the converter to conduct in both
directions a diode is connected in anti
parallel in some converters like 3level
neutral point clamped converter. One or
more intermediate dc voltage levels can
Fig: VSC transmission scheme operating
be created, such that the wave shape
capability.
more closely resembles a sinusoid. The
converter switches can be switched on
The above fig shows the operating
and off several times during each power
capability of a vsc terminal, with the
frequency cycle, if required .Typically
three circles indicating the capability for
the converter switches are operated at a
different ac voltages. The active power
mean frequency of about 1khz.and is
and reactive power can be controlled by
switched in such way that certain lower
vsc. The vsc converters ability to change
order harmonics are eliminated. As a
the stator frequency of the induction
result, filters are required only for higher
generator with in 30 to 65 Hz gives the
frequency harmonics, and can be much
possibility to optimize the power output
lower rating than those used for LCC
from the wind turbine by adjusting the
HVDC schemes
frequency in relation to the wind.
The space occupied by a vsc
transmission substation is less than 35%
of that of the LCC hvdc terminal.
Another significant difference is that the
Fig: simplified vsc transmission scheme
vsc transmission scheme generates its
own ac voltage from the dc capacitor,
Seen from the ac network, the vsc
which means that it can operate as a
transmission terminal is equivalent to a
power supply to a passive ac network.
voltage source with an amplitude and
The scheme in this Operating mode is
phase angle determined by the control
same as motor drive.
system.
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HVDC LIGHT: commutate against. By the use of high

HVDC light is an electric power switching frequency components e.g.
transmission technology based on IGBT’s it is possible to use PWM. Thus
voltage source converters with pulse it is possible to create any phase angle or
width modulation and modern HVDC amplitude by changing PWM pattern,
cables. The advantage of hvdc light and it offers the possibility to control
includes that the flow of energy over the both active and reactive power
link can be precisely defined and independently.
controlled, so that the capacity rights
required for fully commercial network In the HVDC Light transmission
service are readily defined. Its suitability schemes described below, the switching
is based on accurate control of the of the IGBT valves follows a pulse
transmitted active power and width modulation (PWM) pattern. This
independent control of the reactive switching control allows simultaneous
power in the connected AC networks. adjustment of the amplitude and phase
HVDC light is designed at standard units angle of the converter AC output voltage
between 10 and 300MW.Through out with constant dc.
the world this technology is used in four
countries(Sweden, Denmark, Australia
and US).Key to success for this light
projects is that the speed and accuracy of
both active and reactive power control.
Voltage source converters with PWM:
In industrial drives the
PCC (phase commutated converter)
technology, which is used in Hvdc is
now almost totally replaced by VSC
(voltage source converter) technology. Fig : PWM pattern and the
The advantage in vsc is that the current fundamental frequency.
can be switched off and on by
controlling semi -conductor valves. Thus
there is no need for a network to
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Voltage in a Voltage Source
Converter:
The combined active and reactive
power capabilities are most easily seen
The stations are compact and need little
space; a 65MVA station occupies an
area of approx.800sq.m. Here power is
transmitted via a pair of underground
cables there is no visual impact along the
transmission.
HVDC light in the network:
The hvdc light links in operation have a
common basic control design and then
each one of them has its specific control
features to act in its specific network
environment. There by each one of them
can give sample support to the connected
ac networks.
(1)Active power:-
An hvdc light transmission can control
the active power transmission in an exact
way, so that the contracted can be
delivered when required. The power
transmission can be combined with a
frequency controller that varies the
power in order to support the network
frequency controller.The active power
exchange with the ac network is
controlled primarily by the phase angle
of the voltage created by vsc.The active
power balance on the dc side needs to be
preserved, and therefore one terminal is
allocated to control the direct voltage.
While the other controls the active
power exchanged at its ac network
connection.On theGotland network the
introduction of an hvdc light links
permits the active power flow in the
network to be controlled. Continuous
calculation is considering both reactive
compensation and active power flow and
the optimization are made for the losses
in the entire Gotland system. This makes
the hvdc light a very powerful tool for
power flow control for the Gotland
system.
Important advantage of hvdc light:-
That the flow of energy over the link can
be precisely defined and controlled, so
that the capacity rights required for fully
commercial network service are readily
defined.
(2)Reactive power:
The hvdc light converters can
provide reactive power and combined
with a master controller, provide ac
voltage control to the networks
connected to the converter stations. An
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ac voltage controller can also be used for
improving the power quality
inclusion of flicker control. The reactive
power exchange with the ac network is
controlled primarily by the magnitude of
the voltage created by vsc. Because of
the controllability of the reactive power,
the ac harmonic filters are not used. In
the Gotland HVDC light transmission
the reactive capabilities are used to
control the ac voltages of the networks
connected to the converter stations.
HVDC Light is proved to be the
most economical and efficient among
the power transmission technology
systems.Development
environmentally friendly generation
sources is made easier. In this manner
Power Transmissions are
convenient and useful.
parameters and control the power flow
by through the interconnection. Fig. 5
shows the principal configurations of
FACTS devices. Main shunt connected
FACTS application is the Static Var
Compensator (SVC) with line-
commutated thyristor technology. A
further development is STATCOM using
voltage source converters. Both devices
provide fast voltage control, reactive
power control and power oscillation
damping features. As an option, SVC
can control unbalanced system voltages
of
made

The main idea of FACTS and

HVDC can be explained by the basic
equation for transmission . Power
transmitted between two nodes in the
systems depends on voltages at both
ends of the interconnection, the
impedance of the line and the angle Fig.5: Basic configurations of FACTS
difference between both systems. devices
Different FACTS devices can actively
influence one ore more of these
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Advantages of HVDC Systems: Ø HVDC can carry more power for a given
size of conductor.
Modern HVDC system combines the Ø The need for ROW (Right Of Way) is
good experience of the old installations much smaller for HVDC than for
with recently developed technologies HVAC, for the same transmitted
and materials. The result is a very power. The environmental impact is
competitive, flexible and efficient way smaller with HVDC.
of transmitting electrical energy with a Ø VSC technology allows controlling
very low environmental impact. It is active and reactive power
important to remark that an HVDC independently without any needs for
system not only transmit electrical extra compensating equipment.
power from one point to another, but it Ø VSC technology gives a good
also has a lot of value added which opportunity to alternative energy
should have been necessary to solve by sources to be economically and
another means in the case of using a technically efficient.
conventional AC transmission. Ø HVDC transmissions have a high
availability and reliability rate, shown
Some of these aspects are: by more than 30 years of operation.
Ø No limits in transmitted distance. This
is valid for both OH lines and sea or
underground cables.?c
Very fast control
of power flow, which implies stability
improvements, not only for the
HVDC link but also for the
surrounding AC system.
Ø Direction of power flow can be changed
very quickly (bi-directionality).
Ø An HVDC link don’t increase the short-
circuit power in the connecting point.
This means that it will not be
necessary to change the circuit
breakers in the existing network.
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Conclusion:- interconnections have to be improved by

new investments, including the use of
Power systems develop on line with the Power Electronics like HVDC, FACTS
increasing demand on energy. With and other advanced technologies.
time, large interconnected systems came Further developments in the future will
into existence. System interconnections be also influenced by the liberalization
offer technical and economical of power industry.
advantages. These advantages are high
when medium sized systems are References:-
interconnected. However,when using
synchronous AC interconnection, the • Electrical India Magazine,
advantages diminish with an increasing • IEEMA Magazine,
size of the systems to be interconnected • EHVAC, HVDC Transmission
and on the other hand, the costs to adjust and distribution systems by
the AC systems for synchronous Gupta, Electrical India
operation increase.In addition, to avoid Magazine,
large cascading system outages,
transmission systems and system
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