DEFINING SERIES SUMMARY-DRILLING

By Ghofira muna khansa S, Co-director curriculum and competition SPE UI SC 2021

MODUL BIT

- 1859 → Cable tool drilling for drill the first well (titusvile, pensylvania)
- 1909 → The two-cone rotary rock bit, patented by Howard Hughes
- 1970s → development in synthetic diamond → creation of fixed cutter,

Bit

1. Roller cone bit (have two types)

a. Milled tooth → steel teeth that are machined, cast or integrally forged and are protected
with wear-resistant carbide composite edges
o typically used for drilling relatively soft formations → because low-compressive
strength formations use sharp, long teeth to gouge and scrape the rock.

Long teeth, lebih

tajam dan bergerigi

b. Tungsten carbide insert → formed separately and pressed into holes drilled on the face
of each cone.
o used in a wider range of formations, including the hardest and most abrasive drilling
applications → because hard formations that have high compressive strengths are
drilled using blunt, short, closely spaced cutters that chip and fracture the rock
o These inserts were harder and more wear-resistant than the best grade of steel and
could drill long intervals before wearing out.
 2. Fixed cutter bit ( have no moving parts or bearings)
a. Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits
o The body of the bit → from steel or matrix composed of tungsten carbide [WC] and
an alloy
o used for drilling shales and other soft formations.
o a steel PDC body is less resistant to abrasion than is a matrix body
o Because steel is softer than tungsten carbide, hardbanding for wear resistance may be
applied to critical areas of the bit that are most susceptible to abrasion.
o Hardbanding → wear resistant alloy applied to prolong the life of equipment

Instead of gouging and crushing rock, as does the roller cone bit, PDC bits rely on a transverse shearing
motion → To achieve the shearing motion, the bit uses a special cutter from synthetic diamond → using
diamond because it is the hardest materials in the world also has lowest coefficient of friction and
highest thermal conductivity
o The making of PDC cutters
Using polycrystalline diamond
By Sintering diamond grit with cobalt catalyst under high pressure and
temperature.
3. Diamond bit
- used to cut formations deemed too hard or abrasive for roller cone or PDC bits.
- The entire bit face contains industrial-grade diamonds, suspended in a tungsten carbide matrix
for improved wear resistance.
- Coring bits also employ diamonds.

MODUL BOP (Blow out preventer)

1922 → Harry Cameron and Jim Abercrombie designed and manufactured the first blowout
preventers (BOPs).
1946 → Annular BOP introduce by Granville Sloan Knox.
 1. Annular BOP
- force circular steel-reinforced rubber elements to close on and create a seal around drillpipe or
other tools that may be in the wellbore at the time of shut-in
- When annular BOPs are shut in around a pipe, the pipe may be moved up or down or rotated
without breaking the seal.

2. RAM BOP
- include rubber-faced steel rams that are brought together to create a seal or, like annular
BOPs, form a seal around a tool in the wellhead
a. Shear ram ada cutter untuk cut drillpipe
b. Pipe ram Seal element nya digunakan untuk cased hole (ada pipanya)
c. Blind ram digunakan untuk open hole

Pipa kepotong Pipa ga kepotong

3. BOP in Subsea operation

- Both the subsea BOP and the subsea wellhead are located on the ocean floor.
- Subsea BOPs consist of two sections
o a lower marine riser package (LMRP)
o the lower stack
- The riser connects the rig to the LMRP a control system and remotely
activated valves designed to release gas from the riser.
- The LMRP connects to the lower BOP stack, which contains a minimum of
four ram type preventers and the choke and kill lines.
- In order to close the BOP rams must be executed quickly, BOP systems
can use a system in which the hydraulic power is directly transmitted to the
required function through an umbilical.

MODUL CEMENTING

Well cementing
a. Primary cementing process of placing a cement sheath in the annulus between the casing and
the formation.
b. Remedial cementing/squeeze cementing occurs after primary cementing, when engineers
inject cements into strategic well locations for various purposes, including well repair and well
abandonment.
 1. Cementing Mechanism

After well has been drilled → drillpipe remove, casing apply

casing fitted with shoe and centralizer (to keep casing in the
center of well) drilling fluid circulate to initiate cementing

Pump chemical washes and spacer fluids down the casing

interior ( aim to cleaning the casing and formation surfaces,
which helps achieve good cement bonding) thereby displacing
drilling fluid → insert a bottom plug (separates the cement
slurry from the drilling fluid), followed by a volume of cement
slurry

Continued pumping of cement slurry forces drilling fluid out

of the casing interior, up the annulus and out of the wellbore.
When the bottom plug lands at the bottom of the casing string,
a membrane in the plug ruptures, opening a pathway for the
cement slurry to enter the annulus.

insert a top plug (separates the cement slurry from the displacement fluid) after the
cement slurry → insert displacement fluid → Pumping the displacement fluid forces the
top plug downward until it lands on the bottom plug, thereby isolating the casing interior
and annulus and filling the annulus with cement slurry

After the cementing operation, engineers wait for the cement to cure, set and develop strength - known
as waiting on cement (WOC). After the WOC period, usually less than 24 hours

2. Cement Materials
- Portland cement (consist anhydrous calcium silicate and calcium aluminate hydrate
when added to water
- Well cements must perform over a wide temperature range - from below freezing in
permafrost zones to temperatures exceeding 400 degC [752 degF] in geothermal wells.
- Cement additives :
o Retarders → increase the setting time
o Accelerators → reduce the cement setting time and increase the rate of compressive
strength development
o Extenders → lower density
o Weighting agents → increase density
o Fluid loss control agents → control leakage water from the cement into porous
formations
 o Lost circulation control agents → limit flow of cement slurry out of the wellbore into
weak, cracked or vugular formations and ensure cement fill the entire annular space.
o Dispersants → reduce the viscosity

3. Type of Casing

- Conductor → protects shallow formations from contamination by

drilling fluid and prevent washouts
- Surface → maintains borehole integrity and prevents contamination
of shallow groundwater by hydrocarbons, brines and drilling fluids.
- Intermediate → isolates hydrocarbon-bearing, abnormally pressured,
fractured and lost circulation zones, providing well control as drillers
drill deeper.
- Production Casing, or Liner → last and smallest tubular. isolates the
zones above and production zone and withstands all of the anticipated
loads throughout the well's life

MODUL DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

1. Principles of Directional Drilling

- Begin with vertical wellbore at kickoff point (KOP driller deflects the well path by
increasing well inclination to begin the build section Surveys taken during drilling to
indicate the direction of the bit and the toolface, or orientation of the measurement sensors in
the well

- involved a BHA and manipulation of weight on bit (WOB), rotary speed and BHA geometry to
achieve a desired trajectory. Changes in BHA stiffness, stabilizer placement and gauge, rotary
speed, WOB, hole diameter, hole angle and formation characteristics all affect the directional
capability and drilling efficiency of a BHA.
- Intinya dengan otak atik penempatan
stabilizer di drillstring, bisaa maintain or decrease
jauh inclination → causing to change trajectory, 3 types:
To build angle, penempatan stabilizer 1 sangat dekat
dengan bit dan jarak stabilizer 1 (dekat bit) dan
stabilizer 2 lumayan jauh biar bikin angle menuju
surface (keatas)
To hold angle, jarak penempatan stabilizer 1 dan
lainnya sama sekitar 9 m apart. This packed BHA is
designed to exert no net side force.
To drop angle, penempatan stabilizer 1 jauh dari bit,
9 m, supaya kebentuk angel ke bawah
dekat
 2. Directional drilling technique
- Jetting → provides capability while drilling through loose or unconsolidated formations.
using roller cone bits with one large nozzle and two small nozzles. (intinya dengan 1 nozzle
yg gede ada aliran fluid yg dorong deflection ke arah sebaliknya)

Big nozzle

Arah bit jadi kesini

- Nudging → often used in top hole sections (wellbores can pose magnetic interference issues
and increase the risk of collision with other wellbores). Well dimiringin untuk ngindarin
hazard trus balik lagi ke vertical .
- Kicking off → Diverting a well path from one trajectory to another. (dibelokin)

- Sidetracking → Deflecting a well path from an existing wellbore performed for avoiding a
well collapse, previous drilled wellbore containing unretrieved fish or junk. used to initiate
multilateral.
- Whipstock
- operations tool to mechanically alter the well path. oriented to deflect the bit
from the original borehole at a slight angle.

- Geosteering → using formation evaluation data obtained while drilling to provide real-time
input for steering decisions in horizontal and high-angle wells. the accuracy of data will
controlled well trajectory.

MODUL MULTILATERAL

more than one wellbore drilled from and connected to a single main bore.
1. TAML LEVEL Technology Advancement of
Multilaterals, The consortium chose to categorize the wells
according to the type of junction used to join the main bore
to the lateral

Blue highlight = Improvement on each level from previous level , semakin naik level semakin advance

- TAML level 1
o Main and lateral uncased.
o designed to enhance reservoir drainage from consolidated formations.
o advantage of low drilling and completion costs
o the openhole junction makes it impossible to reentry and control flow into
the lateral.
 - TAML level 2
o Main cased and cemented , Lateral uncased
o cemented main bore reduces risk of wellbore collapse and provides isolation
between laterals.
o Using sliding sleeves and packers in the main bore can produce the bores
singly or commingle production.

- TAML level 3
o Main cased and cemented, lateral cased, not cemented, and liner
connected to main bore
o low-cost option that includes reentry capabilities and lateral that better than
Levels 1 and 2.
o Using sliding sleeves and packer in main
o junction does not provide hydraulic isolation and its use is restricted to
consolidated formations.

- TAML level 4
o Main cased and cemented , Lateral cased and cemented
o applicable in both consolidated and unconsolidated.
o provides fullbore access to the lateral, and mechanical support is supplied by
the tubulars and cement.
o junction does not provide hydrauli c isolation.

- TAML level 5
o provide hydraulic isolation at the junction because pressure integrity is
provided by the completion,
o Main and lateral packer

- TAML Level 6
o provide hydraulic isolation at the junction.
o differs from a TAML Level 5 well in pressure integrity is provided by the
main bore cased or uncemented liner in the lateral.
o The cost and complexity of creating a single-metal-element dual-bore casing
junction downhole has prevented TAML Level 6 wells from being developed.
o Tidak ada di pasaran
 2. Common Applications

MODUL DRILLING FLUID / MUD

- 1913 → Introduction to drilling mud for subsurface pressure control

- 1920s and 30s → development, distribution and specialization in drilling fluids

Basic of Drilling Mud

Types of Drilling Mud:

1. Water Based Mud (most common and varied)
- Range in composition from simple blends of water and clay to complex inhibitive, or
clay stabilizing, drilling fluid systems that include many components

2. Drill in fluids

3. Oil Based Fluids

4. Synthetic based Fluids

- the continuous phase may consist of mineral oils, biodegradable esters, olefins or other
variants
- typically more costly than aqueous drilling fluids
- provide excellent borehole control, thermal stability, lubricity and penetration rates, which
may help reduce overall cost for the operator

5. Pneumatic
- Uses compressed air or gas
- Classification: air or gas, aerated fluid, or foam

Functions of Drilling Fluid :

1. Controlling formation pressure
2. Removing cuttings from the borehole
3. Cooling and lubricating the bit
4. Transmitting hydraulic energy to the bit and downhole tools
5. Maintaining wellbore stability
Circulation of Drilling Mud

Mud keluar dari Return Line → Masuk ke shale shaker → Desander → Desilter → Degasser →
Masuk ke suction line → Dipompa mud pump → Ngalir ke discharge line masuk ke standpipe
→ rotary hose → Swivel ke Kelly trus drillstrik keluar di nozzle and back to return line.

Pas di suction tank mud yang di recycle ditambah additive dan batch baru buat dipake lagi pas proses
drilling.

MODUL PERFORATING

Perforating → the act of blasting holes through steel casing, cement and formation rock

happens in an instant, and yet, the long-term viability and profitability of most oil and gas assets
depend on it

Perforating guns carry explosive shaped charges downhole, where they are detonated to create
tunnels that act as conduits through which reservoir fluids flow from the formation, into the
wellbore and up to the surface

Shaped charge technology, based on military antitank weaponry, was introduced to the oil field in
1948 (Sebelom ini pake teknologi namanya bullet perforating)

Bagian dan Tahapan Jet Perforating

A. Detonator

Parts of Detonator
 Fungsinya sebagai peledak → Electrically initiated, pressure initiated, or mechanical shock (The
last 2 ga butuh listrik buat initiate detonation)

2 Jenis explosive di detonator

o Primary → Lead Azide
o Secondary → RDX

Shaped Most explosives used for perforating are referred to as secondary explosives,
Charges meaning another source must initiate their detonation

Tahapan di detonator / blasting cap :

Detonating
Electricity is run through leg wire then filament → Primary Explosive and
Cord
Secondary Explosive are detonated → Creating shockwave through
detonating cords → Setting off shaped charges in perforating gun
Detonator

Gambar overview
Perforating Gun

B. Shaped Charges

A shaped charge (top left) consists of a small primer igniter, an outer casing, explosive
material and a conical liner.

The detonator cord connects individual shaped

charges → when detonated, begins a chain reaction
in which The igniter acts as the link between the
detonator cord and the explosives in the shaped
charge

The liner focuses the energy of the explosives into a

jet → Generating a tremendous high-velocity [7,000
m/s (22,965 ft/s)] pressure wave [103 GPa (15 x 106
psi)] at the jet tip → creating perforation tunnels that
penetrate the casing, cement and the formation
(bottom right).

OVERVIEW OF DRILLING OPERATIONS

How Oil Company Manages a prospect → Use a service from geoscientist by relaying the potential
pay zone coordinates and formation evaluation goals to their drilling engineers, who translate
these into drilling targets

Drilling Prognosis → designates a surface location and total depth (TD) for the well and specifies
the drill bit size, anticipated mud weights and casing programs needed to reach TD
The Drilling Contractor

o Drilling contractor → provides a drilling rig and crew contracted at a day rate ranging
from thousands to hundreds of thousands of dollars per day, depending on the type of rig.

*drilling contractors are hired by oil companies/ operators.

o Day rates: the amount of money operators have to pay per day → determined by the rated
horsepower of a rig, which also dictates how deep the rig can drill

*deeper wells ≈ higher horsepower ≈ higher day rate

o Rig type based on day rate and cost

- Onshore Rigs < Offshore Rigs
- On offshore rigs : Jackup Rigs (9m – 105m / 30 to 350 ft) < Semisubmersibles <
Drillships

Spudding In

o Spudding In :
- To start the well drilling process by removing rock, dirt and other sedimentary material
with the drill bit
- To apply weight to a troublesome drilling section, usually by moving the drilling string
up and down, in hopes that the section will drill faster

The kelly fits through the center of the kelly bushing, which
turns when the rotary table is engaged.

Steps of Spudding In / Start of Drilling Operations

1. The BHA is lowered through the drill floor, Kelly through the wellhead and into the conductor
pipe →
2. Once the bit is on bottom, kelly is screwed into the uppermost joint of drill pipe. →
3. The kelly is inserted into the kelly bushing (KB) and the rig's rotary drive is engaged →
4. The rotary table turns the KB, which turns the kelly →
5. The drillstring rotates (turning to the right in a clockwise rotation) and drilling begins.

The commencement of drilling is termed spudding in, and, like a birthday, is recorded as the
well's spud date
Bit Tripping

Bit Trip : The process of changing underperformed drilling bit to continue drilling

Process :

1. First, the mud is circulated to bring cuttings and gas up to the surface (circulating
bottoms up)
2. The roughnecks disconnect the kelly from the drillstring and latch the uppermost joint
of the drillstring to the derrick's elevators—metal clamps used for lifting pipe.
3. The driller controls the drawworks that hoist the elevators up into the derrick. The
drillstring is pulled out of the hole one stand at a time.
4. The last stand brings the bit to surface and is unscrewed from the BHA and is graded on the
basis of wear.
5. A new bit is screwed into the bottom of the BHA, and the process is reversed

The entire process—tripping out and back into the hole—is called a round trip.

Casing Point (BACA MODUL CEMENTING BAGIAN CASING)

Leakoff Test

Function: Dictates the maximum pressure or mud weight that may be applied downhole during
drilling before setting casing once more.

Process:

1. After drilling through the cement at the casing shoe and into about 3 to 6 m [10 to 20 ft] of fresh
formation, the driller circulates bottoms up to confirm that the bit has penetrated new formation.
2. The well is then shut in and drilling fluid is pumped into the wellbore to gradually increase the
pressure against the formation.
3. Eventually, the pressure will deviate from a straight-line increase, indicating that the drilling
fluid has leaked off, or entered the formation.
4. The overall cycle of drilling, tripping and casing the hole continues until the well reaches TD.